Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) If you try, you can get used to the noise and even like it.

2) Noise allows a person to communicate with the outside world without withdrawing into himself.

3) The roar of the sea, the sounds of mountain falls or the squeal of car tires - all this is an annoying noise that does little to help a person.

4) Making noise is the “privilege” of man, while nature creates mysterious and majestic sounds.

5) A bad book or a bad film is also noise.

Explanation.

Statement 1) contradicts sentence No. 18.

Statement 2) contradicts sentence No. 35.

Statement 3) contradicts proposals No. 12-14.

Statement 4) is confirmed by sentence No. 12.

Statement 5) is confirmed by sentence No. 21.

Answer: 4 and 5.

Answer: 45|54

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Semantic and compositional integrity of the text.

Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) 21 sentences of the text are the conclusion of the reasoning presented in sentences 18-20.

2) Sentence 22-27 presents the reasoning.

3) Sentences 16-21 contain reasoning and description.

4) Sentences 35-37 provide a description.

5) Sentence 23 has a narrative.

Explanation.

Sentences 35-37 present the reasoning. In the 23rd there is only reasoning.

Therefore correct Answer: 123

Answer: 123

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Functional and semantic types of speech

From sentence 24, write down the term

Explanation.

This sentence uses the term "extroverted attitude"

Answer: extroverted attitude

Answer: extroverted attitude|extroverted attitude

Relevance: 2016-2017

Difficulty: normal

Codifier section: Lexical meaning of the word

Elena Nikolaevna Vorozhtsova (Raduga village) 14.01.2015 19:05

Not convincing. Why then not, for example, “MYSTERIOUS” and “ANNOYING”. Most likely, the compilers had in mind, in our opinion, the contextual antonyms “NOISE” and “SOUND”. It is these words that are opposed

Tatyana Yudina

Significant means one that means a lot.

Empty means nothing.

Neither noise-sound nor mysterious-intrusive are antonyms. No way.

Maxim Tereshchenko 18.11.2015 18:35

The term in its initial form (extroverted attitude) was not accepted as an answer. Nowhere is it specified how I should write it, and while I somewhat understand (now) that it is implied, some clarification would still be helpful.

Tatyana Yudina

The assignment says: write down the term.

From sentence 17, write down a word formed in a prefix-suffix way.

Explanation.

The adjective “merciless” is formed from the word “mercy” using the prefix bes- and the suffix -n-.

Answer: merciless

Anastasia Smirnova (St. Petersburg)

“Superficial” - from “surface”, suffixal method.

Olga Piven (Chelybinsk) 01.10.2013 15:43

Why is disappointing not suitable, please tell me?

Tatiana Statsenko

The participle DISAPPOINTING is formed from the verb DISAPPOINT (like all other participles) in a suffix way.

Among sentences 39-44, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun and a contextual synonym. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

The demonstrative pronoun "that" in sentence 43 points to the noun "noise" from sentence 42. The contextual synonyms in these two sentences are "noise" and "rude."

Sentences 43 and 44 are connected by the pronoun OH, the pronoun ETU and the form of the word “melody”, so 44 does not fit the given conditions.

Answer: 43

Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text

MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT

Several sentences connected into a whole by theme and main idea are called text (from the Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).

Obviously, all sentences separated by a period are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of a text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also those separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be contrasted with the content of another; the contents of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence may reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third - the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of connection between sentences.

The task could be worded like this:

Among sentences 11-18, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun, adverb and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)

Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.

Remember that the previous one is ONE ABOVE. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the required sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. There may be 1 or more answers. Point for successfully completing the task - 1.

Let's move on to the theoretical part.

Most often we use this model of text construction: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called a chain link. (We will talk about parallel communication below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into text using simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must be about the same subject.

All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into a text, they can be used several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let us dwell in detail on each of the types.

23.1. Communication using lexical means.

1. Words from one thematic group.

Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical concepts.

Example words: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward

Water was clean and transparent. Waves They ran ashore slowly and silently.

2. Generic words.

Generic words are words connected by the relation genus - species: genus is a broader concept, species is a narrower one.

Example words: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.

Example sentences: It was still growing under the window birch. I have so many memories associated with this tree...

Field daisies are becoming rare. But this is unpretentious flower.

3 Lexical repetition

Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.

The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. Repetition of one or another member of a sentence - main feature chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden there was a forest. The forest was deaf and neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is a science. Science must use the dialectical method- “model predicate - subject”; in the example The boat moored to the shore. The shore was strewn with small pebbles- model “circumstance - subject” and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. Lexical repetition in Unified State Exam assignments repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader, will be considered.

In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:

Aral disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.

Whole sea!

The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.

Let's look at examples. We are not yet taking additional means of communication into account; we are looking only at lexical repetition.

(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It was scary, very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he it was scary.

(15) As a teacher, I had the opportunity to meet young people yearning for a clear and precise answer to the question about higher values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.

Please note: different forms of words refer to a different type of connection. For more information about the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.

4 Similar words

Cognates are words with the same root and common meaning.

Example words: Homeland, be born, birth, generation; tear, break, burst

Example sentences: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. The story of my birth unremarkable.

Although I understood that a relationship was necessary break, but couldn't do it myself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.

5 Synonyms

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning.

Example words: be bored, frown, be sad; fun, joy, jubilation

Example sentences: In parting she said that will miss you. I knew that too I'll be sad from our walks and conversations.

Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... Jubilation there seemed to be no boundaries: Lina answered, finally answered!

It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for connections only using synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are also used. So, in example 1 there is a conjunction Same , this connection will be discussed below.

6 Contextual synonyms

Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning only in a given context, since they relate to the same object (feature, action).

Example words: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty

Example sentences: Kitty has been living with us for quite some time. My husband took it off poor guy from the tree where he climbed to escape the dogs.

I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to remain silent, despite all efforts on my part to get her to talk.

These words are even more difficult to find in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are also used, which makes the search easier.

7 Antonyms

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.

Example words: laughter, tears; hot, cold

Example sentences: I pretended that I liked this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears They choked me, and I quickly left the room.

Her words were hot and burned. Eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...

8 Contextual antonyms

Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning only in a given context.

Example words: mouse - lion; home - work green - ripe

Example sentences: On work this man was gray with the mouse. At home woke up in it lion.

Ripe The berries can be safely used to make jam. But green It’s better not to put them in, they are usually bitter and can spoil the taste.

We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: this is one and the same lexical phenomenon, but viewed from a different angle. Lexical means can serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a connecting link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the reference rule for task 24.

23.2. Communication using morphological means

Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.

1. Pronoun

A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or SEVERAL words from the previous sentence are replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is and what categories of meaning there are.

What you need to know:

Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), denote persons, indicate objects, characteristics of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically.

Based on their meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:

1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);

2) returnable (self);

3) possessive (my, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessives also forms of personal: his (jacket), her (work),their (merit).

4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so much);

5) definitive(himself, most, all, everyone, each, other);

6) relative (who, what, which, which, which, how many, whose);

7) interrogative (who? what? which? whose? which? how much? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);

8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody);

9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, anyone, anyone, someone).

Don't forget that pronouns change by case, therefore, “you”, “me”, “about us”, “about them”, “no one”, “everyone” are forms of pronouns.

As a rule, the task indicates WHAT category the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if in the specified period there are no other pronouns that act as LINKING elements. You need to clearly understand that NOT EVERY pronoun that appears in the text is a connecting link.

Let's look at the examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are connected; 2 and 3.

1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went in and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some strangers, different, not mine....

There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If it's a pronoun I, what it is replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun? her? Word " school" from the first sentence. We conclude: connection using a personal pronoun her.

There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. The second is connected only by a pronoun They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest do not correlate in any way with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the third with the pronoun They.

What is the practical importance of understanding this method of communication? The fact is that pronouns can and should be used instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but not abuse, since the abundance of words “he”, “his”, “their” sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.

2. Adverb

Communication using adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.

To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is and what categories of meaning there are.

Adverbs are unchangeable words that denote a characteristic by action and relate to the verb.

Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:

Time and space: below, on the left, next to, at the beginning, long ago and the like.

Example sentences: We got to work. In the beginning it was hard: I couldn’t work as a team, I had no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.Please note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.

We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around There were only the treetops of us. Near The clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are connected to 1 using the indicated adverbs.

Demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.

Example sentences: Last summer I was on holiday in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there It was almost impossible to make a call, let alone surf the Internet. The adverb “from there” replaces the whole phrase.

Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb “so” summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.

It is possible to use other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn’t have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not fold; however, I didn’t suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.

3. Union

Communication using conjunctions is the most common type of connection, thanks to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the conjunction.

Communication using coordinating conjunctions: but, and, and, but, also, or, however and others. The assignment may or may not indicate the type of union. Therefore, the material on alliances should be repeated.

More details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.

Example sentences: By the end of the weekend we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication using the adversative conjunction “but”.

It's always been like this... Or that's how it seemed to me...Connection using the disjunctive conjunction “or”.

We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one conjunction is involved in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.

Communication using subordinating conjunctions: because, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences within a complex sentence. In our opinion, with such a connection there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.

Example sentences: I was in complete despair... For I didn’t know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The conjunction for has the meaning because, because, indicates the reason for the hero’s condition.

I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t go to college, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The conjunction “so” has the meaning of consequence.

4. Particles

Particle Communication always accompanies other types of communication.

Particles after all, and only, here, there, only, even, same add additional shades to the proposal.

Example sentences: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and at the same time difficult - to love....

Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only Grandma muttered quietly: she always read prayers before going to bed, asking the heavenly forces for a better life for us.

After my husband left, my soul became empty and my house deserted. Even the cat, who usually rushed like a meteor around the apartment, only yawns sleepily and still tries to climb into my arms. Here whose arms would I lean on...Please note that connecting particles come at the beginning of the sentence.

5. Word forms

Communication using word form is that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different

• if this noun - number and case
• If adjective - gender, number and case
• If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on the category
• If verb in person (gender), number, tense

Verbs and participles, verbs and gerunds are considered different words.

Example sentences: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise I felt uneasy.

I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me together, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.

Please note: the assignment may say “word forms”, and then it is ONE word in different forms;

“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.

There is a particular difficulty in the difference between word forms and lexical repetition.

Information for teachers.

Let's take a very difficult task as an example. real Unified State Exam 2016. Here is the full fragment published on the FIPI website in the “Guidelines for Teachers (2016)”

Difficulties for examinees in completing task 23 were caused by cases where the task condition required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves repetition lexical item with a special stylistic task.

We present the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of Unified State Exam options 2016:

“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer."

Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.

- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!

(8) Maybe that’s why Berg wasn’t good at landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(11) One day Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.

(13) August was hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived far from a deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was driven to the lake by the forester’s son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.

Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).

Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": prepositional case form, controlled by a verb, and non-prepositional form, controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning of object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the word forms in question does not carry a stylistic load.

Proposition 17 is related to sentence 16 by word forms (“on the lake - to the lake”; "Berga - Berg").

Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by personal pronoun "he"(Berg).

The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) using lexical repetition (the word “he”).

It should be noted that there is no consensus among the authors of various manuals, What is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house “National Education”, “Exam”, “Legion” (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasilyev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words in various forms would be considered lexical repetition.

At the same time, very complex cases in which words in different cases have the same form are treated differently in the manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees this as a form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on materials from a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time it undoubtedly has the same stylistic task that I.P. writes about. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution to this issue, we will outline the position of RESHUEGE and give recommendations.

1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same linguistic phenomenon as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.

2. There will be no matching forms in the tasks on RESHUEGE: if the linguist specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then school graduates cannot do it.

3. If you come across tasks with similar difficulties during the exam, look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs may have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.

23.3 Syntactic means.

Introductory words

Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies and complements any other connection, adding shades of meaning characteristic of introductory words.

Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.

He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such individuals, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone or anything, if something was, as he said, below his level.

Let us give examples of the definition of means of communication in a short text.

(1) We met Masha several months ago. (2) My parents had not seen her yet, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me somewhat.

Let's determine how the sentences in this text are connected.

Sentence 2 is related to sentence 1 using a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in sentence 1.

Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she/her: “she” is a nominative case form, “her” is a genitive case form.

In addition, sentence 3 also has other means of communication: it is a conjunction Same, introductory word it seemed, series of synonymous constructions didn't insist on getting to know each other And didn't try to get closer.

Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“The famous philosopher I. Ilyin uses in his thoughts such a trope as (A)_____ (sentence 42). Contrasting (B)_____ (sentences 14 and 15), Ilyin reveals his attitude towards noise, which can drive away the muse, which is depicted using such a technique as (B)_____ (sentence 41). (D)_____ (“extraverted attitude” in sentence 24) helps to complete the author’s attitude toward noise.”

List of terms:

1) rhetorical question

2) rows homogeneous members

3) lexical repetition

5) epithets

6) personification

7) quoting

8) comparative turnover

9) rhetorical exclamation

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's fill in the blanks.

“The famous philosopher I. Ilyin uses in his thoughts such a trope as personification(in sentence 42, noise is given the definition characteristic of a human being). Contrasting rows of homogeneous members(in sentence 14 there are homogeneous objects, in sentence 15 there are a number of homogeneous subjects), Ilyin reveals his attitude towards noise, which can drive away the muse, which is depicted using such a technique as lexical repetition(in sentence 41 there is a lexical repetition of the short adjective “gentle”). Term("extraverted attitude" in sentence 24) helps to complete the author's attitude toward noise."

Answer: 6234.

Answer: 6234

Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression

ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write matches only in the order in which the letters appear in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put “0” in place of this number. You can get from 1 to 4 points for the task.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task by dividing the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division knowing that all funds are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; secondly, figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 TROPIC WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A FIGUREABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: The assignment usually states that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. The epithet differs from a simple definition in its artistic expressiveness and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all “colorful” definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I.A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative characteristic of the subject: winter sorceress; mother is the damp earth; The poet is a lyre, and not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs, acting as circumstances: In the wild north stands alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-participles: waves rush thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns, expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, still which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participial phrases: Nightingales in vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of... greyhound writers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in their language except the words not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binary: it names both compared objects (phenomenon, sign, action).

The villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

Instrumental case form of nouns:

Nightingale vagrant Youth flew by,

Wave in bad weather Joy fades away (A.V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative phrases with conjunctions like, as if, as if, etc.:

Like a predatory beast, to the humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

On the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

Using comparative clauses:

Golden leaves swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond,

Like a light flock of butterflies

Flies breathlessly towards a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on any basis. Unlike a comparison, which contains both what is being compared and what is being compared with, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness in the use of the word. A metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language(“erased”): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, moving mountains, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual author’s, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

AND blue, bottomless eyes

They bloom on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not just single: it can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, a complete artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a type of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down, And only the sound of a horse's tramp is lost in the distance. The autumn day has faded, turning pale, with the fragrant leaves folded, half-withered flowers enjoying dreamless sleep.. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(translated from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of connection:

Between action and the instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);

Between an object and the material from which the object is made: ... or on silver, I ate on gold(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) - this a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not come... (A.S. Pushkin);

From part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Periphrase, or periphrasis(translated from Greek - a descriptive expression) is a phrase that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - “Peter’s Creation”, “Beauty and Wonder of the Full Countries”, “The City of Petrov”; A. A. Blok in the poems of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8.Hyperbole(translated from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)

And at that very moment there were couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty five thousand only couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And walking importantly, in decorous calm, the horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in large boots, in a short sheepskin coat, in large mittens... and from the nails myself!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Why, smart one, are you delirious, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 “NON-SPECIAL” LEXICAL VISUATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE

Note: In tasks it is sometimes indicated that this is a lexical device. Typically, in a review of task 24, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these are the products most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but identical or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or stylistic coloring (brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( true - false, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen dexterous and awkward,

Prudent and reckless,

Intoxicating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseologisms (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in ready-made form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, sword of Damocles, Achilles heel);

2) the classification of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of linguistic means with a positive emotional-expressive connotation ( to store like the apple of your eye - trade.) or with a negative emotional-expressive coloring (without the king in the head - disapproved, small fry - disdained, worthless - despised.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotional-expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional-expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Slavonicisms): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, hidden, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, brave; endearments: sunshine, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammer, scribbling; abusive/

2) functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary of limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialectal vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a particular area: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic connotation: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or beyond literary norm:beggar, drunkard, cracker, trash talker);

Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of youth slang: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; criminal jargon: bro, raspberry);

The vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they denote: boyar, oprichnina, horse-drawn horse; archaisms are outdated words naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC DEVICES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality and expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He who comprehended people from a young age?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17.Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was on the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! oh sunshine! O fresh spirit of birch. (A.K. Tolstoy);

Alas! The proud country bowed to the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18.Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like the soul, is uncontrollable and eternal (A.S. Pushkin);

Oh, deep night! Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)

19.Repetition (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them.

Types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.

Anaphora(translated from Greek - ascent, rise), or unity of beginning, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Lazy the hazy noon breathes,

Lazy the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

The clouds are melting lazily (F.I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(translated from Greek - addition, final sentence of a period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely.

What is a day or an age?

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

A two-volume edition of Paustovsky was brought to the bookstore. joy!(A.I. Solzhenitsyn)

Pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

He fell down on the cold snow,

On the cold snow, like a pine tree,

Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking next to) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look at the future with fear,

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was a ringing string for you,

I was your blooming spring,

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country is for business, but business is for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, inversion) is a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition comes after the word being defined: I’m sitting behind bars in dungeon dank(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there were no swells running through this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they relate: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous clock strike);

22.Parcellation(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. At the point of division of a sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, and an ellipsis can be used. In the morning, bright as a splint. Scary. Long. Ratnym. The rifle regiment was defeated. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why isn't anyone outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important areas of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary for the state to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of conjunctions. In the first case, when omitting conjunctions, speech becomes condensed, compact, and dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replacing each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.

Drumming, clicks, grinding.

The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

In case multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and repeated conjunctions highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I grow... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of topic and intonational division into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) occurs with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause separating it, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

If I wanted to limit my life to the home circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a husband, / If I were captivated by the family picture for even a single moment, then it’s true that I wouldn’t look for another bride besides you. (A.S. Pushkin)

25.Antithesis or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) is a turn in which opposing concepts, positions, images are sharply contrasted. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general linguistic and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes,

And now everything is looking sideways,

Yesterday I was sitting before the birds,

All larks these days are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive, but I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

“My dear, what have I done to you?” (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26.Gradation(in translation from Latin - gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a characteristic. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:

I called you, but you didn’t look back, I shed tears, but you didn’t condescend(A. A. Blok);

Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less frequently and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought mortal resin

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)

27.Oxymoron(translated from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, usually contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and the speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

Eat joyful melancholy in the red of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory– allegory, transmission of an abstract concept through a concrete image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the emotion of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was unspoken: But I wanted... Perhaps you...

In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness, the tests also contain the following:

-exclamation sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-and-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences– sentences in which any member is missing that is necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. Missing sentence members can be restored and contextualized.

Including ellipsis, that is, omission of the predicate.

These concepts are covered in the school syntax course. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.

Our life is designed in such a way that people often do not pay attention to truly important things. Grasping false truths that lie on the surface, simplified to the point of emptiness for understanding, they do not even try to get to the real essence of life, which, as a rule, lurks in the depths. Because of this, a person risks incorrectly explaining one or another aspect of existence to himself, taking the wrong course for himself and thereby ruining his life. Incredible important problem I. A. Ilyin raised the influence of empty noise that filled our world on people in his text.

By this noise the author means not only the loud sounds created by trams, factories, braking cars and roaring motorcycles, but also everything that, speaking about himself, “has nothing to say,” “means negligible in a spiritual sense.”

These are stupid speeches, books of little content, and empty works of art that are not filled with proper meaning. All this is noise destructive to a person’s spirituality, and all this is what a person takes into account first of all. But as a result, the human soul ceases to perceive truly deep, real truths. She gets used to meaningless and empty ideals, opinions, patterns of behavior in certain areas of life, and as a result the person is also devastated. His life loses its meaning; the truly important people who fill it slip away, disappear, suppressed by useless and meaningless noise. The author pays special attention to this, saying that “noise pulls a person out of his spiritual refuge, out of his concentration, irritates him, binds him, so that he no longer lives a spiritual, but exclusively external life.”

Ilyin’s opinion is extremely clear: all the noise that is created by empty cries about supposedly correct truths can destroy a person. I completely agree with these thoughts. Indeed, by paying attention only to the outer shell - that which makes noise - a person discards the real meaning hidden in the depths, misses the opportunity to find the truth of life, which can transform his existence into better side. Thus, he wastes his soul, the strength given to him, his life.

We can find reflections on the destructive role of noise in human life in many works of world fiction. It is noise that the reader encounters on the very first pages of L.N.’s epic novel. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The author describes the salon of the prominent lady Scherer, where noble members of society of that time, like her, gathered. The salon is filled with conversations and not filled with anything. All the noise created by the nobility reflects their spiritual emptiness. From the speeches of these people, only one thing is clear: their entire existence is built on falsehood, indifference to life and to others. The values ​​that they recognize are material values. The semantic load is not important for them, they do not try to get to the bottom of things, are content with everyday knowledge and hide their emptiness, ignorance of life’s phenomena behind masks of luxury and wealth. By showing us the lifestyle that that society chose for itself, Tolstoy sought to convey the idea that all this falsehood, noise, fixation on superficial concepts killed the high spiritual principles in people. And this cannot lead to anything other than the degradation of personality and the devastation of human life.

In such a society, inexorably moving downhill in the spiritual sense, the hero of A. S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit” found himself, Chatsky. Famus society kills Alexander with its moral emptiness. The ideas of these people, in fact, are not at all a reflection of their own thoughts and opinions, since they obey the old foundations and do not at all try to comprehend a single life issue themselves. They believe that ranks and huge savings can hide the absolute abysses of their inner filling, that material values ​​are more important than understanding the deep meaning of life. In fact, the unwillingness to comprehend something truly important, the truths hiding behind the noise, deprives society of the opportunity for progress, contributes to the spiritual destruction of the individual and humanity as a whole.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again: it is important not to let yourself get bogged down in the deafening and all-pervasive meaningless noise that hides nothing but emptiness. It is important to be able to move at least a little towards deeply hidden truths, because only such a path can give meaning to human existence and protect the human soul from devastation.

In our fast, hectic world, there is not a second to stop to think, to hear something more than just an annoying noise. It completely filled human life, displacing the blessed silence. It is difficult to find a place in modern reality for the original, enchanting silence that penetrates into the very human essence. It is the problem of the influence of noise on humans and the world that Ilyin discusses in the text. The author claims that everything in nature is filled with a special silence, which speaks much more than words. It brings important meaning and spirituality to the hearts of people. The melody of nature is unhurried and unobtrusive. Its sounds always bear the imprint of majestic silence. They bring inspiration and peace. The noise, which is gaining more and more strength every day, does not bring anything useful. Despite all its power, it cannot reach the inner world of a person.

Useless and fussy sounds deprive people of spiritual vision. And we stop hearing with our hearts. Noise fills the world and prevents us from feeling and perceiving that ancient and beautiful music that nature has brought to us since primordial times. In the opinion of the author, such a situation is a great disaster.

I agree with Ilyin's point of view. Really, modern world too loud and fast. The noise leaves no room for a deeper understanding of the essence of things. It fills the surrounding space, preventing the voice of nature from being heard. Silence, which penetrates into the farthest corners of human consciousness, is lost among a myriad of useless sounds. Noise fills a person and makes his thoughts simpler and more mundane. And people gradually cease to understand and notice the high and eternal. While the quiet song of nature fills our soul with meaning and light, noise leaves only inner emptiness.

There are many books in fiction that reflect on the role of noise and silence in human life. Many philosophers and writers have been interested in this issue. He has occupied the minds of great people since ancient times.

In L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" great importance is given to the impact of nature on humans. The scene in Otradnoye depicts a quiet moonlit night. A bright, solemn silence amazes the heroes. No wonder Natasha Rostova, in a fit of admiration, exclaims: “Oh, how lovely! After all, such a lovely night has never, never happened.” The silence of nature elevates and fills souls with hope. This episode is filled with tranquility and primordial beauty.

Mayakovsky's poem paints a picture of a bustling city. It is filled with many sounds: “Noises rush through the echoes of cities, on the whisper of soles and the thunder of wheels... A cargo truck will carry boxes of hum.” Mayakovsky shows a situation where there is no place for silence: “the kingdom of bazaars has been crowned with noise.” Throughout the poem, the detrimental effect of noise on the world is evident.

So, it is very important in our fast life to find time to simply listen to silence. She brings inspiration and peace with her. Natural majestic silence brings out the best in people. Therefore, it is very important not to lose the light melody of nature among the constant noise.

Essay: How does noise affect a person?

Source text according to I. Ilyin.

Nature never makes noise. It teaches a person greatness in silence. The sun is silent. The starry sky silently unfolds before us. We hear little and rarely from the “core of the earth.” The royal mountains rest graciously and blissfully. Even the sea is capable of “deep silence.” The greatest thing in nature, that which determines and decides our destiny as such, happens silently...
And the man is making noise. He makes noise early and late, intentionally and unintentionally, while working and playing. And this noise has no correlation with the result achieved thanks to it. One would like to say that noise constitutes a person’s “privilege” in the world, because everything that nature gives to our hearing is a mysterious and meaningful sound, and not an annoying and empty noise. Amazed and captivated, we stand when thunder, a volcano or a hurricane raises its voice, and we listen to this voice, which intends to say something majestic. We hear the roar of the Rhine Falls or the sea, the collapse of a mountain avalanche, the whisper of a forest, the murmur of a stream, the singing of a nightingale not as noise, but as the speech or song of related but mysterious forces. The roar of trams, the crackling and hissing of factories, the roar of motorcycles, the squeal of braking cars, the crack of a whip, the beating of a scythe, the sharp sounds of garbage trucks and, oh, so often... the roar of a radio is noise, an annoying noise, so negligible in a spiritual sense. Noise is present everywhere where sound means little or nothing at all, where rumbling, whistling, buzzing, humming, roaring, penetrating into a person, give him little. Noise is brash and disappointing, arrogant and empty, self-confident and superficial, merciless and deceitful. You can get used to noise, but you can never enjoy it. He doesn't have anything spiritual in him. He "speaks" without having anything to say. Therefore, every bad art, every stupid speech, every empty book is noise.
In this case, the noise arises from the spiritual “nothing” and dissolves in the spiritual “nothing”. It lures a person out of his spiritual refuge, out of his concentration, irritates him, binds him, so that he no longer lives a spiritual, but exclusively external life. In the language of modern psychology, he instills in a person an “extroverted attitude” without compensating him for this in any way. Something like this: “Greetings, man!.. Listen to this! However, I have nothing to tell you!..”
And again... And again... The poor man is attacked and cannot even repel the attacker: “If you have nothing to say, leave me alone.” And what more people captured by noise, the more accustomed his soul is to paying attention to the purely external. Noise makes the outside world meaningful. It stuns a person and consumes him. The noise, so to speak, “blinds” perception, and the person becomes spiritually “deaf.”
The noise covers everything: in the external – the singing of the world, the revelation of nature, inspiration from cosmic silence. In the inner – the emergence of a word, the birth of a melody, relaxation of the soul, peace of mind. Because truly, where there is no silence, there is no peace. Where the insignificant is noisy, there the Eternal is silent.
Robka is also a muse. How easy it is to frighten her away with noise!.. Her essence is tender, her voice is gentle. And noise is a cheeky guy. This brute knows nothing about the mysterious primordial melody that rises from the well of the soul, sometimes asking, sometimes calling, sometimes sighing. He displaces this melody from earthly life and earthly music...
From this disaster I know no consolation. There is only one thing: to overcome the noise...
(According to I. Ilyin)

Essay based on the text by I. Ilyin

In the text proposed for analysis, there is only one, but the universal pain of the brilliant (this is exactly the epithet that time carved for him) philosopher I.A. Ilyin. This means there is one (eternal!) problem - the distinction between the spiritual and the non-spiritual. This is an introduction (passionate!) to the universal endless striving for truth, goodness and beauty, that is, to “overcome the noise.”
What does the author do to influence our brain, consciousness, soul? I would call his appeal to his contemporaries (and to his descendants!) not just a reflection, but a real cry from the soul, shocked by the twisted man of the world.
It is from here that he portrays noise (roar, crackling, roaring, squealing, whistling, buzzing, buzzing) as the roar of metallic rock, turning off consciousness, disfiguring the psyche, and devastating the soul. And this, the author convinces, is not a property of an individual person, it is a sign of universal lack of spirituality (even signs of the apocalypse). This is where modern people have such a great craving for entertainment, and, I would even say, for distractions (“noise drowns out everything”).
Each paragraph of the text is not even a logical chain of reasoning, it is a whole philosophy that gives insight to the soul, fills human life with a special meaning.
So what is the philosopher (I would even say “prophet”) so passionately leading us to? This phrase: “Noise arises from spiritual “nothing” and dissolves in spiritual “nothing”” is an axiom, a spiritual attitude. And suddenly: “I know no consolation from this disaster.” And yet the path is “There is only one (consolation): to overcome the noise.” This is both a position and “light at the end of the tunnel” and encouraging advice.
God, what thoughts the author inspired, how much he made you think about and, perhaps, made you look at things with completely different eyes. the world around us and evaluate your place in it. As I understand it, “noise” is not only a sign of our time (although it was written by I.A. Ilyin in the first half of the 20th century), it is an image, it is a symbolic warning. So the TV is “bursting” with wild laughter (“noise”), a teenager is humming and roaring in ecstasy from the all-consuming rock. Nature does not tolerate emptiness - it is filled with facelessness (“every bad art, every stupid speech, every empty book is noise”). Walk along the book aisles, “cellophaneous” modern literature fills everything (Dontsova, Shilova, Khrustaleva... ad infinitum...) Everything is on the topic of the day - and will go away with it, “with malice”, for (I’m sure!) the light will not dim while you’re alive Human.
Go to the lofty, which elevates and ennobles the soul, to real art, which will strengthen your faith in goodness, truth and beauty. Go to A.S. Pushkin - and exit the eclipse labyrinth. Read - and you will see the light, you will be able to distinguish the false from the true. Delve into the meaning of his revelations, the images he created of Russian tragedy, where a formidable element (“blizzard”) acts as an enveloping, confusing everything. There are countless iconic works here that enlighten the soul and lead to the bright path to the Temple.
They say that if only one line remains in Russian poetry (after cataclysms on Earth):
The storm covers the sky with darkness
Whirling snow whirlwinds, -
then they can use it to count the Russian soul.

The noise covers everything: in the external - the singing of the world, the revelation of nature, inspiration from cosmic silence.
In the inner - the emergence of a word, the birth of a melody, rest of the soul, peace of mind, “the quiet voice of God speaking in us” (Lavater).
Because truly, where there is no silence, there is no peace; where the insignificant is noisy, there the Eternal is silent; Where the devil fusses, you will not hear the singing of angels.
The garden of God blooms in silence.

Robka is also a muse. How easy it is to scare her off with noise!
Her essence is tender; her voice is gentle.
And noise is a cheeky guy. This brute knows nothing about the mysterious primordial melody that rises from the well of the soul, sometimes asking, sometimes calling, sometimes sighing.
He is “a-musical” and “anti-musical”; it displaces the original melody from earthly life and earthly music.
And our noisy times have already gone so far that only titanically gifted musicians are able to perceive this divine primordial melody.

Human health is influenced by many factors, one of which is noise. It has become our constant companion, affecting both a person’s physical health and spiritual health. The text by I. A. Ilyin is also devoted to the problem of the negative impact of noise on spiritual world person.

Unlike the restless noise that clouds the mind, a state of peace and quiet can give a person a chance to learn the deep truths of life.

An example of this is the Vedic sage Siddhartha Gautama, who later became Gautama Buddha. This man is the legendary founder of Buddhism, who had to leave his home and find himself in complete solitude with nature in order to achieve enlightenment. The harmony around him helped Gautama Buddha find himself in nirvana, and only thanks to peace in nature, he achieved peace within himself.

Noise has a powerful destructive force, enveloping a person with a thin film imperceptible to him, making him far from feelings of conscience, regret, and repentance. Such an example could be the work of A.P. Chekhov's "Ionych". Dmitry Ionych Startsev, a young doctor, an intelligent and pleasant person, finds himself in a remote provincial town and works tirelessly. The young doctor’s patients are people who are incapable of thinking, and every conversation with him comes down to a personal insult. Little by little, Dmitry ceases to resist the passage of time and becomes like the patients of the hospital. A stupid thought, a stupid, useless conversation of these people is the noise that discourages a person, molds him into a personality incapable of good thoughts and good deeds.

A person who has known the great happiness of living in peace and harmony with himself is able to do something not expecting a reward, but out of a sense of conscience. He knows how to hear others and listen to them. After all, no one will reveal a secret to someone who does not want to hear it. But we don’t hear, we run in turmoil, clouded by the truth that the noise dictates to us, turning us into robots incapable of feeling.

Option 2

What does noise mean in a spiritual sense? Is it an important criterion in life? The author of this text, Ilyin, thinks about the significance of noise.

Commenting on this problem, Ilyin talks about the worthlessness of noise. He says, “The greatest things in nature...happen silently.” Definitely yes. After all, if we talk about the spiritual meaning of noise, then we can say that noise is a barrier to something true and beautiful. The author compares “every bad art, speech, every empty book” with noise. Indeed, through the impact of noise on us, we may stop appreciating what is important.

Sometimes, due to the constant presence of noise in our lives, a person of a different upbringing is unable to cope with this poison. Thus, in A.S. Griboedov’s work “Woe from Wit,” the hero Chatsky is precisely the person who is unable to come to terms with the life of the society around him. A person who cannot be near this noise. This, in my opinion, suggests that Chatsky is the prototype of a spiritually unspoiled person. That is, a person brought up on some moral qualities cannot appreciate this obstacle. . Chatsky cannot accept the foundations of this society and leaves it. For him, this is nothing more than “You make noise and that’s all!”

Our life is filled with noise. I believe attempts can be made to eradicate it. But it seems to me that this is beyond our control. But for some, this noise is the basis of life. And these people don't want to change anything. Thus, in the epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, the salon of Anna Pavlovna Sherer is presented. In a highly intelligent society with rich cultural values, people talk about current events and evaluate the current situation. In fact, this society appears to be aristocratic, secular, well-mannered, but in fact it is a kind of spiritual “garbage” that does not carry any value.

To summarize the above, I would like to say that noise is one of the problems of humanity. I would like to express the hope that people will make attempts to overcome the noise.