Historical events during. Dates in Russian history
The history of Russia is very diverse, ambiguous and fascinating. This country has existed for hundreds of years and has significantly contributed to the development of world history. Russia has experienced a lot of collapses and falls, but it always got up from its knees and moved on to a bright future. Countless attempts to capture it have ended in resounding failures; no one will ever be able to conquer this great power. The people stood steadfastly for their independence and freedom and no one bowed their heads to the lords and invaders. Today, Russia is a leading country in the world in many different areas. This includes astronautics, mechanical engineering and much more.
The twentieth century was marked for Russia and a number of other countries by terrible and bloody wars, which unfortunately claimed millions of human lives. After the end of the Second World War, Russia as part of the USSR continued its rapid development in absolutely all sectors, this was the case until the collapse of this great and indestructible power. A decade has passed, a very difficult decade, and now Russia is again zealously striving forward, towards a bright and carefree future. What's next for her? Everything depends on the Russian people, who have always amazed the whole world with their resilience and steadfastness.
1861 February 19 - abolition of serfdom
A significant date for the entire Russian people; from now on the country was free from the shackles of slavery. This year began a new stage in Russian history. The internecine wars were over. A truly strong and wise empress ascended the throne, who managed to raise Russia from its knees and achieve its greatness and respect in Europe.
1905-1907 - the first Russian revolution
The bloody revolution ended in failure. The autocracy was not overthrown and the king remained on the throne. The main revolutionaries of nineteen seventeen took part in the period of the first revolution. This young generation of rebels and reformers tried in every possible way to change the political system that had reigned in Russia for many centuries
1914, August 1 - Russia's entry into World War I
It is impossible not to touch upon this event. The first war of the imperialists in history ended with monstrous human losses in the first place. As a result of this war, the world's leading empires collapsed - Ottoman, German, German. Along with the war, Russia was also experiencing a great revolution. This period was extremely difficult for the country, but in the end we all know that the most powerful state on the planet was formed
1917, February 27 - uprising in Petrograd
1917, February 27 - armed uprising in Petrograd (soldiers of the Petrograd garrison went over to the side of the rebel population).
These years were marked by the formation of the Temporary Committee of the State Duma and the election of the Petrograd Soviet. Unanimous victory in the elections to the Petrograd Soviet of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. A new stage in the history of the Great Power.
1918, March 3 - signing of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty
From now on, Russia left the battlefield. There was now an urgent need to end the outbreak of civil war and bring the country's economy to growth. After the signing of the treaty, one of the stones oppressing Russia fell asleep.
The great power found its feet and smoothly began to move towards development. The civil war was completely over. The USSR set a course for a bright future. The economy began to gradually grow, and the wounds from the civil war began to gradually heal.
1941, June 22 - 1945, May 9 - Great Patriotic War
The most terrible war in the history of mankind began on this wonderful summer and carefree day. For four long years, the people fought fiercely against the Nazi invaders who treacherously invaded the territory of the USSR.
1945, May 8-9 - surrender of Nazi Germany, victory day
May 9 is Victory Day. Victory Day! It is this holiday that is forever imprinted in the memory of absolutely every young and adult resident of this great country. At the cost of millions of lives, the country achieved the desired victory over the bloodthirsty enemy. Now the USSR has proven that it is worth something!
1956, February - XX Congress of the CPSU
The congress was marked by the world-famous “dispelling of the personality cult of Stalin.” Nikita Khrushchev literally shocked everyone present with his fiery speech. This is a new stage in the history of Russia and the entire USSR. This so-called thaw period left its mark forever.
1991, December 8 - signing of the Belovezhskaya Agreement
1991, December 8 - signing by B. N. Yeltsin (RSFSR), L. M. Kravchuk (Ukraine), S. S. Shushkevich (Belarus) of the Belovezhskaya Agreement on the dissolution of the USSR.
This is the end of a great and powerful power. Seventy years of existence have not remained without a trace. Russia again became the right successor of the USSR. Again wars, hostility, political and economic crises. All this accompanied the country throughout the difficult nineties against the backdrop of total devastation, the war in Chechnya and much more.
year 2000
Election of Vladimir Putin as Russian President. A radically new period in the history of Russia. The new head of state was able to lead the country out of a long-term crisis, out of virtual ruin. The country's economy was boosted several times, the armed forces became powerful again. Various space programs were re-launched, and the country moved forward again! Now everything depends on the people of Russia, their fate belongs to them and no one else!
Radio broadcast
In 1906, the first radio broadcast was broadcast. Canadian Regenald Fessenden played the violin on the radio, and his performance was received on ships thousands of miles away. By the beginning of the 1960s. The first pocket radios powered by batteries appeared.World War I
In 1914, in which 38 countries took part. The Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria) and the Entente bloc (Russia, England, France, Italy, etc.) took part in the hostilities. The conflict occurred between Austria and Serbia due to the murder of the Austrian heir to the throne. The war has lasted more than 4 years, and more than 10 million soldiers died in battles. The Entente bloc won, but the economies of the countries fell into decline during the hostilities.Russian Revolution
In 1917, the Great October Revolution began in Russia. The tsarist regime was overthrown and the Romanov imperial family was executed. Tsarist power and capitalism were replaced by a socialist system, which proposed to create equality for all workers. The dictatorship of the proletariat was established in the country, and class society was eliminated. A new totalitarian state has emerged - the Russian Socialist Federative Republic.A television
In 1926, John Baird received television images, and in 1933, Vladimir Zworykin achieved better reproduction quality. Electronic images were updated on the screen 25 times per second, resulting in moving images.The Second World War
In 1939, the Second World War began, in which 61 states took part. The initiator of military action was Germany, which attacked first Poland and later the USSR. The war lasted 6 years and claimed 65 million lives. The greatest losses during the war fell to the USSR, but thanks to the indestructible spirit, the Red Army won a victory over the fascist occupiers.Nuclear weapon
In 1945, it was used for the first time: American armed forces dropped nuclear bombs on the Japanese cities of Herashima and Nagasaki. Thus, the United States sought to speed up the end of World War II with Japan. Hundreds of thousands of residents were killed, and the results of the bombing had catastrophic consequences.Computers and Internet
In 1945, two American engineers John Eckert and John Moakley created the first electronic computer (computer), which weighed about 30 tons. In 1952, the first display was connected to a computer, and the first personal computer was created by Apple in 1983. In 1969, the Internet system was created for the exchange of information between US research centers, and by the early 1990s. The Internet has turned into a worldwide network.A space flight
In 1961, a Soviet rocket overcame gravity and made the first flight into space with a man on board. The three-stage rocket was built under the leadership of Sergei Korolev, and the spacecraft was piloted by Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.Collapse of the USSR
In 1985, “Perestroika” began in the Soviet Union: a system appeared, strict censorship was replaced by glasnost and democracy. But many reforms led to an economic crisis and aggravation of national contradictions. In 1991, there was a coup in the Soviet Union and the USSR broke up into 17 separate independent states. The country's territory shrank by a quarter, and the United States became the world's only superpower.The twentieth century is the most eventful, dangerous and productive century in human history. The rise in living standards and life expectancy, the vigorous development of science, the invention of antibiotics, the study of genetics and the emergence of the Internet coexisted with such concepts as world war, the nuclear bomb, fascism and genocide.
The 20th century was eventful like no other era before. Many revolutions, and not only political ones, amazing discoveries, attempts for the first time to unite humanity not through war and the seizure of territories (although not without this), but on terms of cooperation, the most important achievements and inventions in medicine and technology, the rapid development of science, changes in mass consciousness. More than once in the world history of the last century, civilization teetered on the brink of destruction; universal history could have ended in a nuclear apocalypse.
People literally moved from horses to cars, trains and planes, set off to conquer space, invented new directions in art and sports, discovered the secrets of genetics and practically got rid of slavery. The quality and length of life have improved, and the world's population has quadrupled. The most important historical events on all five inhabited continents affected all spheres of human activity. Humanity is entering the 21st century, building on the great and significant achievements of the twentieth century.
Early 20th century
Humanity greeted the twentieth century with wars and revolutions, great discoveries and serious political upheavals. The radio and x-ray, the internal combustion engine and the light bulb had already been invented, and the foundations of psychoanalysis and equality were laid.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Russia remained a state with an absolute monarchy, which, however, had already lost popularity among the people. In many ways, the authority of the monarch was harmed by all kinds of “holy fools” who enjoyed great influence at court, especially Grigory Rasputin, a former horse thief who became a symbol of the debauchery and weakness of the autocracy, “tried.”
The year 1900, the last year before the 20th century, largely determined the entire subsequent century, giving people sound cinema, which was invented by Leon Gaumont, and the airship created by the legendary German Zeppelin.
In 1901, Karl Landsteiner makes a stunning discovery that changed medicine forever - he discovers the existence of different blood groups. And the well-known Alois Alzheimer describes the disease named after him. In the same 1901, the American Gillette invents the safety razor, and Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, strengthens the position of monopolies in the state and supports the Anglo-Japanese alliance against Russia.
The year 1903 was marked by the flight of the American Wright brothers. The invention of aviation spurred scientific and technological progress throughout the world. In the same year, Bolshevism arose, the Russo-Japanese War occurred in 1904-05, and “Bloody Sunday” of 1905 turned the life of Russia upside down, marking the beginning of major government changes that subsequently divided the world into two camps - socialist and capitalist. The end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Russian poetry is called the “Silver Age”. Tsvetaeva, Blok, Mayakovsky, Yesenin - these brilliant poets are known to everyone, and they worked precisely then, during the years of turbulent social upheaval.
Sexual revolution
Until the 20th century, the role of women in the vast majority of countries was secondary in all branches of science, culture and public life. In addition, the topic of sex was taboo in any society, and same-sex relationships were equated with a crime.
The concept of “Sexual Revolution” was introduced into use in the 30s of the 20th century by Freud’s student, engaged in social criticism, Wilhelm Reich. He vehemently preached the need for sex education and the abolition of morality that promotes bigotry. His program included items on the permission of divorce, abortion and same-sex relationships, sex education as a means of family planning and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Many sociologists and historians believe that the foundations of this revolution were laid back in 1917 in the young Soviet Republic, which offered women equal rights with men in all sectors of the economy and even political life. But in a narrower sense, the sexual revolution is understood as the processes that took place in the West in the 60s.
The woman categorically stopped agreeing with the role of male property and took upon herself the courage to decide for herself what to wear and what to do. In addition, by the 60s, in a number of countries, the quality requirements for condoms and other contraceptives were seriously tightened and they became widely available, whereas previously their use was often prohibited by law with rare exceptions.
The social activity of women has increased, the risk of illness and unwanted pregnancies has decreased, and an era of free morality has arrived. This process continues in the world today, but if in the 60s supporters of the sexual revolution only wanted to get rid of undesirable things that were inevitable with sanctimonious morality (for example, unnecessary pregnancies and mass infections with skin and venereal diseases), today there is extreme freedom of morals sometimes it has the opposite effect - in particular, AIDS is raging in Russia, and the institution of the family in some regions has been almost completely destroyed.
The struggle for human rights in the 20th century
Back in the 19th century, many countries used slavery, got rid of “inferior” people, which included the disabled or homosexuals, and blacks were considered “second-class citizens.” In the first decade of the 20th century, unrest began in Russia, which ended with the October Revolution, and for the first time in the world, the concept of social equality arose in the society of a large state. The Stalinist constitution in the USSR was one of the most democratic in the world. Unfortunately, these achievements could not become progressive under the conditions of a totalitarian state.
A little later, in the first half of the 20th century, in Germany, Italy, France, a similar idea of the superiority of society over the individual arose - and fascism was born, destroying not only social justice, but also declaring most of the planet’s population “inferior groups” of people. The terrible lesson of fascism prompted the process of creating international mechanisms that protect human rights.
In the mid-20th century, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted, and in 1966, the international Bill of Rights arose, which remains the basis of human rights today. The Bill enshrines the universal concept of human dignity - equality of people in all spheres of life, regardless of country of residence, skin color, religion or gender.
The incompatibility of rights with oppression, tyranny, slavery was also established and a legal system of guarantees of human rights was provided. Probably everyone is familiar with the great names of historical figures who made a huge contribution to the struggle for human rights: in Russia it was Andrei Sakharov, in Germany - Albert Schweitzer, in India - Mahatma Gandhi and many, many others. Wikipedia pages are dedicated to each of them, where important historical events associated with these people are described in detail.
The achievements of the history of the 20th century in relation to equality changed the world and consciousness, thanks to them humanity, free from prejudice and violation of individual rights, was able to achieve significant success by the beginning of the 21st century. Unfortunately, there are extremes here too; sometimes modern phenomena such as tolerance and feminism take completely absurd forms.
Science, technology and medicine
The active development of technology in the 20th century was constantly pushed by armed conflicts of the first half of the century, which broke out every now and then between different countries. Two world wars stimulated the development of medicine and technology, which humanity was able to use for peaceful purposes.
In 1908, the physicist Geiger invented a device for measuring radioactivity, and in 1915 the German army received a gas mask created by the chemist Haber. At the end of the twenties, two discoveries in medicine occurred at once - an artificial respiration apparatus and the first antibiotic, penicillin, which forever ended the main cause of death in people - inflammatory processes.
In 1921, Einstein formulated the theory of relativity, and this launched a series of scientific explorations that led man into space. Surprisingly, things like the cell phone, scuba gear, computer and microwave oven were invented in the 40s. And about each of these events we can safely say that these are significant dates that changed the world. The fifties brought contact lenses and ultrasound to the world; in the sixties, humanity first broke out of its planet, invented virtual reality and the computer mouse.
In the seventies, such things as body armor and artificial hearts, personal computers and computer games appeared. But the main gift to humanity was made by Robert Elliot Kahn and Vinton Cerf, who invented the Internet. Infinite freedom of communication and unlimited access to any information were only a few years away.
The eighties and nineties were a time of no less great discoveries. Recent history is rapidly moving towards the possibility of coping with aging, almost completely eliminating humans from the process of producing goods and food, the invention of artificial intelligence, and deciphering the genome.
Thanks to the achievements of the 20th century, most of humanity lives in a post-industrial era, in a society dominated by innovative technology, science and high productivity. And the most valuable qualities of each person were education and a creative approach to work.
Culture and education
The invention of cinema was a significant milestone, and television made it possible to “travel” to different countries without leaving home. The accelerated development of communications, media, transport and technology in the second half of the century pushed the process of development and interpenetration of cultures of different countries, and art was divided into two movements - traditionally high art and “market” or “boulevard”, mass culture.
This was greatly facilitated by rapidly growing education. At the very beginning of the last century, the percentage of people who knew how to read and write was extremely low, and today, perhaps, it is very difficult to find a person who cannot read at least in their native language. By the way, literature has also changed dramatically over the past century. A new genre has emerged - science fiction, telling about miracles, most of which humanity has been able to bring into reality. For example, laser, cloning, flight to the moon, genetic experiments.
In 1916, the first microphone appeared in America, and in 1932, American Adolphus Rickenbacket invented the electric guitar, and music sounded different. After the “golden sixties,” when the world cultural revolution took place, a good hundred new trends appeared in music, forever changing all the canons. In 1948, the first turntable appeared, and the next year the production of vinyl records began.
The last century is the era of the emergence of mass culture, which kept pace with the progress of television. Europe accused America of the penetration of mass culture into European art, a number of Russian cultural figures believed that the domestic classical school was being subjected to excessive “Europeanization,” but the mixing of different ideas, traditions and philosophies could no longer be stopped.
Mass culture is a product for wide consumption that satisfies the needs of the crowd. And “high art” is aimed at the harmonious development of the individual, elevating him and introducing him to beauty. Both sides are necessary, they reflect all social processes of society and help people communicate.
Wars of the 20th century
Despite the rapid development of civilization, the 20th century is a time of the greatest wars and disasters in human history. In 1914, the First World War began, in which 38 of the 59 states then existing in the world took part in one way or another. Against the backdrop of this terrible bloodshed in Russia at the beginning of the century, a socialist revolution and a Civil War took place, which claimed more lives than all the battles with the Napoleonic army. Some of its outbreaks, smoldering in Central Asia, were extinguished only in the forties. The First World War ended in 1918.
In January 1933, the then little-known participant in the First World War, Adolf Hitler, was appointed Reich Chancellor of Germany. He considered the defeat of Germany to be a consequence of the activities of traitors to the nation and was eager to take revenge. Hitler did everything to gain unlimited power and unleashed another, much bloodier and more terrible, World War II, in which about 72 million people died. There were 73 states in the world at that time, and 62 of them were drawn into this bloody meat grinder.
For the USSR, the war ended on May 9, 1945, but for the rest of the world, the remnants of fascism were completely eradicated only in September of the same year, when Japan surrendered after the infamous nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The result of this war was the rapid development of technology, the creation of the UN and serious cultural changes throughout the world.
Finally
Despite all the upheavals, humanity has survived and continues to progress. Developed countries are relying on the development of humanity, unity and science to find solutions to environmental problems, cope with the challenges of overpopulation, overcome dependence on oil and create new sources of energy.
Perhaps those who say that governments have outlived their usefulness are right. Accounting and distribution of resources can be left to the smart machines of a single center, and united humanity, no longer divided by the borders of eternally competing states, is capable of mastering much more global tasks than are being solved now. For example, take a closer look at your own genetics, ridding a person of all diseases, or open the way to the stars. All this remains fantasy for now - but doesn’t the entire 20th century look fantastic with its incredible progress?...
Over the course of its history, the world has experienced many different events that changed it and influenced the course of history. If they had not happened, our modern world would be completely different now. But history decreed otherwise.
Events that influenced the course of world history
Many researchers consider such events to be turning points in world history. Let's take a closer look at the ten most important of them.
1. Invention of the wheel. Surprisingly, it was its appearance that became the starting point for the rapid development of cities, agriculture and population growth. Appearing back in the third millennium BC, it made it possible to more efficiently transport crops to cities, hunger ceased to threaten humanity, and the population began to increase. Thanks to the circular motion, namely flywheels and blocks, it became possible to lift heavy stones, and construction began to develop at a rapid pace.
2. Plague epidemic. In less than seven months, the population of Western Europe has almost halved, causing irreparable damage to the socio-economic structure of the countries. The feudal system suffered a blow from which it could not recover. At the same time, people's views on such concepts as illness, death, as well as faith in God have changed greatly.
3. Discovery of America made Christopher Columbus one of the key figures in history. Thanks to him, people learned that there were other unknown lands, although before that everyone relied on the geographical ideas of the ancient Greeks. Columbus made the greatest discovery, which completely changed people's understanding of the world, not thanks to the latest technologies at that time, but only with the help of a compass, which was invented three centuries earlier.
4. Scientific revolution. The 16th-17th centuries were marked by the rampant Inquisition. Thousands of innocents were burned at the stake for “association with the devil and witchcraft.” And only in the 17th century was it possible to partially dispel superstitions, because scientists appeared who, with great difficulty, and sometimes at the cost of their own lives, gave the world new knowledge.
5. The advent of electricity. Electricity was precisely the fruit of scientific research, although it was known about in Ancient Greece. But by historical standards, it was invented and reinterpreted not so long ago, only 200 years ago and, as usual, faced active rejection by the church, but now we cannot imagine our life without it.
6. Vaccine. This invention saved millions of human lives and continues to do so to this day. Now it is difficult to imagine our world if it were not for the invention of Louis Pasteur. Thanks to him, we only know about terrible diseases from history.
7. World War I. 19-year-old Serbian high school student Gavrila Princip did not even suspect that his single shot in Sarajevo would lead to a complete reorganization of the world - four empires disappeared from the map of Europe at once, dozens of new states appeared in their place, tens of millions of dead were left on the battlefields, no less was There were at least 50 million wounded and civilian casualties. There was a catastrophic decline in living standards everywhere. During these years, European fascism was born, which would later become another bloody page in world history.
8. The Second World War. Many states were involved in it - again, millions were killed, cities were destroyed, wiped off the face of the Earth, terrible crimes against humanity, which the world had never known before. Terrible weapons of mass destruction have been invented.
9. Atomic bomb. Its invention and testing showed humanity that it could disappear from the face of the Earth in a matter of minutes. The world trembled and thought about tomorrow. Since then, humanity has repeatedly found itself on the verge of nuclear war, but so far wisdom has prevailed.
10. Space exploration- a real breakthrough in the history of mankind. Research is still ongoing, we already know a lot of new things, and many unexpected discoveries are still ahead.
These, in our opinion, are important events in world history, thanks to which we now enjoy the benefits of civilization, do not die from terrible diseases, but still rarely think about the fragility of the world.
The Russian Federation is a state that ranks first in terms of territory and ninth in terms of population. This is a country that has gone from scattered principalities to a candidate for superpower. How did the formation of this political, economic and military colossus take place?
In our article we will look at the main dates in the history of Russia. We will see the development of the country from the first mentions of it until the end of the twentieth century.
9th - 10th century
The word “Rus” was first mentioned in 860 in connection with the siege of Constantinople (Constantinople) and the plunder of its surroundings. Researchers estimate that more than eight thousand people took part in the raid. The Byzantines did not expect an attack from the Black Sea at all, so they were unable to give a worthy rebuff. “The Rus left with impunity,” the chronicler reports.
The next important date was 862. This is one of the most significant events. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, it was at that time that representatives of the Slavic tribes invited Rurik to reign.
The chronicle says that they were tired of constant quarrels and civil strife, which only a visiting ruler could put an end to.
Like 862, the next year, 863, became important in the history of Russia. This year, according to chroniclers, the Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic - is being created. It was from this time that the official written history of Rus' begins.
In 882, Prince Oleg, Rurik’s successor, conquered Kyiv and made it the “capital city”. This ruler did a lot for the state. He began to unite the tribes, went against the Khazars, recapturing many lands. Now the northerners, Drevlyans, Radimichi pay tribute not to the Kaganate, but to the Kyiv prince.
We are considering only the main dates in the history of Russia. Therefore, we dwell only on some key events.
So, the 10th century was marked by a powerful expansion of the Rus into neighboring countries and tribes. So, Igor went against the Pechenegs (920) and Constantinople (944). Prince Svyatoslav defeated in 965, which significantly strengthened the position of Kievan Rus in the south and southeast.
In 970, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became the prince of Kyiv. He, together with his uncle Dobrynya, whose image was later reflected in the epic hero, is preparing a campaign against the Bulgarians. He managed to defeat the Serbian and Bulgarian tribes on the Danube, as a result of which an alliance was concluded.
However, during the mentioned campaigns, the prince becomes imbued with Christianity. Previously, his grandmother, Princess Olga, was the first to accept this faith and found herself misunderstood by those around her. Now Vladimir the Great decides to baptize the entire state.
Thus, in 988, a series of ceremonies were carried out designed to baptize the majority of the tribes. Those who refused to change their faith voluntarily were forced to do so.
The last important date in the 10th century is considered to be the construction of the Tithe Church. It was with the help of this building that Christianity was finally established at the state level in Kyiv.
11th century
The eleventh century was marked by a large number of military conflicts between princes. Immediately after the death of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, civil strife began.
This devastation continued until 1019, when Prince Yaroslav, who was later nicknamed the Wise, sat on the throne in Kyiv. He reigned for thirty-five years. It is noteworthy that during the years of his reign, Kievan Rus practically reached the level of European states.
Since we are talking briefly about the history of Russia, the most important dates of the eleventh century are associated with the reign of Yaroslav (in the first half of the century) and the period of unrest (in the second half of the century).
So, from 1019 until his death in 1054, Prince Yaroslav the Wise compiled one of the most famous codes - “The Truth of Yaroslav”. This is the oldest part of “Russian Truth”.
Over five years, starting in 1030, he built the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.
In the capital, in 1037, construction of the famous temple - Sophia of Kyiv - began. It was completed in 1041.
After the campaign against Byzantium, in 1043, Yaroslav built a similar cathedral in Novgorod.
The death of the Kyiv prince marked the beginning of the struggle for the capital between his sons. From 1054 to 1068 Izyaslav ruled. Then, with the help of an uprising, he is replaced by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. In epics he is mentioned as Volga.
Due to the fact that this ruler still adhered to pagan views in matters of faith, in folk tales he is credited with the properties of a werewolf. In epics he becomes either a wolf or a falcon. In official history, he was given the nickname Sorcerer.
When listing the main dates in the history of Russia in the eleventh century, it is worth mentioning the creation of the “Pravda of the Yaroslavichs” in 1072 and the “Izbornik of Svyatoslav” in 1073. The latter contains descriptions of the lives of the saints, as well as their important teachings.
A more interesting document is “Russian Truth”. It consists of two parts. The first was written during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, and the second in 1072. This collection contains norms of criminal, procedural, commercial and inheritance legislation.
The last event worth mentioning within the eleventh century was the princes. He marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state. There it was decided that everyone should manage only their own estate.
12th century
Oddly enough, the Polovtsians played an important role in the reunification of the ancient Russian princes. Speaking about the main dates in the history of Russia in the twelfth century, one cannot fail to mention the campaigns against these nomads in 1103, 1107 and 1111. It was these three military campaigns that united the Eastern Slavs and created the preconditions for the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113. His successor was his son Mstislav Vladimirovich.
During the reign of these princes, the Tale of Bygone Years was finally edited, and there was also an increase in discontent among the people, which was expressed in the uprisings of 1113 and 1127.
After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the political history of Europe and the history of Russia gradually became distant. The dates and events of the twelfth century fully confirm this.
While there was a struggle for power here caused by the collapse of the Kyiv state, the unification of Spain and several crusades were being carried out in Western Europe.
The following happened in Rus'. In 1136, as a result of the uprising and expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavovich, a republic was established in Novgorod.
In 1147, chronicles first mention the name Moscow. It was from this time that the gradual rise of the city began, which was subsequently destined to become the capital of the united state.
The end of the twelfth century was marked by even greater fragmentation of the state and the weakening of the principalities. All this led to the fact that Rus' is deprived of freedom, falling into the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars.
Since these events took place in the thirteenth century, we will talk about them further.
XIII century
In this century, the independent history of Russia is temporarily interrupted. The dates, the table of Batu’s campaigns, which is given below, as well as maps of battles with the Mongols, indicate the incompetence of many princes in matters of military operations.
| The Council of Mongol Khans decides to launch a campaign against Rus', the army was led by Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan | 1235 |
| The defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongols | 1236 |
| Subjugation of the Polovtsians and the beginning of the campaign against Rus' | 1237 |
| Siege and capture of Ryazan | December 1237 |
| Fall of Kolomna and Moscow | January 1238 |
| Capture of Vladimir by the Mongols | February 3-7, 1238 |
| The defeat of the Russian army on the City River and the death of the Vladimir prince | March 4, 1238 |
| The fall of the city of Torzhok, the return of the Mongols to the steppes | March 1238 |
| Beginning of the siege of Kozelsk | March 25, 1238 |
| Rest of the Mongol army in the Don steppes | summer 1238 |
| Fall of Murom, Nizhny Novgorod and Gorokhovets | autumn 1238 |
| Batu's invasion of the southern Russian principalities, the fall of Putivl, Pereyaslavl and Chernigov | summer 1239 |
| Siege and capture of Kyiv by the Mongol-Tatars | 5-6 September 1240 |
There are several stories where city residents were able to heroically repel invaders (for example, Kozelsk). But not a single event is mentioned when the princes defeated the Mongol army.
Regarding Kozelsk, this is simply a unique story. The campaign of the invincible army of Khan Batu, who ravaged North-Eastern Rus' from 1237 to 1240, was stopped near the walls of a small fortress.
This town was the capital of the principality on the land of the former Vyatichi tribe. According to scientists, the number of his defenders did not exceed four hundred people. However, the Mongols were able to take the fortress only after seven weeks of siege and the loss of more than four thousand soldiers.
It is noteworthy that the defense was held by ordinary residents, without a prince or governor. At this time, Mstislav’s grandson, twelve-year-old Vasily, “ruled” in Kozelsk. Nevertheless, the townspeople decided to protect him and defend the city.
After the fortress was captured by the Mongols, it was razed to the ground and all the inhabitants were killed. Neither infants nor frail old people were spared.
After this battle, the remaining important dates in the history of Russia associated with the Mongol invasion concern exclusively the southern principalities.
So, in 1238, a little earlier, a battle takes place near the Kolomna River. In 1239, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were plundered. And in 1240 Kyiv also fell.
In 1243, the Mongol state - the Golden Horde - was formed. Now Russian princes are obliged to take the “label to reign” from the khans.
In the northern lands at this time a completely different picture occurs. Swedish and German troops are approaching Rus'. They are opposed by the Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky.
In 1240, he defeated the Swedes on the Neva River, and in 1242 he completely defeated the German knights (the so-called Battle of the Ice).
In the second half of the thirteenth century, several punitive campaigns of the Mongols against Rus' took place. They were directed against unwanted princes who did not receive a label to rule. So, in 1252 and 1293, Khan Duden destroyed fourteen large settlements of North-Eastern Rus'.
Due to difficult events and the gradual transfer of control to the northern lands, in 1299 the patriarch moved from Kyiv to Vladimir.
XIV century
More significant dates in the history of Russia date back to the fourteenth century. In 1325, Ivan Kalita came to power. He begins to gather all the principalities into a single state. So, by 1340, some lands were annexed to Moscow, and in 1328 Kalita became the Grand Duke.
In 1326, Metropolitan Peter of Vladimir moved his residence to Moscow as a more promising city.
The plague (“Black Death”) that began in 1347 in Western Europe reached Rus' in 1352. She destroyed many people.
When mentioning important dates in the history of Russia, it is especially worth focusing on events related to Moscow. In 1359, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ascended the throne. Over the course of two years, starting in 1367, the construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow took place. It was because of this that it was later called “white stone”.
By the end of the fourteenth century, Rus' finally emerged from the rule of the Golden Horde khans. So, in this vein, important events are the battle near the Vozha River (1378) and the Battle of Kulikovo (1380). These victories showed the Mongol-Tatars that a powerful state was beginning to take shape in the north, which would not be under anyone’s authority.
However, the Golden Horde did not want to lose its tributaries so easily. In 1382 he gathered a large army and ravaged Moscow.
This was the last disaster associated with the Mongol-Tatars. Although Rus' finally freed itself from their yoke only a century later. But during this time no one else disturbed its borders.
Moreover, in 1395 Tamerlane finally destroyed the Golden Horde. But the yoke over Russia continued to exist.
15th century
The main dates in the history of Russia in the fifteenth century relate mainly to the unification of lands into a single Moscow state.
The first half of the century passed in civil strife. During these years, Vasily I and Vasily II the Dark, Yuri Zvenigorodsky and Dmitry Shemyaka were in power.
The events of the first half of the fifteenth century are a little reminiscent of 1917 in the history of Russia. The civil war that followed the revolution also revealed many appanage princelings, gang leaders, who were subsequently destroyed by Moscow.
The reason for the civil strife lay in the choice of ways to strengthen the state. Externally, the political activities of the provisional rulers were connected with the Tatars and Lithuanians, who sometimes carried out raids. Some princes were guided by the support of the East, others trusted the West more.
The moral of decades of civil strife was that those who did not rely on external support, but strengthened the country from within, won. Thus, the result was the unification of many small appanage lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow.
An important step was the establishment of autocephaly in the Russian Orthodox Church. Now the metropolitans of Kyiv and all Rus' were proclaimed here. That is, dependence on Byzantium and the Patriarch of Constantinople was destroyed.
In the course of feudal wars and religious misunderstandings, the separation of the Moscow Metropolis from the Kyiv Metropolis took place in 1458.
The discord between the princes ended with the accession of John III. In 1471 he defeated the Novgorodians in the Battle of Shelon, and in 1478 he finally annexed Veliky Novgorod to the Moscow Principality.
In 1480 one of the most significant events of the fifteenth century took place. It is known in the chronicles under the name This is a very interesting story, which contemporaries considered “the mystical intercession of the Virgin Mary.” gathered a large army and opposed Ivan III, who was in alliance with the Crimean Khan.
But there was no battle. After the troops stood against each other for a long time, both armies turned back. Researchers in our time have found that this was caused by the weakness of the Great Horde and the actions of sabotage detachments in the rear of Akhmat.
Thus, in 1480, the Moscow Principality became a completely sovereign state.
The year 1552 was similar in importance in the history of Russia. We'll talk about it a little later.
In 1497, the Code of Laws, a set of laws for all residents of the state, was officially adopted and approved.
16th century
The sixteenth century is characterized by powerful processes of centralization of the country. During the reign of Vasily III, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) and Ryazan (1521) were annexed to Moscow. Also for the first time in 1517 it was mentioned as a state governing body.
With the death of Vasily III, a slight decline of Muscovy begins. The rules at this time were Elena Glinskaya, who was replaced by Boyar power. But the grown-up son of the deceased prince, Ivan Vasilyevich, put an end to arbitrariness.
He ascended the throne in 1547. Ivan the Terrible began with foreign policy. In the state itself, in fact, until 1565, the prince relied on zemsky councils and boyars. During these eighteen years, he was able to annex many territories.
The year 1552 is noteworthy in the history of Russia. Then Ivan the Terrible captures Kazan and annexes the Khanate to the Moscow state. In addition to it, such territories as the Astrakhan Khanate (1556) and the city of Polotsk (1562) were conquered.
The Siberian Khan in 1555 recognized himself as a vassal of Ivan Vasilyevich. However, in 1563, Khan Kuchum, who replaced him on the throne, breaks off all relations with Muscovy.
After a decade and a half of conquests, the Grand Duke turns his attention to the internal situation in the country. In 1565, the oprichnina was established and persecution and terror began. All boyar families that began to attach themselves to power are destroyed, and their property is confiscated. Executions continued until 1572.
In 1582, Ermak began his famous campaign in Siberia, which lasted a year.
In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden, returning to the latter all the lands conquered during the war.
In 1584, Ivan Vasilyevich dies and Boris Godunov actually comes to power. He became a real tsar only in 1598, after the death of Fedor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.
In 1598, the Rurikovich line was interrupted, and after the death of Boris (in 1605), the Time of Troubles and the Seven Boyars began.
17th century
The most important event was 1613 in the history of Russia. He influenced not only this century, but the next three hundred years. This year the turmoil ended and Mikhail, the founder of the Romanov dynasty, came to power.
The seventeenth century is characterized by the processes of formation and development of the Muscovite kingdom. In foreign policy, conflicts occur with Poland (1654) and Sweden (1656). From 1648 to 1654 there was an uprising in Ukraine led by Khmelnytsky.
There were riots in the Moscow kingdom itself in 1648 (Solyanoy), 1662 (Medny), 1698 (Streletsky). In 1668-1676 there was an uprising on the Solovetsky Islands. And from 1670 to 1671, the Cossacks rebelled under the leadership of Stenka Razin.
In addition to political and economic turmoil, religious turmoil and schism were brewing in the mid-seventeenth century. tried to reform the spiritual life of society, but was not accepted by the Old Believers. In 1667 he was convicted and sent into exile.
Thus, over the course of seven decades, the process of forming a single state took place, in which different institutions “grinded in” to each other. It ends with the accession of Peter I.
It turns out that 1613 in the history of Russia marked the beginning of a departure from feudalism. And Pyotr Alekseevich turned the kingdom into an empire and brought Russia to the international level.
XVIII century
The century of the most powerful rise that the history of Russia has ever known - the 18th century. The dates of the founding of new cities, universities, academies and other places speak for themselves.
So, in 1703 St. Petersburg was built. In 1711 the Senate was established, and in 1721 the Synod. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded. In 1734 - the main military educational institution of the country, the Land Noble Corps. In 1755, Moscow University was created. These are just some of the events that show powerful cultural growth in the state.
In 1712, the capital was moved from “old” Moscow to “young” St. Petersburg. In addition, in 1721, Russia was proclaimed an empire, and Peter Alekseevich was the first to receive the corresponding title.
The eighteenth century will be of particular interest to those interested in the military history of Russia. The dates and events of this century show the unprecedented power of the Russian army and navy, as well as the wonders of engineering.
The country entered the nineteenth century as a powerful empire that defeated Turkey, Sweden, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
19th century
If a feature of the previous century was the cultural and military growth of the state, then in the next period there is a slight reorientation of interests. Rapid economic development and the separation of the government from the people - all this is the history of Russia, the 19th century.
The dates of significant events of that time tell us about the growth of bribery among officials, as well as about the authorities’ attempts to create thoughtless performers from the lower strata of society.
The main military conflicts of this century were the Patriotic War (1812) and the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877).
In domestic politics, many reforms are taking place aimed at further enslaving ordinary people. These are Speransky's reforms (1809), great reforms (1862), judicial reform (1864), censorship reform (1865), and universal military service (1874).
Even if we take into account the abolition of serfdom in 1861, it is still clear that the bureaucracy strives for maximum exploitation of the common people.
The response to this policy was a series of uprisings. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 and 1863 - uprising in Poland. In 1881, the Narodnaya Volya killed Alexander II.
In the wake of general dissatisfaction with the government, the position of the Social Democrats is strengthening. The first congress took place in 1898.
XX century
Despite the wars, disasters and other horrors discussed above, some dates of the 20th century are especially terrible. Until that time, the history of Russia had not known such a nightmare as the Bolsheviks created in the first quarter of the century.
The 1905 revolution and participation in the First World War (1914-1917) were the last straw for ordinary workers and peasants.
The year 1917 will be remembered for a long time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II, his family was captured and executed in July 1918. A civil war begins, which lasted until 1922, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. A similar revolution and devastation marked 1991 in the history of Russia.
The first years of the existence of the new state were marked by social disasters of enormous proportions. These are famine in 1932-1933 and repression in 1936-1939.
In 1941, the USSR entered World War II. In our historical tradition, this conflict is called the Great Patriotic War. After the victory in 1945, the restoration and short-term rise of the country began.
1991 became a turning point in the history of Russia. The Soviet Union collapsed, leaving all dreams of a “bright future” under the rubble. In fact, people had to learn how to live from scratch in a market economy in a new state.
Thus, you and I, dear friends, briefly went through the most significant events in the history of Russia.
Good luck, and remember that the answers to the future are stored in the lessons of the past.
1097 - First congress of princes in Lyubech
1147 - The first chronicle mention of Moscow
1188 - Approximate date of appearance " Words about Igor's Campaign »
1206 - Proclamation of Temujin as the “Great Khan” of the Mongols and his adoption of the name Genghis Khan
1237-1238 — Invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Rus'
1240 July 15 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neve
1327 - uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver
1382 - Campaign to Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh
1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the river Sheloni
1480 - “Standing” on the river. Eel. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.
1510 - Pskov annexed to Moscow
1565-1572 — Oprichnina
1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow
1606 - Uprising in Moscow and murder of False Dmitry I
1607 - Beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II
1609-1618 — Open Polish-Swedish intervention
1611 September-October - Creation of a militia led by Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod
1648 - Uprising in Moscow - " Salt riot »
1649 - “Conciliar Code” of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
1649-1652 — Erofey Khabarov’s campaigns to the Daurian land along the Amur
1652 - Nikon’s consecration as patriarch
1670-1671 — Peasant war led by S. Razin
1682 - Abolition of localism
1695-1696 — Azov campaigns of Peter I
1812 - Invasion of Napoleon's Grand Army into Russia. Patriotic War
1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna
1839-1843 — Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kankrina
1865 - Military judicial reform
1874 spring - The first mass “going to the people” of revolutionary populists
1875 April 25 - St. Petersburg Treaty between Russia and Japan (on South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)
1881 March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II by revolutionary populists
1906 November 9 - Beginning of agrarian reforms P.A. Stolypin
1930 - Beginning of complete collectivization
1939 November 30 - 1940 March 12 - Soviet-Finnish War
1941 June 22 - Attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the USSR. Beginning of the Great Patriotic War
1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War
1975 July 30 - August 1 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). Signing of the Final Act by 33 European countries, the USA and Canada
1990 May 1-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia
1991 December 8 - Signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the “Commonwealth of Independent States” and the dissolution of the USSR
