Mood is a category of a verb that characterizes each specific action, process relative to reality. It is sometimes difficult to determine. To figure out what it is and how to define it correctly, you need to know the rules.

The mood of the verb is considered an unstable indicator of a given part of speech. Depending on the ability to change according to different characteristics (time, gender, gender, person), the types of inclinations are classified. In the Russian language, there are three main categories of this part of speech:

1. indicative;
2. conditional;
3. imperative (imperative).

The indicative category tells about the process that takes place during this period of time, according to the narrator. It also makes it clear that the action has already taken place, tells about the outcome of what happened or that the action will take place in the near future. Verb moods of other varieties do not change depending on tense indicators.

Verb mood, table

What is verb mood

The characteristics of the verb can easily determine what event is being discussed. The verb mood determines how realistic an event appears. With its help, you will understand whether we are talking about an incident that has happened, or whether it is about to happen. It also expresses the speaker’s requirement, wish or recommendation to do something.

Table of verb moods

Verb variations

A verb variety is a grammatical variation of a given part of speech, which denotes the temporal outlines of a process.

There are two varieties:

• perfect verb:

Indicates that the process has completed and describes the result. The peculiarity of this variety is that real time does not exist. The verb is used in the past tense or in the future. Changes by number: can be singular or plural. Varies by gender - female, male, or neuter.

In an impersonal meaning, it describes an action that is the answer to the question: what to do?

An example of an impersonal form: park, drive out, run out.

The past tense is the answer to the question: what did you do? What did you do? What did you do? Example: heated it up, pulled it out, hung it up.

• imperfect form:

Interprets a process that lasts for a long period or is renewed. Does not indicate the completion of the process, does not sum it up.

In an impersonal form, it is the answer to the question “what to do?” Example: throw, live, sign, warm.

Characterizes actions that occurred previously, are being carried out at the moment and will occur in the future. Declined by number and gender: there are singular and plural, as well as feminine, neuter and masculine.

Past tense - the word answers the questions: what did you do? What did you do? What did you do?

• were playing;
• washed;
• threw it away;
• watched;
• worked;
• embroidered.

Future tense - the word answers the questions: what will they do? What are we going to do? What will I do? What will she do? What will he do?

For example:

• will answer;
• let's go to the cinema;
• I will lie down;
• will check;
• will demand.

The present tense is the part of speech that answers the questions: what are they doing? What is he doing?

For example:

• children change clothes;
• playing sports.

How to determine verb mood

A simple way to determine the mood of a verb is to formulate a question about the word. If there is no request, order or wish in the composition, this is not an imperative. The next step is to make sure the presence or absence of the “would, b” particle. If it is not there, this is not a conditional category of mood. Only the indicative variety remains. It is used in Russian more often than others.

You can accurately indicate the rank of the part of speech that describes the process by looking at the table.

Mood table

Indicative mood of the verb

Indicative mood - characterizes a situation that has already happened, is happening in a given period of time, or will happen in the near future.

For this variety, use in any variant is acceptable. A verb can be of any gender, number, person and tense. Changing it according to these characteristics in grammar is interpreted as conjugating verbs.

• I read the book a month ago (singular verb, masculine, first person in the past tense).
• I am reading a book now (singular verb, first person in the present tense).
• I will start reading the book later (singular verb, first person future tense).
• He came to visit me (Singular, second person, masculine, real tense).
• The three of them will leave the entrance (plural, third person, future tense).

The past tense is formed using the suffix “l” and endings:

• without a masculine ending, for example: yawned, passed, ran;
• ending “a” for the feminine gender, for example: sewed, cut, cleaned.
• ending “o” for the neuter gender, for example: ran away, carried away, looked out.
• ending “and-y” for the plural, for example: invented, ran away, copied.

Verb conditional

A verb in the conditional mood characterizes a situation that is possible only under certain circumstances. The formation of this variety is carried out by adding the particle “would” or “b” to the past tense verb.

• have – would have;
• cut - would cut out;
• build - would build.

Words change in number and gender, they are impersonal. The time in the conditional mood of the verb is exclusively past.

The additional particle is not used together with the verb. In a sentence, it is not necessarily written after it, but can be placed before it, or separated by other words.

Examples of conditional mood:

• Milana, of course, would be sunbathing in the sun (singular, feminine).
• We would certainly have done well (plural).
• He would carve this figure out of wood (masculine, singular).
• Margarita would bring me a newspaper (feminine, singular).

The imperative mood is a statement about motivation, request, command.

• Take out the trash.
• Close the door behind your neighbor.

In this version, the verb is only in the second person form, which is either singular or plural.

• you sit down - you sit down;
• you give - you give;
• you allow - you allow;
• you let go - you let go;

The parts of speech in this form do not change over time. They are formed from the stem of a word that denotes a situation that is happening at the moment or will happen in the near future. In addition to the base, the word is formed using the suffix “and”.

• decide;
• return;
• unfasten.

The words of this part of speech of the third person plural have the endings “sya”, “sya”.

• Please come back.
• Contact the company management with this proposal.
• Come downstairs in a few minutes.

A wish, request or motivation can be expressed by a third-person verb in the past or present tense with the particles “let”, “yes”.

• Let it be this way now!
• Let him tell you everything himself.
• Let him give me my toys.

It can be concluded that inclination cannot always be easily and immediately determined. To do this, you need to learn to formulate and ask the right questions. In addition, you need to master the concepts of conjugation, know what tense, gender, number, person are. However, if you study the rules in detail and understand everything, analyze the examples and try to create your own, you can easily cope with the task.

Verbs change according to mood. In the Russian language, there are three forms of verb moods: indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive).

Each of them has its own grammatical and semantic features and relates the action expressed by the verb to reality in different ways. The forms of mood are opposed to each other on the basis of reality (indicative mood) and unreality (imperative and conditional moods) of the denoting action. Verbs in the explanatory mood denote that an action that occurs in reality is carried out in the present, past or future tense, therefore the indicative mood is realized in the forms of three tenses: I do (present tense), did (past tense), I will do (future tense). Verbs in the explanatory mood The categories of person and number are characteristic, and in the forms of the past tense, gender and number. The indicative mood does not have a special formant; it is expressed using personal endings of verbs.

Verbs in the imperative mood denote a call to action, an order or a request. They denote actions that can occur after the corresponding utterance. In the imperative mood verbs do not have a tense category, but change according to numbers and persons.

Most often, the 2nd person singular and plural forms are used, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the bases of the present or future tense and are expressed using suffixes (endings) and formative particles.

In particular, the 2nd person singular form of the imperative mood is formed from the stem of the present or simple future tense using the suffix -And- or without suffix(in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present / simple future tense): take, look, show, read, do (stem of the present tense – business (y-y), carry it, drop it.

The 2nd person plural form of the imperative mood is formed from the 2nd person singular form by adding the postfix -te: lead - lead, lie down - lie down.

The 3rd person singular and plural forms of the imperative mood are analytical (consist of several words). These shapes are formed by attaching particles let, let, yes to the 3rd person singular or plural forms of the present or simple future tense of the indicative mood: let him hear, let him say, long live, let there be, etc.

The 3rd person forms of the imperative mood express wishes; they can relate not only to persons, but also to inanimate objects: let the gardens bloom.

The 1st person form of the imperative mood expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. The 1st person form of the imperative mood is formed by adding particles Let's, let's to the infinitive of imperfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, play, read) or to the 1st person future tense of the indicative mood of perfective verbs: let's sit down, let's leave, let's tell.

In a special way, forms of the imperative mood are formed from the following verbs: eat - eat, go - (on) - go, give - give, lie down - lie down.

Imperative mood can express a wide variety of shades of encouragement to action, from a categorical order to a soft request or advice. Intonation is very important here.

To forms of the imperative mood particle can be attached -ka, softening the command and giving a touch of simplicity: come on.

Verbs that denote states and actions that occur without an actor or that are independent of the will of the actor are not used in forms of the imperative mood: impersonal verbs (fever, getting dark), verbs of perception (see, feel), verbs of state (chill, feel unwell), modal verbs (want, be able).

Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) mood denote actions that are desired and possible under certain conditions.

Forms of the conditional mood are formed by combining past tense forms with a particle would (b), which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn from it by other members of the sentence: If I could leave, I would live in London.

In the conditional mood verbs have no tense or person, the forms of conditional verbs change according to number and gender: would say, would say, would say.

In speech, we often observe the use of one mood in the meaning of another.

The imperative form can be used in the meaning of the conditional (the meaning of an unfulfilled condition): If I had arrived a little earlier, nothing would have happened. If I had more time...

A verb in the form of a conditional mood can be used in the imperative sense: If only you would go home.

The indicative form can have the meaning of the imperative mood: Everyone is listening to me! Tomorrow you will bring the book!

The form of the conditional mood can have an imperative meaning: You should talk to her.

The main task of all communicative qualities of speech is to ensure the effectiveness of speech.

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That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be constant or inconsistent. Thus, permanent morphological characteristics include person, gender, tense, and number. Let's look at the concept of verb mood in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.

In contact with

What is inclination?

This is a grammatical feature of a verb that helps modify the word. This category is necessary in order to express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.

Important! Verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional moods

Depending on how the words express the attitude towards the processes that occur in reality, there are moods for verbs:

• direct;
• indirect.

By direct we mean the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. For example: Yesterday we watched a movie.

Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go on a visit.

Thinking about the definition of a verb

Kinds

The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.

In modern times there are three types:

1. Indicative.
2. Conditional.
3. Imperative.

The first type usually denotes the action that is actually happening and could happen in the past, can happen in the present and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.

The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theater.

The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your homework tomorrow.

Three types of verb mood

How to determine the mood of a verb

In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real action, so this word will change over time.

If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.

Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to obtain the imperative verb form, a specific tense is used, for example, future or present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it’s possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.

The conditional refers to those actions that would occur if all the necessary conditions were present. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to identify in the text, since it usually always contains a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.

Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and written speech not only in its literal meaning, but also in a figurative one. Usually a figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of a word, so this category also changes.

Indicative

The most common verbal word form in the Russian language is considered indicative, since it allows us to talk about what happens in reality to a person, object or any person. Only the indicative can determine time, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or in the future.

Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change tenses:

1. The present.
2. Future.
3. Past.

Each time is formed here in its own way. Thus, the future tense is formed using the word “to be”, which is added to the verb in the indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and the simple form is . For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned the apartment all day long. (past tense). I will clean the apartment all day long. (bud. time).

The indicative mood can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations These are the most commonly used verb forms.

Conditional

Words that are used in conditional form indicate actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this to happen. For example: I would pass this test if I had help. To form such forms, you simply need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can appear anywhere in a sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.

The subjunctive, or conditional, also has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some action that could occur if special capabilities were created for this, but also helps express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.

The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the nuances of the conditions of action. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my work didn’t keep me. There wouldn't be any trouble!

Imperative

Imperative verbs encourage the person listening to the speech to take some action. Such words, varied in emotional and grammatical design, can be either polite when they contain some kind of request, or an order. For example: please bring a book. Bring a book!

Imperative verb

Attention! If such a word is preceded by the particle not, then the imperative form will indicate that it is undesirable to perform the action. For example: Don't pick snowdrops!

The formation of this form also has its own characteristics:

1. Often, introductory words are used to express a request, which are separated in writing by commas.
2. If it is necessary to address politely, then the word is put in the plural.
3. The suffix -i is often used.
4. It can be formed from both perfective and imperfective verb stems.
5. Sometimes they use the words let and let.

Verb mood

Conclusion

The various moods are easy to learn, so they do not require memorizing the rules; a table of verb forms will help with this. Each verb, depending on the speech situation, can be used in any form. Therefore, this category is always defined only in a sentence.

Verb mood called a non-constant grammatical feature that shows the speaker’s assessment of the action. Its various types indicate how the speaker evaluates the action: either he considers it possible under some condition, or desirable, or real.

They can be of three types:

Lesson summary for 6th grade

Note:

The topic is designed for two lessons. The first lesson is the general concept of mood, familiarization with verb moods; second lesson - . The lessons are compiled in accordance with § 74 of the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.

Verb mood.

learning new material;

development of skills in morphological analysis of verbs, spelling skills;

nurturing love for the Russian language and interest in learning it.

Cognitive: searching for information, determining the meaning of information, constructing statements, reflecting on activities;

Regulatory: goal setting, activity planning;

Communicative: ability to express thoughts;

Personal: self-determination, meaning formation, moral assessment.

Lesson type:

Organizing time.

Updating basic knowledge:

A) Repetition of spelling “b at the end of 2nd person singular verbs”; explanatory dictation.

You walk through the forest, look around and suddenly see here and there families of mushrooms: growing in the shade, hidden from mushroom pickers. While you are collecting them, you walk around each clearing several times. If you feel tired, sit down on a tree stump somewhere and rest. You notice a bell nearby. It seems that if you hit it, it will ring!

B) morphological analysis of verbs from the 1st sentence (repetition of the present, future and past tense of the verb, aspect, transitivity, reflexivity).

C) Creating a problematic situation: characterize the verb BACK from the last sentence; can we determine the tense of this verb? What makes it so unusual?

Learning new material.

A) Lesson topic, goal setting, motivation, work planning.

B) Observation of linguistic material (exercise 524): which sentence reports a real action, which one reports a possible one, which one reports a desirable, necessary one?

We are getting ready for the masquerade. Don't be afraid, come with us. We wouldn't have taken you.

C) Reading theoretical material in a textbook, preparing an oral answer based on the table (work in pairs):

The mood of the verb expresses the attitude of the action to reality: it actually happens or is only possible, desirable or necessary. Indicative verbs denote real actions that happened (past tense), are happening (present tense), or will happen (future tense).

For example: caught, catches, will catch.

Verbs of the conditional and imperative moods do not denote real, but possible or desirable, necessary actions.

For example: I would catch, catch.

D) Ex. 525: write down verbs from the text, indicate their tense and type.

Threw - past, perfect;

hiding - present, imperfect;

got there - past, perfect;

flew - past, perfect;

I will rest - future, perfect;

will end - future, perfect;

I will mourn - future, imperfect.

A distinctive feature of indicative verbs is that they have tense forms.

D) Let's explain the meaning of the phrase:

“The starting point for verb tense is the moment of speech, that is, the moment when we speak.”

What does it mean? (Using the example of verbs I was drawing, I am drawing, I will draw). Students explain, make sentences, tell what drawings they would use to illustrate these sentences.

E) Analysis of materials in the table ex. 527:

What types of verbs have forms of all three tenses?

What types of verbs do not have a present tense form?

What do you think is the reason for this?

Based on the materials in the table, talk about how the aspect and tense of a verb are related.

(The perfective verb denotes an action that has a limit, a result, but in the present tense the action is happening, there is no result yet, therefore perfective verbs cannot be in the present tense).

G) Form from the verbs in ex. 528 forms of the past tense singular masculine:

knit, lift, cover, saw, listen, throw, believe, notice, notice, control, freeze, smile, fight, remain silent.

Indicate suffixes and endings. Draw a conclusion about how the past tense form of the verb is formed. (From the stem of the infinitive using the suffix L).

H) Changing the text: write down a fragment of the text, putting the verbs in the past tense form. How will the meaning of the text change? (Text on screen or pre-written on the board).

The snowstorm howls and whistles in the fields. She drives clouds of snow across the sky and makes snowdrifts on the ground. The blizzard covers paths and paths and hurries the belated traveler home. It buzzes in the wires, drums on the windows. There's a snowstorm everywhere. She hums and roars in different voices.

Checking, summing up, evaluating.

Reflection: what new did you learn about the verb? What inclinations are there? What inclination did you use in class today? What is its distinctive feature?

What was the most interesting thing in the lesson? What type of work did you like best? What was difficult that will need to be repeated?

1. Homework:

   Oral story about verb moods based on the table ex. 524, choose your own examples.

   Ex. 529 by analogy with the last task: write down the text, replacing present tense verbs with past tense verbs.

   Schoolchildren set up tents and go to collect brushwood for a fire. Several people remain near the counselor. They peel potatoes and bring water from the stream. The girls collect branches and cover the tents with them, and lay sleeping bags on top of the branches. This is how the children prepare dinner and overnight stays. It's getting dark quickly. Everything around calms down and falls asleep.

N. R. Dobrushina, 2014

Mood– an inflectional grammatical category of a verb, expressing the speaker’s attitude to the content of the utterance and/or the attitude of the situation to the real world (its reality, unreality, desirability), that is, various modal values(cm. Modality).

The inclination is grammatical a means of denoting modal meanings. The same meanings can also be expressed lexically (for example, using modal verbs): cf. expressing the desired meaning using the subjunctive mood ( I wish I could lie in the sun!) or using a verb want (I want to lie in the sun).

1) indicative mood (indicative);

2) subjunctive mood (conditional, conditionalis, subjunctive, subjunctive, conjunctive), see the corresponding article in this collection;

3) imperative mood (imperative), see the corresponding article in this collection.

The indicative mood is sometimes called direct, Unlike indirect– subjunctive and imperative.

1. Morphology

1.1. Ways to Express Moods

Indicative is expressed by a special set of indicators with the meaning of number and person/gender. For example, in the form leaves (he leaves in an hour) ending -it has the following meanings: indicative mood, present tense, 3rd person, singular.

Imperative mood expressed using indicators that are attached to the present basis: -And(those) (leave/care-and-those) or -Ø (those) (pei-Ø/drink-Ø-te). Individual verbs also have a special form of call to joint action with indicators -eat or -im-those (let's go eat). There are also a number of forms and structures with the meaning of an incentive to joint action ( Let's(those)let's go to,let's walk) and urges to the 3rd person ( let/let him go). .

1.2. Mood and other grammatical categories

1.2.1. Time

Grammatical contrast time exists only in indicative forms. The imperative and subjunctive moods do not distinguish between tenses. The situation, denoted by the subjunctive mood, in meaning can refer to the past, the present, and the future. The shape of the inclination does not change: if only I had yesterday/Today/Tomorrow they offered me a million, I would refuse. The situation denoted by the imperative mood always refers to the future.

1.2.2. Person, number and gender

IN indicative mood in the present and future tense the meanings of person and number are expressed ( I'm leaving/are you going/He's leaving,I'm leaving/We are leaving), in the past – gender and number ( I left/she left/it's gone/They left).

IN subjunctive mood on - l(as in the past tense indicative) meanings are expressed gender and number (I would leave/she would have left/it would go away/they would leave).

IN imperative mood forms are expressed numbers ((You) go away/ (You)go away). The imperative mood itself expresses an impulse to the 2nd person; some verbs also have a special form of an impulse to joint action: let's go,let's go(this form is sometimes called the gortative or 1st person plural imperative). Other faces of the imperative are expressed by unspecialized forms and various constructions that belong to analytical imperative forms:

a) 1st person plural: let's sing, Let's(those)let's sing And Let's(those)sing;

b) 3rd person singular and plural: let him sing,let them sing.

1.2.3. Finiteness

Moods, unlike tenses, are more typical for finite verb forms. TOHowever, the subjunctive mood can also include combinations of particles would with non-finite forms: with infinitive ( I wish I could run away quickly), with predicates, nouns, participles and gerunds (see subjunctive mood).

1.2.4. Semantics

1.3. Meanings expressed by the indicative mood

Indicative, typically describes the situation as belonging to the real world.

Past tenseThe indicative mood describes the situation as having taken place before the moment of speech:

(1) Had arrived he arrives shortly before dinner, put banner in the corner, stripped off overcoat and, jingling with orders, went with gifts to a neighbor. [IN. Voinovich. Monumental Propaganda (2000)]

Present tenseThe indicative mood describes the situation as taking place at the moment of speech:

(2) - And I don’t worried“,” he said quickly. [IN. Aksenov. Mysterious Passion (2007)]

FutureThe indicative mood describes a situation as one that will take place after the moment of speech. Since the future situation fundamentally cannot belong to reality, the future tense is sometimes considered as belonging to the system of indirect moods, and not to the indicative (for the special status of the future tense, see Modality / clause 2.3. Indicative mood and sublated affirmative).

(3) I I will walk until the morning, and when it’s night will become finish, I'll go up the hill and meeting dawn... [S. Kozlov. Is it true that we will always be there? (1969-1981)]

The indicative mood can have a figurative meaning, for example, it can act as an imperative mood:

(4) There is fish in the freezer / pull it out/ let it thaw / then Barsik give it. [Home conversation // From materials of Ulyanovsk University (2007)]

1.4. Meanings expressed by the subjunctive mood

Subjunctive mood denotes a situation that does not belong to the real world. The meaning of the subjunctive mood depends greatly on whether it is used in an independent predication or in a subordinate clause. In independent predication, the subjunctive mood has either a counterfactual meaning, that is, denoting a situation that, according to the speaker, belongs to an alternative, imaginary world, or a desirable meaning. In subordinate clauses, the meaning of the subjunctive mood depends on the semantics of the conjunction, the relationship between the main clause and the subordinate, and other factors.

The subjunctive mood thus has three main types of uses:counterfactual(for more details see Subjunctive mood / clause 2.1),desirable(for more details see Subjunctive mood / clause 2.2) and use in subordinate predications. In a figurative meaning, the subjunctive mood can be used for pragmatic purposes, in order to soften the message about the speaker’s communicative intentions (for more details, seeSubjunctive mood / clause 2.3).

a) Counterfactual meaning subjunctive mood: the situation, from the speaker’s point of view, obviously belongs not to the real, but to an alternative world.

(5) They could neither stop nor leave the stone - this would a disaster for everyone. [IN. Bykov. Stone (2002)]

(6) If I myself did not have a permanent address, I would lead behave more modestly. [A. Hair. Real Estate (2000)]

b) Desired value subjunctive mood: the situation does not belong to the real world, but seems desirable to the speaker.

(7) If only He knew how heavy my soul is! [YU. Trifonov. House on the Embankment (1976)]

(8) I would like to lie down, look to the sea and drink cold wine. [IN. Craid. Georgy Ivanov in Hyères (2003)]

c) Pragmatic use subjunctive mood: purpose –soften the message about the speaker's intentions or reduce the categoricalness of the statement.

(9) – I I would like to contact With one request,” he said quietly and even somehow pressed his hands to his chest. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Unnecessary Things (1978)]

(10) “Yes, of course,” answered the young man, easily meeting his radiant, clear eyes mi with Stern’s gaze suddenly growing heavier. - But now I would recommend Peace to Georgy Matveevich. [YU. O. Dombrovsky. Faculty of Unnecessary Things (1978)]

(11) Viktor Astafiev wrote: if would millions of peasants alone spat towards Moscow, her would be washed away together with the Kremlin and the Gori monkey. [D. Dragunsky. Of Slaves and Free (2011)]

(12) Briefly speaking, What would I neither did, my wife Always repeats : – God, before what You similar on his father!.. [S. Dovlatov. Ours (1983)]

(13) All on light must take place slowly And wrong, so that he couldn't get proud Human, to Human was sad And confused [IN. Erofeev. Moscow-Petushki (1970)]

(14) And the polar explorers dragged their things, and mother began to scream, to Alyoshka walked home to get dressed. [A. F. Chlenov. How Alyoshka lived in the North (1978)]

(15) If someone was praised, Valka immediately looked for the reason that I would do undeserved praise. [A. Aleksin. Signalmen and Buglers (1985)]

1.5. Meanings expressed by the imperative mood

a) Order:

(16) – Set sail tomorrow, at dawn! - Mr. Beluga ordered. [A. Dorofeev. Ele-Fantik (2003)]

b) Permission:

(17) – Kuri, - the grandfather allowed. – What kind do you smoke? [IN. Shukshin. Viburnum red (1973)]

c) Advice:

(18) – Dont be upset, Nina, don't waste your nerves,” he advised. [IN. Aksenov. It's time, my friend, it's time (1963)]

d) Request:

(19) – be happy, Margarita Nikolaevna! - She nodded her head to the master and again turned to Margarita: - I knew everything where you were going. [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

The imperative mood can also have figurative uses, used to express condition (20), concession (21), obligation (22), to indicate surprise (23), (24), etc. (see Imperative mood / clause 4.8) In this case, the imperative mood often does not refer to the 2nd person.

(20) He was taking his wife from the maternity ward of the district hospital, she was holding a child in her arms, and it seemed to him that live he will not forget this day for a thousand years. [IN. Grossman. Everything flows (1955-1963)]

(21) Sometimes it grabs you so much that at least lie down And die. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

(22) Vasya will drink whatever he gets, and I spin and spin on your salary. [AND. Grekova. Fracture (1987)]

(23) The dog and the cat lived and lived with their owner and grew old. It's an everyday thing, it can happen to anyone. And their owner take it and calculate it. [E. L. Schwartz. Two Maple Trees (1953)]

(24) ... A woman was walking along the veranda, casually picked a flower, carelessly put it in her hair, and he come in place! [IN. Astafiev. Jolly Soldier (1987-1997)]

2. Frequency

In terms of frequency in the Subcorpus with homonymy removed, the moods are distributed as follows:

indicative mood – 580 thousand uses;

imperative mood – 29 thousand uses;

subjunctive mood (particle would(b)+ so that(s)) – 25.5 thousand uses.

3. Basic literature

• Bondarko A.V., Belyaeva E.I., Biryulin L.A. and others. Theory of functional grammar. Temporality. Modality. L.: Science. 1990.
• Grammar 1980 – Shvedova N.Yu. (Ed.) Russian grammar. M.: Science. 1980. pp. 1472–1479.
• Palmer F.R. Mood and Modality. 2nd edition. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001.
• Plungian V. Irrealis and modality in Russian and in typological perspective // ​​Hansen B., Karlik P. (Eds.) Modality in Slavonic languages. München: Verlag Otto Sagner. 2005. P. 135–146.
• Hansen B. Mood in Russian // Rothstein B., Thieroff R. Mood in the Languages ​​of Europe. Amsterdam–Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.