• The pitched roof has earned its considerable popularity due to its relative ease of installation and significant cost-effectiveness. Basically, such a roof is often chosen for the construction of country houses. How reliably it will protect the building from the wind and the aggressive effects of natural phenomena largely depends on the correctly calculated slope of the roof in accordance with the windy side.

  This can significantly affect the durability of the structure. It is recommended to make calculations at the stage of preparing the building project.

  It should be taken into account that the greater the steepness of the roof, the lower the cost of building materials required for its construction.

  Types of pitched roofs: ventilated and non-ventilated

  Shed roofs can be divided into two types:

  Ventilated
  Most often they are used in the construction of closed type buildings. The slope of a pitched roof in this case varies in the range of 5–20%. For ventilation there are vents, special voids between the heat and waterproofing layers, which are reserved for the passage of air. The presence of ventilation significantly affects the increase in the service life of the building.

  No matter what the wind direction is, it is necessary to ensure constant air exchange under the roof. During the installation of the roof, special holes are made for this purpose on the sides of the building at its level.

  Non-ventilated
  Mostly this type, open, is used in the construction of terraces. The slope of a pitched roof for them is in the range of 3-6%. An open-type room, as a rule, especially in winter, requires special care.

  There are also options that involve a combination of both types. In this case, a slight slope is given to the pitched roof due to thermal insulation. The design is more economical, but less convenient to use. Take, for example, the fact that the roof will have to be constantly cleared of snow debris in order to reduce the load it experiences.

  The minimum slope of a pitched roof: what it depends on and how to calculate

  Each manufacturer has its own individual requirements for the minimum slope. In addition, a lot depends on the climate of a particular area, in particular, snow load. For example, the less snow falls, the flatter the roof may be. There is a table of roof slopes, which presents its possible minimum values, according to territorial regulations and characteristics of the roofing material.

  Roll roofing has an upper limit of slope of 25°, although it is recommended not to violate the 15° limit so as not to complicate the device.

  For slate (asbestos-cement corrugated sheets) a much larger slope is required - starting from 25° (reinforced profile) or 35° (regular). By the way, the overlap of the sheets completely depends on this value and the greater the slope, the greater the overlap will be.

  Euroslate is more “loyal” to the steepness of the slope. The minimum slope for it is 6°. Moreover, for

  • 6–10° – continuous sheathing is required;
  • 10–15° pitch of boards or bars of the structure – 45 cm;
  • from 15° – about 60 cm.

  Metal tiles theoretically it is possible to lay with a slope starting from 10°. However, practically within the range of 10° to 20°, problems may arise with sealing all sheet joints. The most acceptable solution would be to use metal tiles for roofs with a slope of more than 20° and the need to provide additional sealing.

  You can start using corrugated sheeting starting from 5°. It should be remembered that at 10° the overlap must be increased and sealing tape must be placed at the joints.

  Seam roofing with a factory fold or made directly on the construction site are used for bases with a slope starting from 8°. With proper sealing of the seam joints, this value can be reduced to 3°.

  Bituminous flexible shingles used at an inclination angle of no less than 11°. Up to 18°, a continuous lining layer is laid; for larger values, the rolls are rolled out only along the outer contour of the slope plane and the holes are additionally insulated.

  Ceramic and concrete tiles laid starting from 22°. When installing an additional waterproofing layer under the tiles, the angle can be reduced to 10°. However, tiles are rarely used for pitched roofs due to their heavy weight.

  

  Calculation of roof slope as a percentage carried out according to the following scheme.

  • The support rail is installed on the sheathing perpendicular to the direction of the ridge.
  • The side of the frame where the pendulum is located is directed to the ridge of the roof structure.
  • Under the influence of the weight, the pointer will indicate the slope of the roof in degrees on a semicircular scale. On the vertical axis, you can immediately determine the percentage expression, which is used much more often.

  

  • Roofing materials are divided according to their physical, economic, and technical properties into groups, which are shown on the device by arched arrows.
  • To determine the angle of the slope, inclined lines are used.
  • The thick line shows the relationship between the height of the ridge and one part of the foundation.

  Thus, it is possible to determine from the graph the minimum angle of inclination recommended for use in a particular group of roofing materials.

A pitched roof is the easiest type of roof to install. It does not have any complex elements; it is installed on load-bearing walls that have different heights.

Typically, such a roof is used in the construction of outbuildings: garages, bathhouses, verandas, sheds, but it is also often found in the construction of private houses and country houses. So, let's figure out how to make a pitched roof with your own hands step by step.

The first step during construction is to decide on the angle of inclination. The angle of inclination of the roof of the house will depend primarily on what roofing material you are going to cover it with. The optimal tilt angle will be 20 degrees, and the minimum slope will be 8 degrees.

If you do less, the roof may simply collapse under the weight of snow in winter or spring, which is especially true for the regions of Siberia. For metal tiles, the minimum slope rises to 25 degrees. When installing a pitched slate roof, this figure rises by another 10, and is already 35 degrees. For the minimum tilt angle is from 18 to 35 degrees.

After determining the angle of the pitched roof, we raise the front wall relative to the rear wall to the height necessary to obtain the required degree; for this we will need to turn to some trigonometric formulas.

How to calculate a pitched roof

To make the calculation of a pitched roof clearer, here is a drawing:

tgA and sinA are found using the following table:

Creating a Project

Despite the simplicity of the design, before making a pitched roof for a house, they draw up a project. Knowing the required angle of inclination of the slope, they calculate how much one wall should rise above the other using simple trigonometric formulas.

Let us give an example of calculating the height of the façade wall Lbc and the length of the rafters Lc for a house whose wall length Lсд = 5 m, and the slope angle of the pitched roof A = 25 degrees.

• We determine the height of the front wall Lbc = 5 x tg 25 = 5 x 0.47 = 2.35 m.
• We determine the length of the rafter leg Lc = 2.35 / 0.42 = 5.6 m.

Also, do not forget to add to the resulting length of the rafter leg the lengths of the rear and front overhangs, which will serve as protection for the house from precipitation. We take the length of the overhangs at 0.5 meters, you can take more, but not less. In total, you need to add another 1 meter. So, we get: Lc = 5.6 m + 1 m = 6.6 m. This concludes the calculation, and we can begin further work.

Design and device

Rafter design

A shed roof is considered the simplest type of roof; it has two support points, two walls of different heights, the difference in heights of which determines the slope of the slopes. It consists of:

Composition and features of the rafter system

The rafter system is made entirely of wood. Experienced roofers recommend using dry coniferous wood; pine is excellent. Before building a pitched roof of a house, all elements of the rafter system are pre-treated with an antiseptic and fire retardant. It is better to choose smooth lumber, without knots or chips; it is much easier to work with them. The rafter system consists of the following parts:

Rafter system

• Mauerlat. A thick, strong beam with a cross-section of 150x150 mm, acting as a base on which a pitched roof rests. Mauerlat distributes the load from the rafter system, transferring it to the foundation. It is attached flush to the top of the wall with anchor bolts. The attachment point is calculated in such a way that it does not coincide with the insertion areas of the rafter legs. There is no need to “overdo” the number of holes, as they reduce the strength of the Mauerlat. Before fastening, waterproof the upper part of the wall using roofing felt folded in half.
• Rafter legs. Smooth, strong bars that form slopes. They are attached to the mauerlat or to load-bearing walls. The ends of the rafters form slopes; if the length of the legs is not enough, they are lengthened using fillies. The distance between the supporting elements is determined taking into account the width of the roofing material, usually 60-120 cm.
• Lathing. A lattice or solid base on which roofing material is laid. Continuous sheathing is made from moisture-resistant sheet plywood; it is used if a pitched roof is covered with shinglas, roofing felt or ondulin. The lattice sheathing is made of unedged boards fixed perpendicular to the rafters.

Types of rafter systems

The roof of a house with a pitched roof looks like half of a gable roof, so the structure of the rafter system of these two types is very similar. I use three varieties:

Installation process

Having studied the structure of a pitched roof, it will not be difficult to build it with your own hands step by step. They start with the calculation and purchase of the necessary building materials, and then act according to the plan:

1. After the box of the outbuilding is ready, a mauerlat is laid on the upper part of the side walls. Having previously waterproofed the installation site, use a long drill to make holes for the anchor bolts. The Mauerlat is treated with an antiseptic, allowed to dry, and then also drilled. Then they lay it on the wall, insert the anchors and tighten it tightly.
2. The boards intended for the manufacture of rafter legs of a certain length are cut. First of all, the outer rafters (front and rear) are installed; a string is stretched between them, which serves as a guide for installing the remaining legs. The heavier the roof, the steeper its slopes, the more often the rafters are located.

   

3. The next stage is waterproofing the rafters. To do this, use a waterproofing film, which is sold in rolls. The film strips are fastened with a construction stapler along the roof, starting from the bottom. The strips are laid not in a joint, but in an overlap of 10-15 cm.

   

   Waterproofing

4. On top of the rafters, the waterproofing film is fixed with rivers of counter-battens. Their thickness of 3-5 cm creates a ventilation gap.
5. The sheathing is nailed. Solid, if the roofing material is in rolls, does not hold its shape. Lattice if used.

   

   Roof sheathing

6. The critical phase is laying the roofing material. How to perform it correctly depends primarily on its type. For fastening, use special self-tapping screws, supplied complete with the roof, galvanized with a rubber head, which, deforming when twisted, protects the hole from moisture penetration. The roofing material is also laid with an overlap of at least 10 cm.

   

7. All that remains is to equip the drainage system and secure the eaves and wind beams. It is recommended to use plastic clamps for the gutter, which, unlike metal ones, are not subject to corrosion and are attached directly to the wind board.

   

   Gutter

8. Snow guards are installed to prevent spontaneous snow melting. They are a small cornice fixed along the lower edge of the slope.

   

   Snow guards

Advantages and disadvantages

Like any invention of mankind, the pitched roof of a house has advantages and disadvantages. The advantages include:

• Availability, low cost of roofing materials.
• Ease of design and speed of construction.
• The design and device have good resistance to wind and precipitation.

Outbuilding

But they name several disadvantages that other designs do not have:

• It is impossible to equip an attic or attic space.
• Low degree of thermal insulation.
• Unconventional appearance.

In a word, the disadvantages of a pitched roof arise from its advantages. What makes it the best option for outbuildings makes it impossible to crown a residential building. However, the practicality of this design has been proven by years of faithful service, and it’s up to you to decide whether to do it or not!

Video instruction

It is important to understand that if the house has a pitched roof, then one wall will be significantly higher than the other.

This leads to increased consumption of building materials.

Before you begin calculating the slope of the roof, you need to understand the degree of impact on. There are two types of loads - dynamic and constant.

To permanent loads include those which will always affect the roofing covering, regardless of the time of year. This includes the chimney, antenna, the weight of the roof itself, etc.

Regarding dynamic loads, then these are non-constant quantities, i.e. weight that affects the roof from time to time. Such an impact can be caused by the weight of a person who periodically visits the roof to carry out any work, the weight of snow and hail, the impact of wind, etc.

If the roof slope is 30 0, then the force of the snow will be 50 kilograms per square meter. If you increase the angle of a pitched roof to 45 0, then most likely the snow will not linger on the roof.

That is why, given value should be chosen based on your region of residence, i.e. based on the amount of precipitation.

At the same time, if you want the snow to melt off the roofing on its own (at least some part of it), then the minimum slope value should be 10 0. The maximum value is 60 0.

Be that as it may, owners of houses with pitched roofs carry out self-removal of snow from the roof to reduce the load on the roof.

Wind loads

The design of a pitched roof is such that it is always made with a low part towards the leeward side in order to reduce the load from the wind.

Combined loads

Many people ignore this fact, which often leads to unpleasant situations. This type of load represents the maximum impact, which ends up on the roofing at some point.

It is necessary to provide for the critical load, consisting of permanent and dynamic influences, that the roof can withstand.

Let's imagine a situation when there is a snow storm outside, i.e. the roof is exposed to both strong wind and snow mass at the same time. In addition, a person is forced to climb onto the roof to adjust the antenna or he has to pick up a toolbox, it doesn’t matter.

It turns out that in addition to snow and wind, the weight of the human body is added. If you do not take this fact into account, the roof may not withstand.

Dependence of slope on the choice of roofing material

In addition to various atmospheric phenomena, the slope will be influenced by the roof covering that a person uses in this particular case.

Here are the minimum values ​​for various materials:

• , or any other piece material can be used on the roof, the minimum slope value of which is 22 0.
• If you apply roll materials, then the number of layers matters. A two-layer coating will require at least 15 0, and if the material is spread in three layers, then 2 to 5 0 will be enough.
• If used, the minimum tilt angle should be 12 0. If this value is lower, then additional work will be required in the form of gluing the joints for better sealing.
• The angle at is 14 0.
• The angle at equals 6 0.
• will require at least 11 0 tilt.

ATTENTION!

If you intend to install a pitched roof, then not every roofing material you like may be suitable for you.

This means that if the slope of your roof is less than the minimum parameter characteristic of a particular material, then you should refuse to use it.

Angle of inclination depending on roofing covering

How to measure the pitch of a pitched roof

We have already said that with pitched roofs the height of the walls will be different. That is why the slope of a pitched roof will be formed at the time of construction of the walls themselves, on which the roof will be subsequently installed.

If your area experiences a lot of snow, then the values ​​should be 45-60 0. If you are in the temperate zone, then the parameters will be as follows - 5-60 0. Of course, the minimum angle of inclination must also be taken into account, depending on the material used.

Lwalls = Llength * tgQ,

Where Lwalls — this is the height of the pediment;

Llength — this is the length of the wall;

Q - this is the angle of inclination.

It is also necessary to take into account the lengths of the rafters. It is calculated using the following formula:

Lrafters = Lwalls / sinQ.

The values ​​of sine and cotangent should be taken from this table:

Here is an approximate calculation. Let's say we use ordinary tiles, so the minimum angle of inclination is 22 0. To calculate, we take 25 0 - the value of Q.

The length of the wall is 7 meters, i.e. Llength = 7m.

Lwalls = 7 meters * tg25 = 7 * 0.47 = 3.29 meters.

Lrafters = 3.29 / sin25 = 3.29 / 0.42 = 7.83 meters.

Minimum slope angle of a pitched roof

To calculate the minimum slope of a pitched roof directly affects the level of precipitation, which may be different for each region.

If you live in a "snowy" area, then the pitched roof should be quite steep, i.e. within 45 0.

In this case, the snow will not linger on the roof, which will significantly reduce the load on the roof.

If your area doesn't get a lot of snow, then 25 0 is enough.

The opposite situation occurs in regions where strong winds are observed.. Here you need to build roofs with a slight slope so that the load from the wind is minimal.

Also, the type of roofing material, which we talked about a little earlier, plays a big role when choosing the minimum angle of inclination. You can read more about the minimum angle and its calculation.

Minimum angle

The optimal angle of inclination of a pitched roof made of corrugated sheets

Corrugated sheeting is a rather “harmful” material, because it has many layers with different wave sizes, as well as the thickness of the material itself.

According to SNiP, the minimum slope for residential premises whose roofs are covered with corrugated sheets is 12 degrees. According to the same rules, the optimal parameter for this tilt should be 20 degrees.

For a long time, pitched roofs were considered the domain of garages or various non-residential premises, but in Lately the situation is changing. Many people note the fact that when choosing this type of roof, the interior design of the room becomes more original, although more troublesome in terms of finishing.

But this does not stop those who value not only reliability in their home, but also an attractive appearance.

Optimal angle

In contact with

The pitched roof has gained considerable popularity due to the relative ease of installation and financial profitability. This type of roofing is becoming a frequent choice when constructing country houses. With the help of a pitched roof, you can reliably protect a building from the wind and the negative influence of other weather phenomena if the angle of inclination of the pitched roof relative to the windy side is correctly calculated.

A pitched roof will last longer and will more reliably protect the building from the effects of weather conditions if its rafters rest on walls of different heights and are less affected by gusts of wind.

According to experts, even a person without special skills can install a pitched roof. They argue that it is enough to observe all the necessary safety measures and theoretically become familiar with the specifics of the work progress. This ease of installation and the minimal amount of materials used are the primary advantages that attract many consumers who are building country houses today.

To ensure maximum safety when installing a pitched roof, you should use the most reliable ladders and do not forget to wear rescue belts.

The design features of a pitched roof make it possible to completely avoid

irrational use of indoor space. A pitched roof does not provide for an attic and few comfortable attics.

In addition to country premises, garages, sheds, outbuildings for various purposes, and quite often residential buildings are equipped with pitched roofs. In residential buildings, a roof of this type helps create a more unique room design. Also, the installation of a pitched roof in a residential building often requires the characteristics of the area. This way, you can minimize the amount of rainwater and melted snow flowing onto the roadway.

Depending on whether roof ventilation is provided in the room, there are two types of pitched roofs:

• Ventilated. Typically used in the construction of closed buildings. The angle of inclination of a pitched roof in this case ranges from 5 to 20%. Ventilations are specially designated spaces for air passage between the waterproofing and thermal insulation layers of the roof. This allows you to significantly increase the service life of the building's roof.

When installing a pitched roof with a ventilation system provided, it is necessary to make holes on the sides of the building at roof level. This will ensure constant air exchange regardless of wind direction.

• Not ventilated. Most often used in the construction of terraces. The angle of inclination in this case is within 3-6%. The open type of premises requires special care, especially in winter.

There is also a combined version of pitched roofs with and without ventilation. In this case, thermal insulation ensures a slight slope of the pitched roof. At the same time, there are significant savings in the creation of the structure, but they create certain inconveniences during operation. So, in winter, when there is a large amount of snow that has fallen, it is necessary to constantly clean the roof, reducing the load on it.

What are the advantages of pitched roofs?

In addition to the minimum volume of materials used and ease of installation, as mentioned earlier, a number of other advantages can be identified due to which a pitched roof is chosen when constructing buildings for various purposes.

1. If in the region where the construction of the building is planned, wood is a scarce material, a pitched roof will be the most profitable option for the developer from a financial point of view. Its installation involves the use of a minimum of wood.
2. The minimum slope of a pitched roof significantly reduces the windage rate. Thus, the space under the roof will be used most rationally, and there will be no need to equip the least comfortable and least functional attic.
3. This type of roof can be easily used in commercial buildings with walls of different heights.
4. If there is a roadway on one side of the building, a pitched roof will avoid dumping large amounts of snow and rainwater onto the road.

To eliminate the possibility of damage to the roof by strong wind gusts, it is necessary to install a special curb on the drainage side, reinforced with galvanized iron or tiles.

Rafter system for pitched roofs

The roof truss system is, in fact, its skeleton. That is why its primary task is to evenly distribute the mass of the roofing material onto the supports on which it is attached. Also, when forming a rafter system, the strength of the influence of winds and precipitation in a given area should be taken into account.

It is imperative to increase the expected load on the rafter system, calculating it, as they say, with a margin.

When developing a pitched roof, you should take into account the plan of the walls acting as a support, the characteristics of the attic floor and interior partitions, the external parameters of the building, as well as the distance of the longest span.

The angle of the roof and the ease of its installation depend on the type of connection of the rafter system to the supports. So, there are three types of fastening:

• Hanging rafters are used if it is not possible to provide support for the rafters in the distance between the side supports. In this case, the trusses are assembled on the ground, and then the finished structures are carefully transferred to the outer supports. This process takes the most time and effort. It is complicated by the presence of large spans. Load-bearing roof elements are usually made of softwood, metal and reinforced concrete. The most suitable rafter section is 5*15 centimeters. The bars for the sheathing should have a cross-section of 5 * 5 centimeters.

• Sloping rafters involve supporting the leading elements at an angle on the external walls. In the upper part of this type, the rafters rest on a beam secured with the help of struts and racks. The support for the struts is the partitions. External load-bearing walls can also serve as supports. The length of the distance between rafter systems can vary between 60 and 140 centimeters. This distance depends on the thickness of the wood and the parameters of the roofing material used. The structure is supported by walls of different heights. Most often, inclined rafters are chosen when arranging the roof of commercial buildings.

Do not forget about turning the roof slope relative to the windy side.

• Sliding rafters use a log in the ridge as support. When connecting the rafters to the walls in this case, special elements called “slippers” are used. Sliding rafters are most often used when arranging roofs in log buildings. Thanks to the use of this type of rafters, it is possible to compensate for the rather large shrinkage of the log house, preventing damage to the building at the junction of its main elements.

Materials used in the formation of pitched roofs

When wondering how to determine the angle of inclination of the roof, first of all it is necessary to take into account the material from which it is planned to create the roof. So, there are certain limits of permissible tilt for different types roofing material:

• The slope of a corrugated roof can vary from 8 to 20 degrees.
• If metal tiles are chosen as the material for the roof, its minimum slope can be 25 degrees.
• For slate roofing, the minimum slope angle increases to 35 degrees.
• The seam roof can be at an angle within 18-35 degrees.

Do not try to make the angle of inclination less than eight degrees, since such a roof can fail even under the weight of snow and with high levels of precipitation.

Once the most suitable roof angle for a particular building has been determined, it will be necessary to raise the front wall of the building so that its height in relation to the rear wall forms the established slope. When making such calculations, you simply cannot do without using certain trigonometric formulas, so often for correct calculations you should turn to experienced specialists in drawing up projects of this kind.

Roofs with one slope are becoming fashionable. There are many reasons for this, including their practicality, low cost and distinctive appearance. The slope of shed roofs in most cases differs from gable and hip roofs: it is smaller. Let's consider what the optimal slope of a pitched roof depends on and what limits the minimum slope.

The updated version of SNiP II-26-76 “Roofs”, updated within the framework of SP 17.13330.2011, indicates that the slope of a flat roof should be from 2° to 12°. It is logical to assume that the standards assume a value for a pitched roof of over 12°. However, SNiP does not contain any information about the slope of a pitched roof. A value of 12 degrees is optional. In fact, the boundary between a flat and a pitched roof is not fixed by regulation and is more often determined “by eye”.

One of the factors indicating that the roof is pitched is the use of roofing material intended for pitched roofs (all types of tiles, sheet materials, corrugated sheets, etc.). Flat roofs have an average slope of 3° and are covered, with rare exceptions, with rolled bitumen materials. Rolled bitumen roofing can also be successfully installed on pitched roofs.

Sloping pitched roof, almost flat

Determining the optimal slope angle

The optimal slope of a pitched roof is dictated by the architectural and planning features of the building. With the same slope as a gable roof, the ridge of a shed roof will be twice as high, which is why shed roofs are flatter. For a barn, garage, or veranda, in most cases 10-15° will be sufficient. A shed roof is economical, especially for small buildings. As a rule, a slope of 10-15° is sufficient.

A pitched roof is of little use for organizing an attic in the classic form: one part of the room will be too low, the other too high, such a volume is difficult to use rationally. Even when constructing an attic floor, it is hardly worth making a slope of more than 30°. A roofless shed roof, relatively flat, (10-20°) allows you to equip rooms with different ceiling heights on the floor. Living rooms are located in the higher part, and bathrooms, utility rooms, and staircases are located in the lower part.

If the layout provides for offset floor levels, a steep pitched roof with a slope of 20-35° would be rational.

Steep roof, approximately 35°

Calculate the minimum slope

The limiting factor for the minimum and maximum slope is the manufacturer's recommendations for specific types of roofing materials. Shed roofs are quite flat; we will be more interested in the minimum values.

Roll fused bitumen roofing allows you to cover any roof, including flat ones. Only the maximum angle is limited to 25°, although it is better not to go beyond 15° so as not to complicate installation. Bitumen-polymer materials are the most durable and reliable; the top layer is sprinkled with stone chips. Rolled materials are hot glued to bitumen mastic.

Shed roofs are often used in Western Europe during the construction of budget suburban housing. The house has a higher facade with living rooms and French balconies on the sunny side

Asbestos-cement corrugated sheets (slate) require a fairly large slope. For reinforced profile sheets it must be at least 25°, for regular profiles - 35°. It should be noted that the amount of overlap of the sheets of the top row is taken depending on this value. The higher it is, the greater the overlap.

The so-called “Euro slate” is less demanding on surface steepness; a minimum of 6° is allowed. When installing corrugated bitumen sheets, not only the amount of overlap, but also the design of the sheathing depends on the slope: at 6-10° it should be continuous, at 10-15° the pitch of the bars or boards is 45 cm along the axes, with a larger value 60 cm is sufficient.

Metal tiles can theoretically be laid with a slope of 10°. But with a parameter of 10-20° you will have to seal all the joints of the sheets, and this is not an easy task. A rational solution would be to use metal tiles for roofs with a slope of over 20° without additional sealing.

Corrugated sheeting can serve as a roofing covering for roofs with a slope of 5°. At 10° the overlap is increased and sealing tape is placed at the joints.

A pitched roof does not have to have the same slope over the entire surface

Seam roofing, both from standard elements with a factory seam, and when seams are made on galvanized steel sheets directly at the construction site, is used for bases with a slope of 8°. Provided the seam joints are sealed, the value can be reduced to 3°.

Flexible bituminous tiles are used on slopes of at least 11°. At a value of up to 18°, the lining layer must be continuous; at a higher value, it is enough to roll out the rolls only along the outer contours of each of the roof planes and additionally insulate the holes.

Ceramic and concrete tiles require a slope of 22°. It can be reduced to 10° if an additional waterproofing layer is installed under the tiles. The tiles are quite heavy and are not often used for pitched roofs.

The slope of the roof in one direction allows architects to find impressive interior solutions

The data provided is not completely accurate. Each roofing material manufacturer sets its own requirements; they may differ slightly. In addition, the slope largely depends on the snow load for a particular area. The less snow, the flatter the roof can be. There are territorial standards that establish minimum requirements depending on the climatic characteristics of the area.

We found out that the angle of inclination of a pitched roof is determined by the architecture of the building and is limited by technical requirements. The calculation of the rafter system to ensure the necessary strength with rational consumption of materials should be entrusted to specialists.