You all probably know what a hot air balloon is. Do you know how and why it stays in the air? What makes a balloon rise up? Let's try to explain. It has long been known that warm air rises and cold air sinks. You can verify this by watching the fire - the smoke from it rises upward. After such observations smart people the question arose: could this warm air take something upward with it?

How was the hot air balloon invented?

This is how the idea to raise the ball up came about. It was filled with hot smoke from. Moreover, they also attached a basket woven from light thin willow twigs into which several people could fit!

However, it was almost impossible to control such a thing, because it is completely subject to the winds. And it was very dangerous! Because it is unknown where it can take the balloonist, and a strong wind can even lead to a crash.

The first real balloon capable of lifting a person into the air was made by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783.

Modern hot air balloon

For the first ones, we took special sandbags with us. If the balloonists needed to rise higher, they dropped some of the bags and the balloon, becoming lighter, rose upward.

Modern balloons are equipped with special gas burners. The burner heats the air and the balloon takes off. The longer the burner burns, the more the air heats up, the higher the ball flies. And if it is necessary to descend or even land in a certain place, the balloonist pulls a cord, which opens a special valve and releases hot air from the balloon. Instead, it is filled with cold air and smoothly falls to the ground. Thus, the movement of modern up and down is regulated.

Unfortunately, it is not possible to fly where you want even in a modern hot air balloon, because the direction of its movement also depends on the direction of air currents - winds. And you can’t carry any large cargo on it. Therefore, in our time, balloons are used only for demonstration and sport flights.

Civil aviation once began with balloons: airplanes and helicopters were like walking to the Moon, and people began flying in balloons back in the 18th century. Today we will tell you how it happens in the 21st: I went to Cappadocia - a region in central Turkey - where mass flights take place almost every day; There are several dozen balloons in the air at the same time, and, accordingly, several hundred passengers.

A little physics. How does a hot air balloon fly?

A modern passenger balloon is correctly called a hot air balloon, or hot air balloon, after the Montgolfier brothers, who made the first flight in an aircraft of this type in 1783. As part of import substitution, the story has become popular that in fact the first hot air balloon was built half a century earlier by the Russian inventor Kryakutnoy, but this is just a hoax created after the French flight and promoted in Soviet times.

The principle of flight of a hot air balloon is very simple: inside its shell there is air, the temperature of which is higher than the temperature of the surrounding air. Since the density of warm air is lower, according to Archimedes' law it tends upward under the influence of buoyant force. At the same time, the shell itself and the payload are attracted to the Earth (the shell measuring approximately 25x15 m with a basket and all equipment weighs 400-500 kg, plus passengers: there were about twenty people in our basket). The equality of these forces allows the balloon to “hover” in the air at a certain height.

How to control a hot air balloon

The main control element of the hot air balloon is a gas burner located under the shell and directed upward. It burns a mixture of propane and butane, which is taken on board in cylinders similar to those that many summer residents have in their kitchens. With the help of fire, the air in the shell is heated; the temperature rises, the ball rises. Depending on the volume of the shell (2-5 thousand cubic meters of air), payload and ambient temperature, the temperature inside is 50-130 degrees Celsius. The air in the shell constantly cools down and the ball begins to descend, so you need to periodically “add the heat” to maintain a constant height. In general, everything is simple: more fire - we rise, less fire - we maintain altitude, a little, little, little, little, little fire - we descend.

However, in order to descend, you don’t have to wait until the air cools down: in the upper part of the shell there is a valve that can be opened and closed with ropes. If you open it, some of the warm air will come out and the ball will fly down.

They take with them at least two gas cylinders (one main, the other spare) - this is enough for about one hour of flight, a variometer for measuring vertical speed and a walkie-talkie for communication with the pilots of other balloons and escort vehicles (more about them below). And, most importantly, there are no sandbags. They are used as ballast on gas balloons (with helium and other similar gases inside), and are not needed for a hot air balloon.

The top valve is open and the balloon is deflated. Pay attention to the number. In Turkey, balls are registered as TC-Bxx, for example, TC-BUM. In Russia, they are registered in the general aviation register and have the numbers RA-xxxxG. Each balloon has a certificate of airworthiness, everything is as it should be.

Where is the hot air balloon going?

We can only control the vertical speed of the balloon. Horizontally, it flies where the wind carries it. That is why a hot air balloon is unsuitable as a full-fledged vehicle: it is, after all, a pleasure aircraft. Despite this, balloon flights are regulated by aviation authorities no less than airplane flights. Each balloon is registered in the aircraft register and has a corresponding number on board, and the pilots (there are two of them) have a license. Flights are carried out according to visual flight rules, that is, with good visibility, the absence of strong wind is also a prerequisite. The problem is that you can only fly early in the morning at dawn or, conversely, at sunset: during the day, rising air currents from the earth’s surface heated by the sun make flights unsafe (and in the morning there are up and down currents, just not so strong). So you can easily face a situation where you arrived but didn’t fly anywhere - plan for several days at once just in case!

Each balloon has its own escort vehicle: a jeep with a flatbed trailer the size of a basket. Jeep - because the ball will most likely land on the wrong road. Aerobatics involves landing directly on a platform; much cooler than landing a fighter on an aircraft carrier.

If the balls collide with each other in the air, then... nothing happens, they simply repel each other and fly further. In general, it is quite difficult for the balls to collide: after all, the wind carries them in the same direction.

How is a hot air balloon flight?

First you are brought to your balloon. At this moment, he is still lying on the ground, the basket is on his side, and with the help of a powerful fan the shell is filled with air, while simultaneously heating it with a burner. At some point, the limp ball becomes elastic and soars up. The basket is turned over, passengers sit in it, climbing over the side. Inside there are two-point belts, which, however, few people use, as well as ropes that you will need to hold on to when landing. The pre-flight briefing, in fact, is that when landing you must sit down and hold on to the ropes, since there is a high probability of the basket tipping over: this will avoid injury.

Preparing for the flight

The pilot gives more fire, and... the ball smoothly soars up and to the side. It feels like riding a Ferris wheel, only much higher. And at the same time there is no noise or vibration, so even seasoned aerophobes are not afraid. And even those who are afraid of heights (and the ball rises to 1500 m with an average flight altitude of about 500) are not afraid: due to the high (about 1.5 meters) side of the basket it is impossible to fall out of it, and the standing pose provokes to look not down, but to the sides. Indescribable beauty! The real Tatooine! Turkish pilots try to fly in such a way as to get closer to the rocks, “chimneys” and give them the opportunity to see them; they descend almost to the roofs of houses in ancient villages - of course, everything can be photographed and filmed, the main thing is not to drop the camera.

Flight altitude reaches 1500 m

By the way, there is no wind at altitude - or rather, it is not felt, because you are flying along with this very wind!

How to fly in a hot air balloon

Cappadocia, as you already understood, is a place where hot air ballooning is a developed and popular form of recreation. You will need to get to the city of Urgup, which is 70 km from Kayseri, where the nearest civil airport (ASR) is located. There are several daily flights from Istanbul (IST and SAW) to Kayseri by local airlines: Turkish Airlines, Anadolujet, Pegasus Airlines, etc. The flight is about an hour and a half. Of course, many different airlines fly all the way to Istanbul - from Aeroflot and Turkish Airlines to Onur Air and Pobeda. Buying two separate tickets to Istanbul and Kayseri can help you save a lot (and at the same time spend a couple of days in Istanbul).

Low passage over the mountain - one of the aerobatic maneuvers in hot air balloons

There are more than a dozen airlines with hot air balloons in Urgup; You can also purchase a flight through their Russian partners by simply typing the appropriate request into Google - convenient if you don’t know Turkish and want to plan everything in advance, or you can directly at the hotel in Urgup, but here everything depends on the hotel. Keep in mind that the cost of an hour-long flight is 13,000 rubles per person, including transfer from your hotel and back and a modest breakfast in the immediate vicinity of the starting point (tea, coffee, buns).

Video (pre-flight briefing, low-altitude passage, landing on an aircraft carrier, cleaning the balloon).

Balloons rise upward because the gas they fill is lighter than the surrounding air. Many gases, particularly hydrogen and helium, have lower densities than air. This means that at a given temperature they have less mass per unit volume than air.

When such light gases are pumped into a balloon, it will rise until the total weight of the gas shell, basket, weight and cables is less than the weight of the air displaced by the balloon. (Since air is considered in physics as a liquid medium, the same law applies here as for bodies immersed in a liquid.) Hot air, which has a lower density compared to cold air, also rises. Although hot air is not as light as some gases, it is safer and easily produced by propane torches mounted under the neck of the balloon shell, which is usually made of lightweight fabric such as reinforced nylon. Balloons filled with hot air usually remain in flight for several hours, but without additional heating of the air inside the shell they will gradually lose altitude.

Molecules at different temperatures

• When the air is cold, the molecules move slowly and are close together.
• When the air heats up, it canThe molecules begin to move faster and diverge to the sides, filling a larger volume.
• Since the heated aircontinues to expand, it becomes less dense.
• When cooling the air itmolecules lose their speed, volume decreases, and density increases.

1. The balloon lies on its side. Propane torches heat the air inside the shell, which causes it to swell and rise.
2. Hot, light air (picture below the text) rises up inside the shell and then flows down along its walls. Cold air is squeezed out through the neck, the weight of the shell with air decreases and the balloon rises.
3. Pilots maintain or increase their altitude by periodically turning on the burners. As long as the air inside the shell is hotter than the outside air, the lift force overcomes the force of gravity.
4. The balloon descends as the air filling it cools and contracts. Pilots can speed up their descent by releasing hot air through a hole at the top of the balloon.

Interaction of pressure, volume and temperature

Interdependence of three parameters. The pressure, volume and temperature of a gas are interrelated. At room temperature (near right), the movement of gas molecules inside the vessel creates a certain pressure. If the volume is > half as large (middle picture on the right), the internal pressure doubles. When air heats up (far right), its pressure increases and its volume increases in proportion to the temperature.

Seeing a balloon in a dream is a sign that unusual events or news await you. A balloon in a dream symbolizes your hopes or ambitious desires. If in a dream you try to inflate a balloon, but nothing works out for you, then be prepared for the fact that your plans will fail and you should not entertain yourself with vain hopes.

If you dream that you are cheating balloon or see others doing it, then you are wasting your time on empty dreams.

If you dream that a balloon is falling, then your hopes for happy love will be overshadowed by the pangs of jealousy.

Seeing a balloon rise into the air in a dream is a harbinger of success in business. But if in a dream a balloon hangs in one place, then expect a stop in your business. See interpretation: balloon.

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Dream Interpretation - Rise

A dream in which you climb to the top of an ancient Egyptian pyramid means that you will soon embark on an exciting journey. If you climb a huge mountain in a dream, this foretells the onset of perhaps the happiest moment in your life.

Climbing the stairs to the top floor of a high-rise building portends regret over an unfulfilled idea. If you take the elevator, you will have a chance to significantly increase your well-being.

Climbing the fire escape to the very roof of the house is a sign that you will achieve your goal, no matter what the cost.

Climbing to the roof using a ladder means you will be afraid of what you yourself will laugh at.

Climbing onto a certain pedestal or podium means that you will stand out among your surroundings with your originality and talents or abilities that are unique to you.

A dream in which you climb onto the scaffold, supposedly for execution, portends a pleasant surprise. Rising into the sky in a hot air balloon predicts an unsuccessful attempt to take advantage of the opportunity to replace the boss in his place when he suddenly leaves for a promotion.

If in a dream you rise to the beginning of the ski slope in a suspended cable car cabin, this portends an improvement in your financial situation.

If you drive up the road leading upward, new perspectives and opportunities will open up before you. If you climb the stairs to board the plane, it means you can easily cope with a difficult task. Climbing a ladder lowered from a helicopter - you will become proud, having taken a higher position, and your friends will turn away from you.

IP: lying down (sitting, standing). 1 - place one hand between the collarbones and concentrate on them and the shoulders; 2 - inhale and exhale with a calm and smooth rise and fall of the collarbones and shoulders. Repeat 4-8 times.

Wind

IP: lying down (sitting, standing). The torso is relaxed. 1 - take a full breath, protruding the stomach and ribs of the chest; 2 - hold your breath for 3-4 s; 3 - forcefully release air through pursed lips with several abrupt exhalations. Repeat 3-4 times.

2nd complex

(preventive exercises

for the upper respiratory tract)

♦ Stroke the wings of the nose from the tip to the bridge of the nose (inhale). As you exhale, tap the wings of your nose 5-6 times with your index finger.

♦ Take 8-10 inhalations and exhalations through the right nostril, then through the left, taking turns closing the resting one with your index finger.

♦ Inhale through your nose. As you exhale, draw out the sound [m] protractedly, while simultaneously tapping your fingers on the wings of your nose.

♦ When inhaling, resist the incoming air by pressing on the wings of the nose with your fingers. During a longer exhalation, the resistance should be varied by tapping on the wings of the nose.

♦ Take a calm breath through your nose. As you exhale, simultaneously while tapping the wings of your nose, say “ba-bo-boo” and “hmm-mm.”

♦ Quickly pull the abdominal muscles inside the abdomen, while simultaneously exhaling sharply through the nose (3-4 times).

♦ While exhaling, open your mouth wide and, as far as possible, stick out your tongue, trying to reach the chin with its tip, say “a-a-a” (5-6 times).

3rd complex

♦ IP: hands in a “lock” at the back of the head. Tilt your head back with resistance from your hands.

♦ I.p.: the hands clenched into a fist support the chin. Bend your head forward with resistance from your hands.

♦ IP: palms to ears. Tilt the head to the sides with resistance from the hands.

♦ I.p.: movement of the lower jaw downwards, to the sides, forward. Clench your jaw.

♦ Puff out your cheeks.

♦ Use the tip of your tongue to reach the soft palate.

♦ Raise the soft palate when yawning.

4th complex

♦ I.p.: standing, arms down along the body. Walking is normal, on tiptoes, in a half squat. Keep your body straight. Breathing is free (3 min).

♦ I.p.: standing, arms down along the body. Raise your arms up through your sides, stretch (inhale), lower your arms (exhale) (4 times). The pace is slow.

♦ I.p.: standing, arms down along the body. Spread your arms to the sides (inhale), tilt your torso (exhale), straighten up (4-5 times). Inhale normally, while exhaling imitate a whistle.

♦ I.p.: standing, hands on the belt. Turn the body to the sides (5-6 times in each direction). The pace is average.

♦ I.p.: standing, hands on the belt. Rise on your toes, lower on your heels - “roll” (8-10 times). Keep your body straight.

♦ I.p.: standing, arms down along the body. As you inhale, spread your arms to the sides, as you exhale, raise your right leg and clap under the knee (4-5 times with each leg). The pace is average.

♦ I.p.: standing, arms down along the body. Bend the body to the sides - “pump” (5-6 times in each direction). The pace is average.

♦ I.p.: standing, arms down along the body. Inhale calmly, and as you exhale, say slowly: “J-bug” (4-5 times).

♦ I.p.: standing, hands on the belt. Inhale calmly, and as you exhale, squat down 5-6 times with your arms extended forward. The pace is slow, the exhalation is extended.

♦ I.p.: standing, hands on the belt. Walking in place with high knees (1-2 min). Watch your breathing.

♦ I.p.: standing, hands on the belt. Light, rhythmic jumps in place (10-15 times). Breathing is free, pace is average.

♦ I.p.: standing, arms down along the body. Raise your arms up (inhale). Bend your torso forward, lower your arms, shake your hands (exhale) (5-6 times). The pace is average.

♦ IP: standing, hands to shoulders. Make circular movements with your elbows 4 times in each direction. Breathing is free.

♦ I.p.: standing, arms down along the body. Walking with hand movements towards the shoulders, to the sides, down; with raising your arms up, lowering and relaxing (1-2 min). The pace is slow, the breathing is deep, the exhalation is long.

5th complex

♦ I.p.: standing, ball in lowered hands. Raise your arms up, stretch (inhale), lower your arms (exhale). Perform at a slow pace 4 times.

♦ I.p.: standing, ball in lowered hands. Raise the ball above your head with outstretched arms (inhale), tilt your torso to the right (exhale). Straighten up (inhale), tilt to the left (exhale). Perform 2 times in each direction, lower your arms down. The pace is average.

♦ IP: sitting on the ball, feet shoulder-width apart. Spread your arms to the sides (inhale), tilt your torso down (exhale), straighten up. Inhale normally, and as you exhale imitate a “moan.”

♦ I.p.: standing, ball on the floor. Stretch up, lift the ball above your head (long inhale), squat sharply with your hands on the ball, knees to the sides (short exhale), straighten up. Perform 4-5 times. When you inhale, the movements are soft, when you exhale, they are sharp, dynamic.

♦ I.p.: sitting on the ball. Imitate walking with high knees while sitting on a ball (1-2 minutes). Breathing is free, pace is average.

♦ I.p.: lying on your back, the ball in front of you on your chest. Raise your arms up (inhale). Hold your breath, lower the ball to your chest (exhale), hold your breath. Perform the exercise 2 times, gradually increasing the pauses while holding your breath.

♦ I.p.: sitting on the ball. Jump rhythmically while sitting on the ball (10-15 times). Breathing is free, pace is average.

♦ IP: standing, ball in front of chest in bent arms. Walking on toes, in a half-squat, normal with gradual slowdown (3 minutes). Keep your back straight and breathe freely.