COMBINATION is a combination of two (or several) independent words related in meaning and grammatically based on a subordinating relationship: a wonderful carpet, do some drawing, go to the store.

The phrase consists of two parts: the main (core) word and the dependent one. From the master to the dependent, you can ask the question:

our (whose? ←) sister

beautiful (what? ←) day

answer (how?) rudely

Simple and complex phrases

Simple phrases are those consisting of two significant words ( expensive thing, fly south, go fast). Complex phrases consist of three or more components. They are formed by the spread of simple ( wrote a message to a friend, studying a doctoral dissertation, meeting old acquaintances).

Free and non-free phrases

Free is a phrase, each component of which has a full lexical meaning. In free phrases, the grammatically main word and in meaning is the main word, and the dependent clarifies it:

good weather, go to school, teach children

Such phrases can be easily broken down into their component parts. Each component of a free phrase is a separate member of a sentence.

IN non-free (whole) In phrases, the lexical independence of words is weakened or lost. The dependent word is the main one in meaning:

four (who?) students; four - the main word, but the main information is in the word student. Being grammatically dependent, it is the main meaning.

A non-free phrase cannot be broken down into its component parts without losing its meaning. In terms of semantics and functions, whole phrases are close to a single word. In a sentence, a non-free phrase is one member:

We were sitting in line three patients.

Types of phrases (by main word)

The type of phrase depends on what part of speech the main word is. The following types of phrases are distinguished:

I) Verbals

a) with a noun (draw with a pencil, send to grandson);

b) with an adverb (drive slowly, do well);

c) with a gerund (said worriedly, running and looking around);

d) with an infinitive (asked to come, ordered to comply);

II) Personalized

1) substantive (main word - noun):

a) with a noun (jogging on the street, entrance door);

b) with adjectives (fashionable item, wonderful hostess);

c) with adverbs (Turkish coffee);

d) with an infinitive (desire to teach, habit of training);

2) adjectival (the main word is an adjective):

a) with a noun (ready to work, worthy of a medal);

b) with an adverb (too hot, not spicy enough);

c) with an infinitive (willing to serve, able to assist);

3) with the Numeral as the main one (three friends, two in uniform);

4) with the Pronoun as the main one (something unusual, each of them);

III) Adverbial

a) with an adverb (always good, very awkward);

b) with a noun (far from friends, lonely without family).

Types of syntactic relations between the components of phrases

Certain syntactic relationships are established between the components of the phrase. The school curriculum examines three types of relationships: objective, attributive and adverbial.

OBJECT - the dependent word denotes the object to which the action is directed, expressed by the main word (usually a verb): write an essay, prepare for competitions, make peace.

DEFINITORY (ATRIBUTIVE)- the main word has the meaning of an object, and the dependent word denotes its attribute: good rating, apartment with a balcony, sent a letter.

CIRCUMSTANCES- the main word names an action or attribute, and the dependent word denotes the attribute: came on time, thought for a long time, said rashly.

Types of subordinating connections

A subordinating relationship combines unequal words (or sentences), one of which is the main one, the other is the dependent one. There are three types of subordination: coordination, control and adjacency.

Coordination

When agreed, the dependent word takes on the grammatical forms (gender, number, case, person) of the main word. If the form of the principal changes, then the form of the dependent will also change: your friend- units h., m.r., im. p. (the dependent word YOUR will change form following the main one: your friend, about your friend, to your friend...)

The main word is usually a noun. The dependent role can be adjectives, participles, pronouns and ordinal numbers. The means of indicating agreement is the ending of the dependent word.

Control

Control is a method of communication in which the dependent word is placed in a certain case in relation to the main word. tell (to whom?) a friend (dat. p.), write (with what?) with a pencil (tvor.p.), an old woman (with what?) with a scythe (tvor.p.). When changing the form of the main word, the dependent word does not change: lying on the sofa, lying on the sofa, lying on the sofa, lying on the sofa.

Control can be direct, if the dependent word does not have a preposition (see a rainbow), and prepositional (longing for mother, thinking about summer). The main thing in control can be a significant word of any part of speech. A dependent word can be expressed by a noun, or a word of another part of speech that can perform the functions of a noun (pronoun, numeral...).

* Attention! When we have a phrase with a preposition in front of us, the connection in it is MANAGEMENT (house by the lake, went off to get some paper).

Adjacency

Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the dependent unchangeable word is connected with the main word only in meaning. The integrity of a phrase is created by word order and intonation. very hard, likes to show off, skips, he said doubtingly

Dependent words can be: - adverbs (go fast), - adverbs of comparative degree (go faster), - infinitive (learn to sing), - gerunds (listened smiling), - indeclinable nouns and adjectives (Baroque style, wear a muffler), - comparative adjective (be wiser), - possessive pronouns (their problems).

HOW TO IDENTIFY PHASES IN A SENTENCE?

In order to identify phrases in a sentence, you must first identify all the grammatical bases (they are not SS). After which we ask questions first from the main members, then from the secondary ones:

A cold wind blew. blew - predicate, wind - subject; From the verb SUCKED to the adjective COLD we cannot ask the question. But we can ask: the wind is (what?) cold. COLD WIND is the only phrase in this sentence. The type of connection in it is agreement (when the main word changes, the dependent word also changes: cold wind, cold wind).

Let's look at a more complicated example: Golden cobwebs flutter in the air and weave into patterns and create intricate pictures.

First, let's highlight the grammatical basis: the subject is web; homogeneous predicates - trembles, weaves, creates. The grammatical basis and homogeneous members are not phrases.

Secondly, we ask questions. First from the main members:

1) web (what?) golden - coordination

2) a web (of what?) in the air - control

3) trembles (in what?) in the air - control

4) weaved (into what?) into patterns - control

5) creates (what?) pictures - control

Now from the minor ones:

6) paintings (what?) intricate - agreement.

Thus, we found 6 phrases: golden cobwebs, cobwebs in the air, fluttering in the air, weaving into patterns, creating pictures, intricate pictures.

ARE NOT COMBINATIONS:

- grammatical basis of the sentence (The boy is walking. The peonies are blooming.)

- homogeneous members (He left and headed back)

- a combination of a function word (preposition, particle, conjunction) with a nominative (near the entrance)

- phraseological units (bursting at the seams, hold the pen)

- comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs (worst of all, longest)

- compound predicates (seemed cold, afraid to speak)

- verb tense (will wait)

- introductory phrases (in other words, really).

Syntactic analysis of the phrase

To perform a detailed syntactic analysis of a phrase, you must follow the algorithm:

Let's look at specific examples:

Given the spread of the Internet, games and adult delights are likely to become the main language environment for today's children.

Language environment

1. environment (what?) language; the main word is environment (noun), the dependent word is linguistic (adj.);

2. simple(consists of only two components: main and dependent);

3. free(represent two different members of a sentence and can be replaced by words of the corresponding category: language norm, language map, social environment);

4.personal(since the main word is a noun);

5. type of subordinate connection - coordination(when the main thing changes, the dependent also changes: the language environment, the language environment); We also highlight the means of communication - the ending of the dependent word;

6. semantic relations - definitive(the main word denotes an object, and the dependent word denotes its attribute).

today's children (task from video lesson)

1. children (which ones?) today; the main word is children (noun), the dependent word is today’s (adj.);

2. simple in structure (consists of only two components);

3. in terms of semantic cohesion - free (each component is a separate member of the sentence; in addition, we can freely replace each member with other suitable words - current children, future children, today's children);

4. according to the main word - nominal (children - noun)

5. type of connection - agreement (when the form of the main word changes, the dependent word also changes: about today's children, by today's children);

6. type of semantic relations - attributive (the main word names a person, and the dependent word names his attribute).

What is the case of the phrases: a gift from my father, staying with friends, gone to the field.

Answers:

a gift from his father (a gift from whom? from his father. Genitive) will stay with friends (also genitive), went somewhere in the Accusative field)

Similar questions

• check: morphemic, etymological, lexical, morphological analysis of the word thimble, please help!!!
• 20.16 liters of propene and gas obtained by reacting 63 g of calcium hydride with excess water were passed over the catalyst. What is the volume ratio of the gases after the reaction?
• Under the root X–X exactly 12, please solve it very urgently
• Read the text. Underline the subject and predicate in each sentence. Write down only those sentences where the subject is expressed by a noun. Indicate the case of the nouns. We took a rubber inflatable boat with us and at dawn we went fishing on it. Decayed leaves lay in a thick layer at the bottom of the lake, and driftwood floated in the water. Suddenly, a huge black fish with a sharp dorsal fin emerged from the very side of the boat. The fish dived and passed under the rubber boat. The boat rocked. The fish surfaced again. It must have been a giant pike. hint: you need to write down 5 simple sentences (one of them with homogeneous members) and one complex one
• what gas is exhaled during photosynthesis and respiration??
• URGENTLY!!! :(Make a program that determines the maximum of all the numbers you enter. The end of the number entry is the entered number 0.

Case is a variable morphological feature of a noun, one of the most important morphological categories, thanks to which the relationship of an object or phenomenon, called a noun, to other objects, phenomena, as well as signs and actions is expressed. Thus, in the phrase ‘father’s gift’, the genitive case indicates who the gift belongs to or who made it; in another combination - ‘gift to father’ - the dative case designates the one to whom the gift is addressed.

There are 6 cases in the Russian language: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.) and prepositional (P. . P.). The nominative case is called direct, this is the initial (dictionary) form of nouns, the remaining cases are called indirect. The nominative case is never used with prepositions, and the prepositional case is always used in combination with prepositions. All other cases can be used with or without prepositions.

Establishing the case meaning of a noun is possible only in a sentence. Each sentence reflects a particular situation. With the help of case forms, the noun correlates with a specific element of the situation displayed in the sentence.

The main elements of the situation, expressed using case forms of the noun, are: 1) the actor (subject); 2) the subject to which the action is directed (object); 3) circumstance; 4) definition.

The meaning of the actor (subjective meaning) of the case form of a noun is to name the one who performs the action (The athlete is running), or the bearer of a certain state, attitude or attribute (The book is lying; The mother respects the neighbors; The daughter is beautiful).

The meaning of the object to which the action or attitude is directed is called object meaning; Wed: The teacher hung up the map; People love their heroes.

The circumstantial meaning lies in indicating the spatial, temporal, causal and other conditions for the occurrence of the action: The detachment walked along the steppe; The son worked in the evenings; We returned because of the rain (if a name is used as part of a prepositional-case construction, then the case meaning belongs to the combination of a preposition with a noun).

The attributive meaning of a noun is established in cases where the case form of the noun is used as a attribute (roof of a house; hero city) or as a nominal part of a compound predicate (The neighbor became a worker; The daughter is a first-year student).

Each case form has multiple meanings.

The nominative case in a sentence is used, as a rule, as the subject or nominal part of a compound predicate. It usually denotes: 1) an actor: Misha is running; The child is sleeping; The mother loves her son; The daughter is beautiful; 2) the object to which the action is directed: The house was built by a student construction team; The son is loved by his mother. The form of the nominative case can also have a definitive meaning: Son - student; train "Vyatka".

The genitive case is used without prepositions or combined with prepositions: without, for, to, from, because of, from under, between, from, with, at, between (obsolete), as well as with derived prepositions (there are more than a hundred of them) : in the form of, in view of, in contrast to, in order, as a result of, in the light of, under the guise of, for a reason, etc.

The main meaning of the genitive form is attributive: the roof of the house, a pack of tea. In combination with verbs (primarily in negation) and verbal nouns, the genitive case often has the meaning of the object to which the action is directed: touching the window, not liking tea, raising a son, marking notebooks. Less often, the genitive case has the meaning of the owner of the attribute or the doer: there is no school, there was no path, there was no way out; an artist's singing, a mother's love. Circumstantial (temporary) is the meaning of the so-called genitive date: to leave on the fifth of March.

The dative case is used both without a preposition and in combination with prepositions: to, by; thanks to, in spite of, following, towards, contrary to, in relation to, similarly, in relation to, according to, accordingly, judging by, etc.

The main meaning of the prepositional form of the dative case is the meaning of the addressee (recipient): to give a book to the mother, to dedicate a song to the city. Other meanings of the prepositional dative case: the object to which the action is directed (to believe, to help a friend), the owner of the attribute, the doer (The schoolboy is ten years old; The child is having fun; I can’t read; You should start; The earth belongs to the people; The sister is characterized by modesty). Adverbial meanings for the prepositional dative case are uncharacteristic.

The accusative case can be used without a preposition: I love books, as well as with prepositions: in, on, for, about, on, under, about, with, through; in response to, including, excluding, despite, through, after, etc.

The main meaning of the prepositional accusative case is objective (designation of the object to which the action or attitude is directed). With transitive verbs of active action (build, draw), as well as with verbs and impersonal predicative words with the meaning of attitude (love, hate; pity), the objective meaning can be expressed by the accusative case form of any noun: I draw a road/elephant/water; I love the house/person/foliage/singing/whiteness; sorry sister/sea. Other meanings of the prepositional accusative case: subjective - designation of the agent or bearer of the attribute: He is drawn to the mountains (cf.: He wants to go to the mountains); Grandmother has a fever and chills (cf.: Grandmother is sick); The brother is distinguished by hard work (cf.: Brother is hardworking), some adverbial meanings (of time, measure): We didn’t work this week; The purchase costs a ruble / weighs a kilogram; Rescuers worked all night; The athletes ran a hundred meters.

The instrumental case can be used without a preposition, and can also be combined with many prepositions: for, between, between (obsolete), above, before, under, with; together with, led by, in connection with, following, in accordance with, in comparison with, along with, in comparison with, next to, after, together with, etc.

The main meaning of the instrumental case is the meaning of a tool: to work with a hammer, to write with a pen. In combinations such as admire art, manage a workshop, the instrumental case form is used in the meaning of the object to which the action is directed. The instrumental case is widely used in the attributive meaning - as a nominal part of a compound predicate: The father was a worker; The neighbor became a student; Wed also: Pushkin is called the genius of Russian literature. There is a wide range of adverbial meanings of the instrumental case - spatial: driving through the forest; temporary: wake up in the morning; meaning of the measure: purchase in kilograms. In sentences with passive verb forms, the instrumental case denotes the doer: The child was loved by the mother.

The prepositional case is, as already noted, the indirect case of a noun, which is always used with the prepositions in, on, about, with, by.

If the prepositional case form is used with the prepositions in, on and with, it usually expresses an adverbial meaning - spatial: The children were in the field / in the clearing or temporary: It was in May / last week / under the king. When the prepositional case is combined with the preposition o, the “explanatory” meaning of the subject of speech and thought is usually expressed: talk about nature, think about family.

Modern Russian literary language / Ed. P. A. Lekanta - M., 2009