Adult animals received free of charge, assessed at market value, are reflected in the debit of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" in correspondence with the loan: for productive livestock - account 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 1 "Other income"; for draft animals - account 98 “Deferred income”, subaccount 2 “Free receipts”.

Costs for completed operations of forming the main herd are written off from account 08, account 01 "Fixed assets", subaccount 4 "Working and productive livestock".

Subaccount 08-8 “Planting and growing perennial plantings” takes into account the costs of planting and growing perennial plantings.

Analytical accounting of the costs of planting and growing perennial plantings is carried out by type of perennial planting, year of planting and their location. For example: costs of growing an apple orchard planted in 1999 in brigade No. 4; costs for planting and growing a plum orchard planted in 2000 in department No. 5, etc.

Since the technology and nature of production processes when planting and growing perennial plantings are similar to the general production technology in the crop production industry, costs for this subaccount are taken into account under the same headings as for the crop production industry.

A feature of accounting for investments in non-current assets for planting and growing perennial plantings is that in account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” they are taken into account only within one calendar year, although the process of growing plantings lasts several years, that is, only costs incurred in the current calendar year (from January 1 to December 31 of the given calendar year).

At the end of the calendar year, the current year's costs for planting and growing perennial plantings are written off from the credit of account 08 "Investments in non-current assets", subaccount 8 "Laying and growing perennial plantings" to the debit of account 01 "Fixed assets", subaccount 5 "Perennial plantings", where for these purposes a group of analytical accounts has been opened for types of young perennial plantings. Consequently, at the end of 2001, the costs from analytical sub-account 08-8 - the costs of growing a plum orchard planted in 2000 in department N 5 - from account 08-8 will be written off as a debit to account 01-5 to the analytical account "Young plum orchard planted in 2000" in department No. 5".

An analytical entry for the amount of next year's costs for growing a plum orchard will be made after 2002, etc., that is, annually the costs of caring for young plantings from account 08 "Investments in non-current assets" will be added to the cost of young plantings accounted for account 01 “Fixed assets” in the analytical accounts of young perennial plantings.

In some cases, a harvest is obtained from young growth of perennial plantings even before the onset of normal fruiting. Harvesting costs are additionally taken into account as part of the costs of caring for young plantings on the debit of subaccount 08-8, and the resulting products are debited to account 43 “Finished Products”, subaccount 1 “Crop Production” from the credit of subaccount 08-8 at possible sale prices.

Subaccount 08-9 “Other investments” takes into account the costs of radical land improvement. The group of costs for radical land improvement includes non-inventory costs (not related to the creation of structures), drainage, irrigation and other reclamation works, cultural and technical measures for surface improvement of land (land planning), uprooting areas for arable land, clearing fields of stones and boulders (cutting hummocks, clearing thickets, cleaning reservoirs, etc.).

Accounting for the costs of radical land improvement is carried out according to the elements and cost items established for crop production.

Analytical accounting of the costs of radical land improvement is carried out for each land plot separately, indicating the volume and cost of each type of reclamation and cultural work (drainage, irrigation, uprooting of bushes, cutting of tussocks, cleaning land plot from stones and boulders, etc.). At the end of the year, all costs are written off from account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, subaccount 9 “Other investments” to account 01 “Fixed assets”.

Subaccount 08-9 “Other investments” also takes into account the costs associated with the construction of temporary title and non-title structures. Developer organizations keep records of overhead costs for construction in an economic way by cost groups, in particular:

Administrative and economic costs for construction;

Expenses for servicing construction workers;

Expenses for organizing work at construction sites.

Overhead costs are allocated monthly to construction and installation work or to the costs of constructing temporary (non-title) buildings and structures in proportion to direct costs.

Accounting for non-capital work is carried out using analytical accounts:

1 "Construction of temporary (title) structures";

2 "Construction of temporary (non-title) structures";

3 "Other non-capital works".

Costs for the construction of temporary (title) buildings and structures, as well as the performance of work on the re-equipment of other buildings and structures for construction maintenance are reflected separately in the case when the construction organization’s settlements with the developer are carried out as a whole for the completed complex (finished construction products), taking into account costs for the construction of temporary (title) buildings and structures included in the cost of construction and installation works and site estimates. In the process of performing work, a construction organization can reserve funds for the construction of temporary (title) buildings and structures on account 96 “Reserves for future expenses” at the expense of the cost of construction and installation work.

If the costs associated with the construction of temporary (title) buildings and structures are not included in the estimated cost of construction and installation works and site estimates, and calculations for them are carried out separately, then construction organizations keep records of costs for such objects on account 20 “Main production” in general order. After acceptance, these objects are reflected on the developer’s balance sheet.

The cost of objects not related to fixed assets is included in temporary (non-title) structures in the debit of subaccount 10-11 “Inventory and household supplies”. The cost of temporary (non-title) structures, buildings, fixtures and devices (on-site storerooms, work producers' offices, sheds, distribution of steam, air and electricity within work areas, etc.) as they are accepted are included in the temporary (non-title) ) structures under subaccount 10-11 "Inventory and household supplies". Upon completion of the work, the cost of demolition and dismantling of objects stopped by construction, developers performing work in an economic way, include the cost of work as part of overhead expenses.

For non-capital works, the costs of which are taken into account on analytical account 2 “Construction of temporary (non-title) structures”, reflect only direct costs without overhead costs. Costs taken into account in analytical accounts 1 “Construction of temporary (title) structures” and 3 “Other non-capital works” are reflected taking into account overhead costs.

As non-capital work is completed (commissioning of temporary title and non-title structures), they are written off from account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” to the debit of account 01 “Fixed assets” or account 10 “Materials”, subaccount 11 “Inventory and household supplies” and at the same time, depreciation is calculated for fixed assets on the credit of account 02 “Depreciation of fixed assets” and the debit of account 96 “Reserves for future expenses” - when creating a reserve for the construction of temporary structures.

The same sub-account reflects the costs of unfulfilled and finally abandoned construction, as well as the costs of demolition, dismantling and protection of objects, subject to write-off in the prescribed manner.

Developer organizations write off these costs as the decision to write them off is made. Until the issue of write-off is decided, they are taken into account in subaccount 08-9 “Other investments” in the general manner.

Costs for temporarily or permanently discontinued construction, for which there is no decision to write off, are allocated in analytical accounting under subaccount 08-9 “Other investments” in a special group.

The balance of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” characterizes the amount of capital investments of the organization in construction in progress, as well as unfinished transactions for the acquisition of fixed assets, intangible and other non-current assets, including costs for the formation of the main herd and planting, growing perennial plantings.

Analytical accounting for account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” is carried out for costs associated with the construction and acquisition of fixed assets - for each object under construction or acquired. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting should provide the ability to obtain data on costs for:

Construction work and reconstruction; drilling operations; installation of equipment requiring installation; purchase of equipment that does not require installation, as well as for tools and equipment provided for in capital construction estimates; purchasing equipment that requires installation but is intended for storage; acquisition of buildings and structures; planting and growing perennial plantings, carrying out cultural work on lands that do not require drainage; design and survey work, other capital investment costs;

According to the costs associated with the formation of the main herd - by type of animal (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, etc.), in some cases - by breed;

For costs associated with the acquisition of intangible assets - for each acquired object.

ACCOUNT 08 "INVESTMENTS IN NON-CURRENT ASSETS"

CORRESPONDING WITH ACCOUNTS:

N p/p		Corresponding account
	By debit of the account Calculation of the amount of depreciation of own and leased fixed assets for capital investments
	Calculation of the amount of amortization of intangible assets for capital investments
	Attribution of the cost of equipment transferred for installation

Before accepting fixed assets and intangible assets for accounting, information on the costs of such objects is summarized on the active synthetic account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” ().

Subaccounts to account 08

The chart of accounts and the Instructions for its application to account 08 require the opening, in particular, of the following sub-accounts:

Subaccount to account 08	What is taken into account
08-1 “Purchase of land”	Costs of acquiring land plots
08-2 “Purchase of natural resources”	Costs for the acquisition of environmental management facilities
08-3 “Construction of fixed assets”	Costs for the construction of buildings and structures, installation of equipment, the cost of equipment transferred for installation and other expenses provided for in estimates, regardless of whether the construction is carried out by contract or in-house
08-4 “Acquisition of fixed assets”	Costs for the acquisition of equipment, machinery, tools, inventory and other fixed assets that do not require installation
08-5 “Acquisition of intangible assets”	Costs for the acquisition of intangible assets
08-6 “Transfer of young animals to the main herd”	Costs of raising young productive and working livestock transferred to the main herd
08-7 “Acquisition of adult animals”	The cost of adult and working livestock purchased for the main herd or received free of charge, including the cost of its delivery
08-8 “Performing research, development and technological work”	Expenses associated with the implementation of research, development and technological work

In debit 08 of the accounting account, the initial value of assets is formed, and in the credit, this formed value of objects is written off when they are accepted for accounting as part of fixed assets, intangible assets, as well as when non-current assets are disposed of.

Analytical accounting

Analytical accounting on account 08 is organized, first of all, by type of assets accounted for. So, in particular, accounting on account 08 is carried out

• for each fixed asset item under construction or acquisition;
• for each acquired intangible asset;
• by animal type (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, etc.);
• by type of research, development and technological work.

Typical accounting entries for account 08

Here are some standard entries for accounting for investments in non-current assets (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n). For convenience of presentation in tabular form, subaccounts for account 08 are not given:

Operation	Account debit	Account credit
Depreciation of equipment involved in the creation of a new non-current asset has been accrued	08	02 “Depreciation of fixed assets”
Equipment handed over for installation		07 “Equipment for installation”
Materials written off for building construction		10 "Materials"
Young animals transferred to the main herd are taken into account		11 “Animals in cultivation and fattening”
Reflected the acquisition of fixed assets (intangible assets)		60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
Long-term loan costs included in the initial cost of an investment asset are reflected		67 “Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings”
Wages accrued to employees involved in the construction of fixed assets		70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”
Insurance premiums accrued from wages workers involved in R&D		69 “Calculations according to social insurance and provision"
An intangible asset was received as a contribution to the authorized capital		75 “Settlements with founders”
An object of fixed assets was received free of charge		98 “Deferred income”
Fixed asset item accepted for accounting	01 "Fixed assets"	08
An item of fixed assets included in income-generating investments in tangible assets was accepted for accounting.	03 “Profitable investments in material assets”
The object of intangible assets was accepted for accounting	04 "Intangible assets"
The book value of the sold object recorded on account 08 has been written off	91 “Other income and expenses”
The shortage of investments in non-current assets identified as a result of the inventory is reflected	94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”

Carrying out an inventory of payments refers to one of the stages of the mandatory inventory of property and liabilities, carried out before drawing up annual reports in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 2 of Article 12 of Law 129-FZ “On Accounting”.

Taking into account the increasingly stringent requirements for the accuracy and reliability of financial statements, all significant reporting indicators are subject to close attention.

For many companies, such indicators include the amount of settlements with debtors and creditors, as well as the amount of estimated values ​​(reserves) that regulate the amount of receivables in case of doubtfulness.

In order to exercise internal control over receivables and payables, as well as the reliability of their reflection in the annual financial statements, organizations need to:

• actively work with receivables and payables,
• control the timing of debt repayments,
• promptly write off bad debts in accounting and recognize them as income or expenses in taxation.

When implementing such control, organizations must take into account the requirements of civil, accounting and tax legislation, pay attention to arbitration practice and recommendations of the Ministry of Finance and tax authorities.

The results of the inventory of calculations can be divided into three categories.

1. The inventory confirmed the validity of the amounts reflected in the accounting records.

In this case, the accountant does not need to do anything; the settlement balance is confirmed.

2. The inventory revealed accounts receivable and payable with an expired statute of limitations that were subject to write-off.

This case involves the manager making a decision to write off debt, which will in one way or another affect the financial result of the organization.

3. Inventory revealed doubtful accounts receivable.

This result obliges the organization to assess the probability of debt repayment and, taking this probability into account, create a reserve for doubtful debts (the amounts of receivables will be reflected in the balance sheet minus the amount of reserves), which will worsen the company’s financial results.

The article will discuss the following features:

• the procedure for conducting an inventory of payments,
• creating reserves for doubtful debts,
• debt write-off in accounting and tax accounting.

Requirements of current legislation for the inventory procedure

In accordance with the provisions of paragraph 3 of Article 6 of Law 129-FZ:

• inventory procedure,
• methods for assessing types of property and liabilities,

are an element of the accounting policy adopted by the organization, which is approved by order or instruction of the person responsible for the organization and state of accounting (the head of the company).

The timing of the inventory is determined by the head of the organization, except for cases when the inventory is mandatory.

At the same time, in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 8, all business transactions and inventory results are subject to timely registration in accounting accounts without any omissions or withdrawals.

In accordance with Article 12 of Law No. 129-FZ, organizations obliged carry out an inventory of property and liabilities in order to ensure the reliability of accounting data and financial statements.

In this case, receivables and payables are inventoried before the preparation of annual financial statements without fail, except for those that were inventoried no earlier than October 1 of the reporting year.

Thus, it is possible (and even recommended) to start taking inventory of the company’s receivables and payables immediately after October 1 of the reporting year.

During the inventory of calculations, the following are checked and documented:

• Availability,
• state,
• grade

settlements with debtors and creditors.

Carrying out an inventory of payments and reserves is mandatory not only before drawing up annual financial statements, but also during the reorganization or liquidation of an organization, as well as in other cases provided for by law.

In accordance with 23. PBU 8/2010 “Estimated liabilities, contingent liabilities and contingent assets”, the validity of recognition and the amount of an estimated liability are subject to verification by the organization:

• at the end of the reporting year,
• upon the occurrence of new events related to this obligation.

Order of the Ministry of Finance dated June 13, 1995 No. 49 approved the Guidelines for the inventory of property and financial obligations.

These Guidelines establish the procedure for conducting an inventory of property and financial obligations of an organization (except for banks) and recording its results.

Inventory of company payments:

• with banks and other credit institutions,
• budget,
• buyers,
• suppliers,
• accountable persons
• employees,
• depositors,
• other debtors and creditors,

is to check validity amounts in the accounting accounts.

The account “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” must be checked, including:

• for goods paid for but in transit,
• settlements with suppliers for uninvoiced deliveries.

Debts to employees of the organization are identified:

• unpaid amounts for wages to be transferred to the depositors' account,
• the amount of overpayments to employees and their reasons.

When taking inventory of accountable amounts, the following are checked:

• advance reports of accountable persons on advances issued, taking into account their intended use,
• the amount of advances issued for each accountable entity (dates of issue, intended purpose).

The inventory commission, through a documentary check, must also establish:

1. Correctness of calculations:

• with banks
• financial and tax authorities,
• off-budget funds,
• other organizations
• as well as with the structural divisions of the organization, allocated to separate balance sheets.

2. The correctness and validity of the amount of debt for shortages and thefts listed in the accounting records.

3. Correctness and validity of amounts:

• accounts receivable
• creditor,
• depository

debt, including the amounts of receivables and payables for which the statute of limitations has expired.

Article 196 of the Civil Code sets the general limitation period at three years.

It begins to flow from the moment the organization learned of a violation of its rights (for example, from the day when payment from the buyer was supposed to be received and was not received according to the terms of the contract).

According to Art. 203 Civil Code of the Russian Federation, limitation period interrupted filing a lawsuit, as well as the debtor performing actions indicating recognition of the debt (for example, signing the reconciliation report).

In this case, after the break, the limitation period begins anew. The time elapsed before the break does not count towards the new deadline.

Thus, if the organization and the counterparty signed a reconciliation report in the current period, even if 3 years have passed since the formation of the debt, the limitation period begins anew from the current period.

Accounts receivable and payable with an expired statute of limitations are written off to profit and loss accounts by order of the manager.

Note: With the expiration of the limitation period for the main obligation, the period for additional obligations (guarantee, pledge, etc.) also expires. A change of persons in an obligation does not entail a change in the limitation period.

It is also necessary to determine the amount of doubtful accounts receivable and the likelihood of its repayment.

This data is necessary for timely and correct creation in accounting provision for doubtful debts.

Creation of a reserve for doubtful debts based on the results of the inventory of receivables

The procedure for creating a reserve for doubtful debts is regulated by PBU “On accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation” (Order of the Ministry of Finance dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n).

The new version of this Regulation, effective from reporting for 2011, made the creation of an assessment reserve for doubtful debts mandatory for all organizations.

Accordingly, there is no need to indicate in the organization’s accounting policies whether the organization will create a reserve or not.

At the same time, it is necessary to disclose the procedure for creating this reserve and the criteria for assessing the likelihood and recognition of debts as doubtful.

In accordance with clause 70 of the PBU for accounting, The organization creates reserves for doubtful debts in the event that accounts receivable are recognized as doubtful, with the amounts of reserves being allocated to the financial results of the organization.

An organization's receivables are considered doubtful if they are not repaid or with a high degree of probability will not be repaid within the time limits established by the agreement and are not secured by appropriate guarantees.

The amount of the reserve is determined separately for each doubtful debt depending on the financial condition (solvency) of the debtor and the assessment of the likelihood of repaying the debt in whole or in part.

If until the end of the reporting year, next after the year of creation reserve for doubtful debts, this reserve will not be used in any part, then the unspent amounts are added to the financial results when drawing up the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year.

Provisions for doubtful debts are recorded in account 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts” for each doubtful debt separately, which can be very labor-intensive if the organization has a large number of counterparties.

The accrual of created reserves is reflected in the debit of account 91 and the credit of account 63.

Write-off of doubtful debts upon expiration of the statute of limitations or for other reasons at the expense of the reserve is reflected in the debit of account 63 and the credit of the settlement account (60, 62, 73, 76).

In accordance with clause 77 of the PBU for accounting, accounts receivable for which the statute of limitations has expired, other debts that are unrealistic for collection are written off for each obligation based on the inventory data, written justification and order (instruction) of the head of the organization and are charged accordingly to the reserve for doubtful debts or to the financial results of a commercial organization, if during the period preceding the reporting period, the amounts of these debts were not reserved in the manner prescribed by paragraph 70 of these Regulations, or to increase expenses of a non-profit organization.

The amounts of accounts receivable in the organization's balance sheet are reflected minus the amounts of the reserve for doubtful debts.

Having approved the procedure for creating a reserve for doubtful debts in the accounting policy of an organization for tax accounting purposes, the organization can create a reserve in tax accounting in accordance with clause 3 of Art. 266 Tax Code.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, Doubtful debt is any debt to the taxpayer arising in connection with the sale of goods, performance of work, provision of services, if this debt is not repaid within the time period established by the agreement and is not secured by a pledge, surety, or bank guarantee..

At the same time, some restrictions apply to the reserve for doubtful debts in tax accounting. So, for example, in accordance with paragraph 4 of Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the amount of the reserve created for doubtful debts cannot exceed 10 percent of the revenue of the reporting (tax) period, determined in accordance with Article 249 of the Tax Code.

Thus, temporary, and in some cases permanent differences may again arise in the accounting of the enterprise in accordance with PBU 18/02.

The procedure for writing off accounts receivable in accounting and tax accounting

As a result of an inventory of receivables before preparing annual reports, debts were identified for which, in accordance with the contract (or for other reasons), the statute of limitations had expired (a statement was received government agency or liquidation has occurred legal entity).

To confirm accounts receivable and the fact that the statute of limitations on them has expired, the organization needs the following documents:

• Agreement or invoice, documents confirming the fact of payment.
• Invoices, certificates of services rendered, work performed.
• Reconciliation acts confirming the debt (not required, but recommended).
• Written demands for debt repayment.

Documents confirming the impossibility of fulfilling obligations by the debtor:

• Act (decree) of the bailiff on the completion of enforcement proceedings.
• An extract from the Unified State Register of Legal Entities confirming that the liquidation of the legal entity - the debtor - has occurred.

Note: Document storage period (not less than five years for used and no less four years for NU), confirming the validity of debt write-off, is calculated from the moment of its write-offs(not emergence). If losses have arisen in tax accounting - from the moment decrease tax base for the amount of these losses.

It is recommended to keep records of debt and store documents on overdue debts separately from other primary documents.

If there is a package necessary documents and after completing the “Act of Inventory of Settlements with Buyers, Suppliers and Other Debtors and Creditors” INV-17, the manager signs an order to write off receivables, which is sent to the accounting department for execution.

Based on the manager’s order, the accountant draws up an accounting statement and calculation.

In accounting The write-off of accounts receivable is reflected in the following entries:

1. In case of debt write-off at the expense of a previously created valuation reserve for doubtful debts.

• Debit account 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts”
• Credit

- accounts receivable with an expired statute of limitations (not realistic for collection) were written off at the expense of a previously created reserve.

• Debit

Write-off receivables are subject to accounting on off-balance sheet account 007 “Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss” due to the fact that the very fact of writing off a debt due to the insolvency of the debtor does not constitute cancellation of the debt.

Analytical accounting for account 007 is maintained for each debtor whose debt is written off at a loss, and for each debt written off at a loss.

2. In the case when the valuation reserve was not created or the amount of the reserve is not enough to cover the debt being written off.

• Debit account 91.2 “Other expenses”
• Credit settlement accounts (60, 62, 70, 71, 73, 76)

- accounts receivable with expired statute of limitations (not realistic for collection) are written off, incl. not covered by the reserve.

• Debit account 007 “Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss”

- written off receivables are included in the balance sheet.

In the presence of:

• receivables and payables for the same counterparty,

should first be carried out unilaterally netting and only then write off accounts receivable as expenses (if they did not overlap with accounts payable).

In tax accounting:

• If a reserve for doubtful debts was created in accordance with Article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, then it is this reserve that is used to cover losses from bad debts. If the reserve amounts are insufficient, then the amount of the difference (between the amount of the used reserve and the amount of debt) is included in non-operating expenses.
• If a reserve for doubtful debts has not been created, the debt is written off as non-operating expenses.

Note: non-operating expenses related to writing off accounts receivable admit in the tax period in which the statute of limitations expired (an entry was made in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities on the liquidation of the debtor, a bailiff’s act was received). This opinion is shared by the tax authorities (letter of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation dated April 13, 2011 No. 16-15/035618.1@) and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation (Resolution dated June 15, 2010 No. 1574/10).

The procedure for writing off accounts payable in accounting and tax accounting

Writing off accounts payable for which the statute of limitations has expired increases the amount of income of the organization for accounting and tax purposes.

Note: Income recognition for tax accounting purposes occurs in the tax period in which the statute of limitations has expired and is not tied to the dates of the inventory and the manager’s order to write it off.

At the same time, violation of Law 129-FZ in terms of mandatory carrying out an inventory and the absence of an order from the manager to write off accounts payable is not the basis for not including accounts payable with an expired statute of limitations in non-operating expenses of that tax period, in which it expired statute of limitations.

This position was stated by the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation in its Resolution dated 06/08/2010. No. 7462/09.

To confirm accounts payable and the expiration of the statute of limitations on them, the following documents are required:

• Agreement or invoice, documents confirming the fact of payment received.
• Received invoices, certificates of services rendered, work performed.
• Reconciliation acts confirming the debt (a very important document confirming the statute of limitations).
• Written responses to demands for debt repayment and such demands themselves.
• Other documents confirming the fact of the debt and the beginning of the limitation period.

Just as when writing off accounts receivable, writing off accounts payable with an expired statute of limitations is documented by an accounting statement, which is drawn up on the basis of an order from the manager.

In accounting The write-off of accounts payable is reflected as follows:

• Debit settlement accounts (60, 62, 70, 71, 73, 76)
• Credit account 91.1 “Other income”

- accounts payable with an expired statute of limitations are written off as other income.

In tax accounting:

• Accounts payable are written off as non-operating income on the date of expiration of the limitation period.

Thus, in order to avoid tax risks in terms of income tax when conducting tax audits, the organization must in a timely manner recognize accounts payable with an expired statute of limitations as part of the organization’s income for accounting and tax accounting purposes.

Change in allowance for doubtful debts

In accordance with the provisions of PBU 21/2008, based on the results of the inventory of calculations, additional information can be obtained that allows the value of the estimated value to be clarified.

Accordingly, the amounts of the reserve (estimated value) for doubtful debts may:

a) Increase (debit account 91 credit account 63).

b) Decrease (debit account 63 credit account 91)

c) Remain unchanged.

d) Write off completely (debit account 63 credit account 91).

Ekaterina Annenkova, auditor certified by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, expert in accounting and taxation of the Information Agency "Clerk.Ru"

You will find out whether inventory is required for off-balance sheet accounts in the article below. And at the same time, we will tell you about what objects are taken into account off the balance sheet of the company, what is the peculiarity of off-balance sheet accounting and whether it is always necessary to take inventory of property and liabilities that are off the balance sheet.

We remind you that the working chart of accounts must be included in the accounting policy.

IMPORTANT! Off-balance sheet accounting is not a mere formality. If a legal entity does not reflect objects on its balance sheet, it distorts data about its property status and violates the principle of completeness and reliability of accounting information. For an official, the fine for this violation is at least 5 thousand rubles. (Article 15.11 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation). An entrepreneur is not required to keep accounting (Clause 2, Article 6 of the Law “On Accounting” dated December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ), but for his own convenience he can record transactions on accounting accounts both with his own property and with objects reflected on off-balance sheet accounts.

When preparing accounting records, the company can reflect data on objects included in the balance sheet in the notes to the balance sheet and the financial results report (Appendix 3 to Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated July 2, 2010 No. 66n).

You can read more about accounting for objects on the balance sheet in the article "Rules for accounting on off-balance sheet accounts".

The specifics of the inventory of objects reflected in off-balance sheet accounts are as follows:

1. The company does not always have information about the value of off-balance sheet property, such as a leased building. This information can be obtained from the landlord or through an independent assessment. It is better to immediately indicate the cost of the leased objects when concluding a lease agreement, in order to then reflect it on the appropriate off-balance sheet accounts and in inventory records.
2. For fixed assets taken for safekeeping or lease, inventories are drawn up, separate from the company’s own property, which contain a list of documents confirming their arrival at the organization (clause 3.7 of the Inventory Guidelines).
3. A number of off-balance sheet assets, such as BSO, are difficult to value. They are most often taken as a balance sheet in a conditional valuation, the procedure for determining which should be reflected in the accounting policy. BSO are checked by type of forms, storage locations and financially responsible persons (clause 3.41 of the Methodological Instructions for Inventory).
4. During the inspection of off-balance sheet property, separate inventory lists and matching statements are compiled (clauses 2.11 and 4.1 of the Methodological Instructions for Inventory).

Inventory of unfinished capital construction objects.

The presence and volume of unfinished capital construction are established during the inventory by checking in kind the paid part of it. Inventory acts indicate the name of the object and the volume of work performed on this object for each individual type of work, structural elements, equipment, etc.

The inventory commission must check:

a) whether equipment transferred for installation, but not actually started by installation, is included in the capital construction in progress;

b) the state of mothballed and temporarily stopped construction facilities.

For these objects, in particular, it is necessary to identify the reasons and basis for their conservation.

For completed construction projects, actually put into operation in whole or in part, the acceptance and commissioning of which are not formalized with the appropriate documents, special acts are drawn up. Separate acts are also drawn up for completed, but for some reason not put into operation objects. The acts must indicate the reasons for the delay in formalizing the commissioning of these facilities.

For objects that have been discontinued by construction, as well as for design and survey work for uncompleted construction that are subject to write-off from the balance sheet, acts are drawn up that provide data on the nature of the work performed and its cost, indicating the reasons for the termination of construction.

For this purpose, the appropriate technical documentation (drawings, estimates, financial estimates), work completion certificates, stages, logs of work performed at construction sites and other documentation must be used.

In accordance with Art. 41 of the Accounting and Reporting Regulations, unfinished capital investments include costs not formalized by acceptance certificates of fixed assets for: - construction and installation work;

Acquisition of buildings, equipment, vehicles, tools, inventory, and other durable material objects;

Other capital work and costs (design and survey, geological exploration and drilling work, costs of land acquisition and resettlement in connection with construction, training of personnel for newly constructed organizations, etc.).

When making an inventory of the item “Construction in progress”, the transactions recorded in the accounts are subject to verification:

07 “Equipment for installation”;

08 “Investments in non-current assets”;

60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, sub-account “Advances issued”.

When taking inventory of account 07 “Equipment for installation”, the following is checked: - the presence and composition of property recorded in account 07 “Equipment for installation”. At the same time, it is checked, firstly, whether equipment transferred for installation, but not actually started by installation, is included in the unfinished capital construction, and secondly, the condition of mothballed and temporarily stopped construction objects. For these objects, in particular, it is necessary to identify the reasons and basis for their conservation;

Accuracy of equipment assessment in both synthetic and analytical accounting. The correct distribution of transportation and procurement costs between pieces of equipment is checked if such costs relate to several accounting objects. The distribution procedure is defined in clause 3.1.3 of the Regulations on Accounting for Long-Term Investments;

Timely reflection in accounting for the transfer of equipment for installation. Installation of equipment is recorded by the presence of expenses in the certificate of the volume of work performed on the installation of this equipment (clause 3.1.3 of the Regulations on accounting for long-term investments).

Equipment is divided into equipment that requires installation and equipment that does not require installation.

Equipment requiring installation includes equipment that can be put into operation only after assembly of its individual parts or installation on foundations and supports.

Equipment that does not require installation includes equipment that does not require preliminary assembly or installation on supports or foundations to put it into operation: locomotives, wagons, tractors, agricultural machines, construction and road machines, cars, sea and river vessels, engines, devices, etc.

Equipment installation work includes:

Work on the assembly and installation of technological, power, lifting and transport, pumping and compressor and other equipment at the site of its permanent operation, including checking and testing the quality of installation (assembly and installation of sanitary equipment, taken into account in the cost of construction work, refers to construction work );

Work on installation of connections to equipment (supply of water, air, steam, coolants, laying, pulling and installation of cables, electrical wires and communication wires);

Work on the assembly and installation of technological metal structures, service platforms, stairs and other devices structurally connected with the equipment;

Work on insulation and painting of installed equipment and process pipelines;

Other work and costs not listed above are provided for in the price tags for equipment installation.

The scope of work for installation of equipment does not include: - costs of dismantling and installation of equipment incurred during commissioning and commissioning work;

Work on installation and dismantling of construction machines and mechanisms;

Work on additional production, pre-installation inspection, elimination of defects and damage to equipment.

When taking inventory of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, the following is checked: - compliance of the composition of costs recorded in account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” with the Regulations on accounting for long-term investments; - availability of contracts, design estimates and properly executed documents confirming the costs incurred by the organization; - organization of analytical cost accounting (according to the technological structure determined by the estimate documentation; for individual objects). At the same time, analytical accounting data must ensure an accurate determination of the inventory value of objects put into operation; - volumes of work performed for each object, separate type of work, structural elements, etc.;

Condition of mothballed and temporarily stopped construction facilities;

For facilities completed but not put into operation, the reasons for the delay in registration and commissioning.

On account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, the subaccount “Advances issued” reflect advances issued by the customer-developer to contractor construction and installation organizations for capital construction, as well as other advance payments for capital investments. When including them in the article “Construction in progress,” the availability of relevant contracts, certificates of completion of work, and settlement documents confirming the payment of advances is checked.

For unfinished capital construction, the inventories indicate the name of the object and the volume of work performed on this object, for each individual type of work, structural elements, equipment, etc.

For completed construction projects, actually put into operation in whole or in part, the acceptance and commissioning of which are not documented with the appropriate documents, special inventories are drawn up. Separate inventories are also compiled for objects that are completed, but for some reason not put into operation. In the inventories it is necessary to indicate the reasons for the delay in registration of commissioning of the specified objects.

For objects that have been discontinued by construction, as well as for design and survey work for construction that has not been completed, inventories are drawn up, which provide data on the nature of the work performed and its cost, indicating the reasons for the termination of construction. To do this, appropriate technical documentation (drawings, estimates, financial estimates), work completion certificates, stages, logs of work performed at construction sites and other documentation must be used.

Inventory Money(counts 50,51,52,55).

Inventory - checking the compliance of accounting data with the actual state of affairs. Typically, inventory is associated with counting and re-measuring items. Many organizations are required to take inventory monthly, but all businesses must take inventory annually. According to Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, failure to comply with this requirement is equivalent to the lack of accounting. Serious consequences can also result from incorrect registration of inventory results. To carry out an inventory, an appropriate order is issued, which appoints members of the inventory commission and determines the timing of the inventory. Members of the inventory commission check the availability of items and materials specified in the inventory and comparison sheet.

To carry out the inventory, a permanent inventory commission is created, which includes representatives of the administration, accounting employees, and other specialists. When the volume of work is large, working inventory commissions are also created. The inventory must be carried out by the full commission. The absence of even one commission member is enough to recognize the results

Cash Inventory

The procedure for conducting cash inventory is additionally regulated by the Procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation, approved by a decision of the Board of Directors Central Bank Russian Federation dated September 22, 1993 No. 40 and communicated by Letter of the Bank of Russia dated October 4, 1993 No. 18.

The organization's cash desk can store funds, monetary documents, forms valuable papers and strict reporting documents.

Cash is represented by cash.

Monetary documents include: postage stamps, state duty stamps, bill of exchange stamps, vouchers to holiday homes and sanatoriums, air tickets and other documents.

Strict reporting forms are: receipt books, certificate forms, diplomas, various subscriptions, coupons, tickets, forms of shipping documents, etc.

The timing and procedure for conducting an inventory of the cash register and funds stored in current and other bank accounts are established by the head of the organization and are enshrined in the order on accounting policies.

The cashier bears financial responsibility for the safety of all funds and documents available at the organization's cash desk.

An inventory of cash is carried out on the basis of an order (instruction) from the head of the organization by a commission consisting of a representative of the administration, the chief accountant, and the cashier (as the financially responsible person).

Before checking the availability of cash and other valuables in the cash register, the cashier draws up a final cash report. The report includes all receipts and expenditure documents available at the cash desk, which must comply with the standard unified forms of primary accounting documents.

If at the cash register at the time of inventory there are open payrolls (on which wages are paid), the amounts paid on such slips are included in the inventory report and are equated to cash. The cashier calculates the amounts paid for each statement and at the end of the statement makes a note about the amount paid.

In practice, to disguise the facts of embezzlement of funds, various types of receipts are often used as accounting documents, which cannot serve as documentary evidence of the expenditure of funds, since they do not correspond to the unified form of an expense cash document and do not contain the signatures of the recipient of the money, the chief accountant and the head of the organization . The violation (embezzlement) is also evidenced by the fact that the documents (invoices, statements, etc.) attached to the cash receipts do not contain the authorization signature of the manager. Amounts for such documents or receipts are not included in the cash balance of the cash register and are considered as a shortage (clause 27 of the Procedure for conducting cash transactions in the Russian Federation).

The chairman of the inventory commission endorses all incoming and outgoing cash orders attached to the cashier’s report, indicating “before inventory on “____” (date).” This report, compiled at the time of inventory, serves the organization’s accounting department as the basis for determining the accounting balances of funds and documents.

The cashier must give a receipt stating that by the beginning of the inventory, all incoming and outgoing documents confirming the movement of funds and documents were submitted to the accounting department or transferred to the commission, and all cash received under his responsibility was capitalized, and the cash that was withdrawn was written off as an expense. This is necessary to prevent the cashier from claiming (after checking the cash register) that he has documents that were not included in the latest cash report. The cashier's report is checked to ensure that the accounting balance of funds in the cash register is correctly determined at the time of inventory. This accounting balance is reconciled with the entries in the cash book and in the order journal.

During the cash inventory process, the cash book is checked in the following main areas: the correctness of the cash book; arithmetic control of amounts for receipts and expenses and the correctness of counting the totals of the pages of the book, as well as transferring amounts of cash balances from one page to another; timeliness and documentary validity of entries in the cash book.

When taking inventory of the cash register, it is also necessary to control: compliance with the cash balance limit in the cash register; intended use of funds received from the bank for the purpose specified in the check; presence of facts of non-compliance with the date of the transaction and its reflection in the cash receipt order; validity of entries in cash orders; timely return to the bank of the balance of funds for unpaid wages; the correctness of the documentation of cash documents and their compliance with standard unified forms; presence of facts of the manager and chief accountant signing blank checks and filling them out independently when receiving money from the bank; existence of facts of storage of the checkbook outside the cash register; the legality of cash transactions performed within one transaction; correspondence of accounts to standard transactions for accounting cash transactions.

The actual availability of funds and documents at the cash desk is confirmed by their complete page-by-page recalculation.

When calculating the actual presence of banknotes and other valuables in the cash register, cash, securities and monetary documents are taken into account.

The cashier counts money and other valuables in the presence of members of the inventory commission.

Cash is recalculated for each banknote separately (as a rule, starting with the highest denomination bills and ending with the lowest denomination bills). If there is a significant number of banknotes, it is necessary to draw up an inventory indicating the denomination of the banknotes, their quantity and amount. The inventory is signed by all members of the inventory commission.

Checking the actual availability of securities forms and other forms of strict reporting documents is carried out by names, types, categories of forms (for example, by shares: registered and bearer, preferred and ordinary), taking into account the starting and ending numbers of certain forms, their series and nominal value. Monetary documents and strict reporting forms are accepted for accounting when the inventory result is identified in the amount of actual costs for their acquisition. The accounting balance of funds is determined according to the cash book (cashier's report). To establish the accounting balance of monetary documents and strict reporting forms, information from analytical and synthetic accounting as of the inventory date is used.

To organize the accounting of funds and documents, an active account 50 “Cash” is provided. This account has three subaccounts: 50/1 “Organizational cash register”, 50/2 “Operating cash register”, 50/3 “Cash documents”.

Strict reporting forms are accounted for in off-balance sheet account 006 “Strict reporting forms”.

By comparing actual and accounting balances, the result of the inventory is revealed: surplus or shortage.

According to the new Chart of Accounts for accounting of financial and economic activities of organizations, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n and in accordance with clause 77 of Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated June 28, 2000 No. 60n “On methodological recommendations on the procedure for forming indicators financial statements of the organization”, surplus funds in the cash register identified during inventory are subject to capitalization (accepted for accounting) and are reflected in non-operating income. In accounting, actual surpluses of funds and documents are accounted for by the following entry:

Debit 50 “Cash” of subaccount 1 “Cash of the organization” or 3 “Cash documents”

Credit 91 “Other income and expenses” subaccount 1 “Other income”.

If excess strict reporting document forms are identified, they are reflected in the debit of account 006 “Strict reporting forms” in a conditional (nominal) valuation.

If a shortage of funds is detected, entries are made in the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.” For missing funds and documents, the debit of account 94 reflects their actual cost.

For the amount of shortage of funds and documents identified during the inventory, the following entry is made in accounting:

Debit 94 Credit 50 Subaccounts 1 or 3.

The amount of missing strict reporting forms is reflected in the credit of account 006 “Strict reporting forms”. If the shortage of funds and documents is due to the fault of the financially responsible person - the cashier, then its amount is written off in the accounting records by posting:

Debit 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” subaccount 2 “Settlements for compensation of material damage”

Credit 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables.”

Reimbursement of the shortfall amount is possible from the cashier’s salary, which is reflected in the following entry:

Debit 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”

Credit to account 73/2 “Calculations for compensation of material damage.”

If the shortage is reimbursed to the organization’s cash desk, then the following entry is made in the accounting records:

Debit 50/1 “Organization cash register”

Credit 73/2 “Calculations for compensation for material damage.”

In the absence of a specific culprit, the amount of cash shortage, previously reflected in the debit of account 94, is included in the non-operating expenses of the organization and written off by correspondence of the accounts:

Debit91/2 “Other expenses”

Credit account 94

The results of the inventory of cash and documents at the cash desk are documented in the cash inventory act in form No. INV-15, approved by Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated August 18, 1998 No. 8 8, which provides the cashier’s explanations about the identified violations and the manager’s resolution on further decisions on inventory results. The cash register inventory report is drawn up in two copies (if there is a change of cashier - in triplicate), signed by the inventory commission and the financially responsible person and brought to the attention of the head of the organization. One copy of the act is transferred to the accounting department of the organization, and the second remains with the financially responsible person.

To reflect the results of the inventory of the actual availability of securities and forms of strict reporting documents and to identify quantitative discrepancies between them and the accounting data, an inventory list of securities and forms of strict reporting documents is compiled in form No. INV-16.

Example. Based on the order of the head of the organization, as of December 3, the following were included: financial director, chief accountant and cashier. During the inventory, the cashier presented: partially paid pay slips for payment; an inventory of the cash register was carried out in advance. Included in wages No. 9-14 (the deadline for paying wages is December 2-4) in the amount of 5,200 rubles; receipt from a commercial agent dated December 2 to receive borrowed cash in the amount of 2,000 rubles. from the cash register until December 4. Permissive signature by act of unified form No. INV-15. The inventory results are documented by the manager and the chief accountant does not have a receipt for the cash disbursement. The inventory results are documented in a unified form document No. INV-15

Inventory report of cash held as of December 3, 2001.

Receipt

By the beginning of the inventory, all expenditure and receipt documents for funds were submitted to the accounting department and all funds, various valuables and documents received under my responsibility were capitalized, and those that were withdrawn were written off as expenses. Financially responsible person:

cashier position signature transcript of signature

The act was drawn up by a commission that established the following:

1) cash _______________________________ 31,300 rub. 00 kop. 2) stamps ________________________________________________250 rub. 00 kop. 3) vouchers to sanatoriums _____________________________ 40,000 rubles. 00 kop. 4) service IDs _________________________________200 rub. 00 kopecks.

The cashier presented partially paid payroll slips No. 9-14 (payment deadline is December 2-4) in the amount of 5,200 rubles. 00 kop.

Total actual availability in the amount of 76,950 rubles. 00 kop. In words Seventy-six thousand Nine hundred and fifty rubles. 00 kop.

According to the accounting data, the amount in figures is 78_950 rubles. 00 kop. in words Seventy-six thousand nine hundred fifty rubles. 00 kop.

Inventory results: surplus 2000 rub. 00kop.

shortage - rub. - cop. Latest cash order numbers:

entrance number 950

consumable No. 710

Chairman of the Commission, Financial Director

Members of the commission chief accountant

position signature transcript of signature

position signature transcript of signature

position signature transcript of signature

I confirm that the funds listed in the act are in my custody.

position signature transcript of signature

Reverse side

Explanation of reasons for surpluses or shortages

Lack of funds at the organization's cash desk in the amount of 2000 rubles. (two thousand rubles) arose as a result of the provision of cash on loan to a commercial agent of the organization for a period until December 4. I recognize the groundlessness of documenting the expenditure of funds from the cash register and the illegality of this operation. In the future, I undertake to prevent such violations of the Procedure for conducting cash transactions.

Financially responsible person cashier

position signature transcript of signature

Decision of the head of the organization There is a shortage of cash at the organization's cash desk in the amount of 2000 rubles. (two thousand rubles) attributed to the financially responsible person - the cashier. Reimburse the amount of the shortfall to the organization's cash desk in full.

CEO

position signature transcript of signature

Inventory of operating cash desks

For settlements with the population, organizations use cash registers installed in operating cash desks. For operating cash desks operating using cash registers, a special inventory procedure has been established. Cash is subject to inventory.

The inventory commission, in the presence of a cashier-operator, takes readings from the counters of cash registers at the time of inventory. These readings, reflecting the amount of revenue, are checked against the cash register tape data for their identity. By comparing meter readings at the beginning of the day and at the time of inventory, the daily sales revenue is determined, corresponding to the amount of money that should be in the organization's operating cash register. At the time of inventory, the cashier-operator draws up the last report, in which he must indicate the cash register meter readings at the beginning and end of the working day, as well as the amount of revenue received for the day. The amounts reflected in the cashier-operator's book, in the cash register tape and on cash register counters must be identical and characterize the accounting balances of funds held in the organization's operating cash register. When recalculating cash by notes, the actual cash balance is determined. By comparing accounting and actual data, the inventory result is calculated. Identified shortages or surpluses are entered in the appropriate columns of the cashier's book.