Tkacheva Angelina

​ Presentation on biology on the topic "Diversity of living things and the science of systematics"​ created by 7th grade student Angelina Tkacheva for the lesson “Diversity of Organisms and Their Classification”. This presentation reveals the meaning of the concept of “systematics”, reflects aspects of its development and the contribution of various scientists to its formation, highlighting especially the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus, Carl Linnaeus and Charles Darwin, who is the founder of the natural classification of living organisms based on their common origin. The presentation examines the levels of organization of living things.

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GBOU secondary school "Education Center" village. Varlamovo Presentation on biology On the topic: “Diversity of living things and the science of systematics” Completed by: student of the 7th “B” class Tkacheva Angelina Supervisor: Safonova O.V.

1. What is taxonomy? Taxonomy is a branch of biology that deals with the classification into groups based on similarity and relatedness.

Even in ancient times, man had a need to systematize knowledge about living nature. The ancient Greek naturalists and philosophers Aristotle and Theophrastus tried to systematize information about living organisms.

Another founder of taxonomy was the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus. He created better system, but it was artificial. He based the classification not on the true relationship of organisms, but on their external similarity.

Closely related animal species are grouped into a special group called a genus. Close, similar genera of animals are classified into one family, and close families are combined into a detachment (or order), orders into a class, classes into a phylum for animals or a division for plants, types into a subkingdom, subkingdoms into kingdoms.

In total, there are four kingdoms of living nature: 1. Prokaryotes 2. Fungi 3. Plants 4. Animals In addition, there is a whole group of organisms - Viruses.

Levels of organization of living things

There are 9 levels of organization of living things. Molecular - consists of molecules of water, proteins, fats, carbohydrates.

The cellular level is a level of organization whose properties are determined by cells with their constituent components.

Tissue is a collection of cells and intercellular substance, united by a common structure, functions and origin. Tissue level - represented by tissues that unite cells of a certain structure, size, location and similar functions (only for multicellular organisms)

An organ is a part of the body that has a specific structure and function. The organ level is represented by various cell organelles that perform the functions of digestion, excretion, and respiration.

An organism is a living being capable of independent existence. Organismic level - represented by organisms of different kingdoms of living nature: viruses, bacteria, animals.

Species - a group of individuals similar in structure and characteristics of life, capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. Population - a group of individuals of the same species living in the same territory, partially or completely isolated from other similar groups. Population-species species - this is an organismal level of life, the basic unit of which is the population.

Biocenosis - a collection of individuals different types, in one specific area. Biocenotic - Represented by a collection of organisms of different species, to one degree or another dependent on each other.

Biosphere is all living organisms inhabiting planet Earth. The biosphere is the shell of the Earth inhabited and transformed by living organisms.

Biosphere ↓ Living matter ↓ Inert matter ↓ Bioinert matter

Charles Darwin and the origin of species The great scientist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) explained the development of nature by the action of natural laws. He drew attention to the variety of domestic animal breeds and varieties cultivated plants and came to the conclusions of individual hereditary variability. As a result, new animal breeds and plant varieties were obtained. Charles Darwin's work opened up the possibility of creating a natural classification of organisms based on their origin.

Individual hereditary variability → artificial selection Individual hereditary variability → struggle for existence → natural selection.

The teachings of Charles Darwin prove that the driving forces of evolution - the development of nature - are found in nature itself: these are hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection.

Sources of information: 1) http://st-gdefon.gallery.world/wallpapers_original/703294_gallery.world.jpg 2) file:///D:/templates/molecular.jpg 3) file:///D:/templates /cell.jpg 4) file:///D:/templates/biocenosis.jpg 5) file:///D:/templates/biosphere.jpg 6) file:///D:/templates/fabric.jpg 7 ) file:///D:/templates/species.jpg 8) Biology textbook, grade 7 N.I. Sonin, V.B. Zakharov

If we consider science as an activity, then today its functions seem to us not only the most obvious, but also the most primary and original. And this is understandable, given the unprecedented scale and pace of modern scientific and technological progress, the results of which are noticeably manifested in all sectors of life and in all spheres of human activity. For example, recently foreign scientists put forward one rather strong and sharp hypothesis about the reason for people’s belief in deity. After many studies, they came to the conclusion that in the structure of human DNA there is a gene that gives various commands to the brain about the existence of a deity.

Science as a social institution is a social way of organizing the joint activities of scientists, who are a special socio-professional group, a defined community. The institutionalization of science is achieved through known forms of organization, specific institutions, traditions, norms, values, ideals, etc. The purpose and purpose of science as a social institution is production and dissemination scientific knowledge, development of research tools and methods, reproduction of scientists and ensuring they fulfill their social functions. During the period of the formation of science as a social institution, the material prerequisites matured, the necessary intellectual climate for this was created, and an appropriate system of thinking was developed. Of course, scientific knowledge was not isolated from rapidly developing technology even then, but the connection between them was one-sided.

All this happened thanks to the development of science and technology. This had several consequences. Firstly, demands on employees have increased. They began to be required to have greater knowledge, as well as an understanding of new technological processes. Secondly, the share of knowledge workers has increased, scientific workers, that is, people whose work requires deep scientific knowledge. Thirdly, the growth in well-being caused by scientific and technical progress and the solution of many pressing problems of society gave rise to the faith of the broad masses in the ability of science to solve the problems of mankind and improve the quality of life.

And today we can say that science is modern society plays important role in many industries and spheres of people's lives. Undoubtedly, the level of development of science can serve as one of the main indicators of the development of society, and it is also, undoubtedly, an indicator of the economic, cultural, civilized, educated, modern development of the state.

As the main criteria for identifying the functions of science, it is necessary to take the main types of activities of scientists, their range of responsibilities and tasks, as well as the areas of application and consumption of scientific knowledge. Main functions: 1) the cognitive function is given by the very essence of science, the main purpose of which is precisely the knowledge of nature, society and man, the rational and theoretical comprehension of the world, the discovery of its laws and patterns, the explanation of a wide variety of phenomena and processes, the implementation of predictive activities, that is, production new scientific knowledge;

2) the worldview function is, of course, closely related to the first, its main goal is to develop a scientific worldview and a scientific picture of the world, study the rationalistic aspects of man’s relationship to the world, substantiate the scientific worldview: scientists are called upon to develop worldview universals and value orientations, although, of course, the leading Philosophy plays a role in this matter;

3) the production, technical and technological function is designed to introduce innovations, innovations, new technologies, forms of organization, etc. into production. Researchers talk and write about the transformation of science into a direct productive force of society, about science as a special “shop” of production, classifying scientists as productive workers, and all this precisely characterizes this function of science;

4) the cultural, educational function lies mainly in the fact that science is a cultural phenomenon, a noticeable factor in the cultural development of people and education. Her achievements, ideas and recommendations have a noticeable impact on the entire educational process, on the content of curriculum plans, textbooks, on technology, forms and methods of teaching. Of course, the leading role here belongs to pedagogical science. This function of science is carried out through cultural activities and politics, the education system and the media, the educational activities of scientists, etc.

They say that if Bach had not existed, the world would never have heard music. But if Einstein had not been born, the theory of relativity would sooner or later be discovered by some scientist. The famous aphorism of F. Bacon: “Knowledge is power” is more relevant today than ever. Moreover, if in the foreseeable future humanity will live in the conditions of the so-called information society, where the main factor of social development will be the production and use of knowledge, scientific, technical and other information. The increasing role of knowledge (and, to an even greater extent, methods of obtaining it) in the life of society must inevitably be accompanied by an increase in the knowledge of sciences that specifically analyze knowledge, cognition and research methods. Science is the understanding of the world in which we live. Accordingly, science is usually defined as a highly organized and highly specialized activity for the production of objective knowledge about the world, including man himself.

1) Frolov I.T., Arab-Ogly E.A., Arefieva G.S. INTRODUCTION TO PHILISOPHY. Textbook for higher educational institutions. Part 2. Moscow, “Politizdat” 1989. 2) 3) Kanke V.A. "PHILOSOPHY. HISTORICAL AND SYSTEMATIC COURSE", Electronic textbook, Moscow "Logos", 2001. 4) Zinevich Yu. A., Gurevich P. S., Shirokova V. A. PHILOSOPHICAL SCIENCES. Moscow “Humanitarian” 1994 5) G.-M. Dietl, G. Gase, G.-G. Kranhold. HUMAN GENETICS IN SOCIALIST SOCIETY. Moscow, “thought” 1981.

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Science The role of science in society Subject and method of knowledge of science Types of science Models of development of scientific knowledge Tasks

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Science is a form of human activity aimed at producing knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth and discovering objective laws. Social Institute Branch of spiritual production Special knowledge system Science Knowledge Main products Concepts, laws, theories System of scientific research Development research Scientific ideas, theories, concepts. Creation of integral systems based on certain patterns.

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Subject and method of knowledge of science Sciences about nature Sciences about society Sciences about cognition and thinking Technical sciences and mathematics Natural science, ecology. Social science, sociology. Logic, dialectics Sopromat, termekh. Types of science Fundamental Applied Lack of connection with practice Inextricably linked with the practical implementation of research

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Models of development of scientific knowledge Gradual development of science Development of science through scientific revolutions Development of science through approaching the cognitive standards of natural science Development through the integration of scientific knowledge The origins of any knowledge can be found in the past, and the work of a scientist should be reduced only to a careful study of the works of his predecessors Periodically, any science must experience a radical change in the prevailing ideas in it and move from the “stage of calm development” to the “stage of crisis and paradigm change.” Theoretical constructions and methods of natural science, primarily physics, are taken as the standard. Hence the criteria for any scientific knowledge: accuracy, evidence, experimental verifiability. Establish a system of knowledge based on extracting its elements from various scientific disciplines: using the theory and methods of other sciences. A paradigm is a dominant system of ideas and theories that serves as a standard of thinking in a specific historical period and allows scientists and society to successfully solve ideological and practical problems on the agenda.

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Science Society development needs material and technical base Internal laws of science Continuity (preservation of the positive content of old and new knowledge) Alternation of relatively calm periods of development and periods of “abrupt change” of fundamental laws and principles (scientific revolutions) Combination of processes of differentiation and integration Deepening and expansion of mathematization processes and computerization Name of function Contents Cultural and ideological Helps a person not only to explain the knowledge he knows about the world, but also to build it into an integral system, to consider the phenomena of the surrounding world in their unity and diversity, to develop his own worldview, scientific ideas - part of general education, culture Cognitive- explanatory Provides knowledge and explanation of the structure of the world and the laws of its development. Predictive Predicts the consequences of changes in the surrounding world, reveals possible dangerous trends in the development of society. Formulates recommendations for overcoming them.

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Science Science is a form of human activity aimed at producing knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth and discovering objective laws. Science Knowledge Main products Concepts, laws, theories Fill in the missing…. System of scientific research Experimental design research Scientific ideas, theories, concepts. Creation of integral systems based on certain patterns.

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Subject and method of knowledge of science Natural science, ecology. Social science, sociology. Logic, dialectics Sopromat, termekh. Types of science Applied Lack of connection with practice

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Models for the development of scientific knowledge Development of science through scientific revolutions Development through the integration of scientific knowledge The origins of any knowledge can be found in the past, and the work of a scientist should be limited only to a careful study of the works of his predecessors. The theoretical constructs and methods of natural science, especially physics, are taken as the standard. Hence the criteria for any scientific knowledge: accuracy, evidence, experimental verifiability. A paradigm is a dominant system of ideas and theories that serves as a standard of thinking in a specific historical period and allows scientists and society to successfully solve ideological and practical problems on the agenda.