Why do people drink alcoholic beverages? Alcohol helps relieve stress, relax, and improve communication, especially in unfamiliar company. Meetings with family, friends, and festive events are rarely complete without alcoholic beverages. Every person understands that ethanol, which is contained in alcohol-containing products, has negative influence on various internal organs. To assess the harm of alcohol, it is necessary to understand its effects on the brain, liver, nervous, reproductive, cardiovascular and digestive systems.

The effects of alcohol on different organs

Some experts believe that moderate consumption of high-quality alcohol not only does not cause harm, but also has beneficial effects. This is a controversial statement. After all, scientists have long and seriously are engaged studying the effects of alcohol on humans. Studies confirm that the liver, brain, kidneys, and pancreas suffer from ethanol. These organs react to ethanol as follows:

• liver. Alcohol primarily destroys this organ. Alcohol is the culprit of diseases such as fatty degeneration, steatohepatitis, and hepatitis. Its toxic effects can lead to an incurable disease - cirrhosis. The development of the disease can only be prevented by controlling the volume and frequency of alcohol intake or by completely abstaining from drinking alcohol;
• brain. As a result of alcohol intoxication, brain cells die. Constant consumption of alcohol leads to changes in the structure and tissues of the organ, disruption of the centers that are responsible for cognitive capabilities (perception of information, memory, mind, etc.);
• kidneys Alcohol, constantly affecting the kidneys, causes various inflammatory processes, leading to the formation of stones and intoxication. Alcohol is one of the causes of dystrophy and kidney failure. Development oncological diseases are also associated with alcohol consumption;
• pancreas. The breakdown products of ethyl alcohol (acetaldehydes) are the culprits in the malfunction of this organ. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to pancreatitis. This disease can be caused by insulin dependence diabetes. In most cases, pancreatic cancer is also caused by drinking.

Alcohol also has a toxic effect on the blood. Under the influence of the components that make up the alcohol, it first liquefies, and then thickens. Some elements that are formed after the decay of the standard are accumulate in the body, remain there for a long time. The skin also suffers from consuming alcohol-containing products. It loses its firmness and elasticity. Excessive consumption of intoxicating drinks leads to early aging and the appearance of wrinkles.

The effect of alcohol on different body systems

There are few people who realize that by drinking, they risk not only their well-being the next day, but also their health in general. It is clear that the state of the body depends on the frequency of drinking alcohol, individual characteristics, immunity strength. The effects of alcohol on organs go unnoticed, but it has a constant negative effect on all systems. After all Components alcohol, being a poison, has ways of penetrating cells, aggravating the situation if a person has chronic diseases, contributing to the emergence of new, including incurable, ailments. Alcohol affects the following systems:

• cardiovascular. The harmful effects of alcohol lead to disturbances in the functioning of the heart, increasing the likelihood of atherosclerosis, the development of hypertension, and primary myocardial damage. Some of these ailments are difficult to cure;
• nervous. Alcohol destroys this system. Encephalopathy, polyneuritis, delirium tremens, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome - these are just a few diseases that arise as a result of constant abuse alcohol.
• digestive. The gastrointestinal tract is depressed under the influence of ethanol. Alcohol damage affects the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, small intestine and rectum. Alcohol is the cause of blockage of blood vessels, disruption of microflora, and permeability of the intestinal walls.
• Respiratory. Ethanol has a negative effect on the lungs, bronchi, Airways. Maybe emergence asthma attacks, a decrease in immunity is guaranteed. As a result, a person begins to suffer more often from diseases that are transmitted by airborne droplets. One of the most dangerous diseases is tuberculosis.

The effect of alcohol on the body manifests itself not only on the noted systems and organs. Alcohol even affects the joints. It causes pain, is responsible for the appearance of inflammatory processes, and occurs violation metabolism. Joints hurt when walking. They “whin” when a person is in a relaxed state. Arthritis is a terrible disease that occurs, among other things, as a result of excessive libations.

The effects of alcohol on the body of a pregnant woman or nursing mother

The reproductive system is not protected from the influence of alcohol. Under the influence of the components contained in alcohol, hormonal imbalance occurs and a sharp decrease in sexual desire occurs. Very often the diagnosis infertility given to men and women who abuse strong drinks. If a lady becomes pregnant, then conceiving while the couple was intoxicated can lead to the following disastrous consequences:

• miscarriage at any stage of pregnancy;
• the birth of an unhealthy child;
• stillbirth;
• the presence of congenital diseases in the fetus.

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy only makes matters worse. The fetus may develop mutations and internal organs may not form correctly. Children of alcoholics often suffer from mental retardation, underdeveloped psyche, violations motor skills. A baby fed by a mother who drinks alcohol grows more slowly and loses weight. Therefore, alcohol and pregnancy, as well as breastfeeding, are absolutely incompatible things.

A couple who has decided to give birth must first stop drinking alcohol. The period is several months, which are required to completely remove toxins from the body. Otherwise, the embryo is at risk at any stage of pregnancy.

Effect on the body of adolescents and young people

Research confirms that more and more teenagers between the ages of 13 and 18 are trying alcohol-containing drinks. Moreover, the percentage of those who drink constantly is growing. The negative effects of alcohol on humans have been proven by scientists, but alcohol has a different effect on a teenager’s body. Children under 18 years of age experiencing poisonous influence of intoxicating drinks, face a number of problems:

• harmful effects on the heart, respiratory system;
• decreased intellectual abilities;
• moral degradation (committing crimes at an early age);
• slowdown in physical development;
• hormonal imbalance;
• diseases of the digestive system.

There is an increased likelihood that a young man or girl will become addicted to nicotine and drugs. Such people will face irreversible personality degradation. Teenagers develop an addiction to alcohol much faster. overcome arisen addiction is very difficult. Here we need help not only from parents and specialist doctors, but also from psychologists. It is possible to cure teenage alcoholism, but it is necessary to understand that such people in the future have a high percentage of having their children born with genetic abnormalities.

Conclusion

Scientists continue to study the effect of alcohol on the body. Drinking strong drinks is a problem that people face regardless of age and social status. Give up completely alcohol-containing Not all products can. Here you can give one piece of advice - you need to drink high-quality alcohol in moderation, stick to healthy eating and lead an active lifestyle.

Alcohols vary in their degree of toxicity, each type is dangerous and can be fatal. If ethyl alcohol, contained in most alcoholic drinks, enters the body, the central nervous system is depressed. Then destructive processes occur in the internal organs. The most poisonous and dangerous alcohol is methanol. Poisoning with it leads to severe damage to internal organs, blindness and can even cause death.

Types of alcohols and their effects on the body

When in contact with methyl alcohol, the organs of vision are affected, and in severe cases, blindness occurs. Ethanol and methanol are widely used in industry.

There are different types of alcohols:

1. 1. Methyl alcohol is poison. It is not added to alcoholic drinks and is rarely used in medicine. If this substance gets ingested, the functioning of the heart is disrupted and central nervous system disorders occur. If more than 25 ml enters the body, death occurs.
2. 2. Ethyl alcohol is also found in alcohol and is toxic. This substance quickly penetrates the gastrointestinal tract and is absorbed through the mucous membranes. The maximum concentration is observed one hour after administration. At first, the person experiences euphoria, as if he is in a state of trance. Afterwards, the effect of alcohol continues, but the nervous system is depressed, the mood becomes bad, and a feeling of depression arises. The substance destroys brain cells, and they are not restored in the future.
3. 3. Isopropyl alcohol has the same toxicity. If this substance enters the body, a central nervous system disorder occurs and the functioning of organs and systems is disrupted. In case of an overdose of chemicals in the substance, a person falls into a coma, which can lead to death.
4. 4. Allyl alcohol causes severe intoxication. If more than 25 g enters the body, a person loses consciousness, the respiratory system is affected, and death occurs.

Harm of alcoholic drinks

The effect of alcohol on the human body is destructive. People addicted to alcoholic beverages live 10 to 15 years less. An overdose of alcohol can be fatal.

The effect of alcohol on the brain

Ethyl alcohol destroys brain cells. The harmful substances contained in this substance lead to oxygen starvation of neurons. This problem causes intoxication and a number of mental disorders. Cell neurons are gradually destroyed, resulting in mental illness. If a person abuses alcohol, the functioning of brain structures is disrupted and the cerebral cortex is affected.

People who drink experience hallucinations, convulsions, and muscle paralysis. Alcohol poisoning leads to delirium tremens; in exceptional cases, the disease ends in death. Delirium tremens is accompanied by hallucinations and clouding of consciousness. The patient becomes disoriented in space and becomes overly excited. With such an attack, blood pressure rises and emergency assistance is required.

Gastrointestinal organs

Ethanol has a detrimental effect on the gastrointestinal tract and provokes the development of such serious diseases as:

• ulcerative colitis;
• gastritis;
• pancreatitis.

In chronic alcoholics, the functioning of the stomach is impaired. The mucous membranes are damaged, and in severe cases, peptic ulcers occur.

Alcohol and the cardiovascular system

Alcoholism causes exacerbation of chronic heart disease. Ethyl alcohol disrupts the functioning of this organ. If a person abuses alcohol, damage occurs to the heart muscle and arteries located nearby. As a result, dangerous diseases develop, in severe cases they lead to death. The heart enlarges with regular consumption of drinks containing ethyl alcohol.

If a healthy person drinks a large amount of alcohol, the heart rhythm is disturbed. Some people develop hypertension; in other situations, alcohol worsens the disease. In severe cases, ischemic heart disease develops.

Respiratory system

Ethyl alcohol has a detrimental effect on the respiratory system. Patients with alcoholism experience shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. Against the background of such problems, tuberculosis may arise. Alcoholics are more likely to...

"Alcohol has many faces. It is a food, a liquid and a fuel, as well as a disinfectant and analgesic, a stimulant and a sedative, a means of improving well-being, which, however, can be intoxicating and addictive."

It's no secret that alcohols are very dangerous for humans; they are poisons. One of them is ethyl alcohol. It is included in alcoholic beverages. This alcohol has a poisonous effect on the human body, not immediately, but gradually. We'll look at exactly how next.

There is a lot in our world global problems. One of them is alcoholism. It is a very acute and pressing problem in modern world. Currently, when the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages is permitted, alcohol takes the place of a legal drug in society, which, when used systematically, causes alcohol dependence (alcoholism).

Every year the number of alcohol drinkers increases, as a result of which the production of alcoholic beverages also increases. The number of people suffering from alcoholism and other related diseases, which significantly undermine human health, is also growing.

Modern society is faced with such a problem as childhood alcoholism. According to statistics, it is widespread among high school children. The worst thing is that for children of this age, drinking alcohol is considered more a pattern than an exception, and some simply cannot imagine spending their leisure time without a bottle of beer.

We must remember that alcoholism leads to serious consequences not only for alcoholics themselves, but also for their descendants (they may have defective or developmentally delayed children), and in a state of alcohol intoxication a person can commit reckless actions, which is often the cause of accidents. roads and crimes.

The topic of the work is the effect of ethyl alcohol on the human body.

The purpose of the work is to study the effect of ethyl alcohol on the human body,

Job objectives:

1. Study of literature on the identified problem.

2. Studying the history of the appearance of alcohol and its distribution.

3. Study of the stages of alcohol passing through the human body.

4. Conducting an experiment to study the interaction of organic substances and ethyl alcohol.

1. History of the appearance and spread of alcohol

The basis for the production of any alcoholic beverages is the process of alcoholic fermentation of sugars, that is, their breakdown in an aqueous environment under the influence of microbial enzymes without the use of oxygen.

The process of alcoholic fermentation was probably discovered in the Mesolithic (8000-6000 BC). There is evidence of the simplest forms of winemaking dating from this time. Brewing has an almost equally long history. The grapevine was the most common source of alcoholic beverages in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia (early 2000 BC). Date palm fruit and palm sap were also popular early sources of wine.

Although the grapevine is historically the main source of alcoholic beverages, and still retains a dominant role, different nations Many other sugar-containing plant species are also used. Roots, stems, leaves and even flowers are used for proper processing. The total number of “alcohol-producing” plants is quite large, but most of them are of local importance. About 40 types are more widely used.

Winemaking and brewing have played a huge role in the development of various civilizations. The mythology is filled with references to the vine and libations in honor of the gods. The spread of wine and grapevine culture may have been due to the symbolic association of the red-colored liquid with blood and the effect wine had on humans. At least in the Christian religion this has received canonical embodiment.

Viticulture probably spread to Europe (first to Greece and later to Rome) from Egypt and Mesopotamia. This industry turned out to be so important that one of the Greek gods, Dionysus (Bacchus), became the god of viticulture and winemaking. The sweet-fragrant wine of the ancient world - afintites - was produced 2500 years ago.

The process of brewing beer from cereal grains dates back to the Sumerian culture (circa 3000 BC). Initially, beer was used as a medicine, in particular as a remedy against leprosy. Information about beer production technology has been preserved in Ancient Egypt 2000 BC e.

An old Arabian legend tells how a certain alchemist, in search of the “elixir of life,” began to distill old wine, to which he added table salt, and obtained alcohol. He tried it and found an intoxicating effect. Amazed by the amazing properties of alcohol to drive away sadness and induce cheerfulness, the alchemist decided that he had managed to discover the “water of life.” However, it was just ethyl, or wine, alcohol (ethanol, or alcohol C2H5OH). The Italian alchemist Raymond Lulius (1235-1315) used ethanol as a medicine called “life-giving drops”. In 1350, the Irish commander Savage first tried to raise the spirit of his soldiers with the drink “aquavit,” the prototype of our vodka. But soon the hymns of praise gave way to curses against ethanol - that “great liar” nicknamed the “plague of the 20th century.”

The famous traveler N. N. Miklouho-Maclay observed the Papuans of New Guinea, who did not yet know how to make fire, but already knew how to prepare intoxicating drinks. The Arabs began to obtain pure alcohol in the 6th-7th centuries and called it “al kogol”, which means “intoxicating”. The first bottle of vodka was made by the Arab Raghez in 860. Distilling wine to produce alcohol sharply worsened drunkenness. It is possible that this was the reason for the ban on the use of alcoholic beverages by the founder of Islam (Muslim religion) Muhammad (Mohammed, 570-632). This prohibition was subsequently included in the code of Muslim laws - the Koran (7th century). Since then, for 12 centuries, alcohol has not been consumed in Muslim countries, and apostates of this law (drunkards) have been severely punished.

But even in Asian countries, where the consumption of wine was prohibited by religion (the Koran), the cult of wine still flourished and was sung in poetry.

In the Middle Ages Western Europe They also learned to produce strong alcoholic drinks by sublimating wine and other fermenting sugary liquids. According to legend, this operation was first performed by the Italian monk alchemist Valentius. Having tried the newly obtained product and becoming highly intoxicated, the alchemist declared that he had discovered a miraculous elixir that makes an old man young, a tired man cheerful, and a yearning man cheerful.

Since then, strong alcoholic drinks have quickly spread throughout the countries of the world, primarily due to the constantly growing industrial production of alcohol from cheap raw materials (potatoes, sugar production waste, etc.). Alcohol entered everyday life so quickly that almost no artist, writer or poet avoided this topic. Such are the pictures of drunkenness in the paintings of old Dutch, Italian, Spanish and German artists. Many progressive people of their time understood the evil power of alcoholism. The famous religious reformer of those years, Martin Luther, wrote: “Every country must have its own devil, our German devil is a good barrel of wine.”

However, a list of famous drunkards of Hellas has been preserved to this day (one of them was nicknamed “the funnel”). It is said that the English Prime Minister Pitt the Younger (1759-1806) drank a phenomenal amount of wine every day, and the Polish king Boleslaw I the Brave (reigned 992-1025) was allegedly nicknamed “beer bread” by the Germans.

The spread of drunkenness in Rus' is associated with the policies of the ruling classes. It was even believed that drunkenness is supposedly an ancient tradition of the Russian people. At the same time, they referred to the words of the chronicle: “Fun in Rus' is to drink.” But this is slander against the Russian nation. The Russian historian and ethnographer, an expert on the customs and morals of the people, Professor N.I. Kostomarov (1817-1885) completely refuted this opinion. He proved that in Ancient Rus' drank very little. Only on selected holidays were they brewed mead, mash or beer, the strength of which did not exceed 5-10 degrees. The glass was passed around and everyone took a few sips from it. No alcoholic drinks were allowed on weekdays, and drunkenness was considered the greatest shame and sin.

But in the 16th century, massive imports of vodka and wine from abroad began. Under Ivan IV and Boris Godunov, “tsar taverns” were established, bringing a lot of money into the treasury. However, even then they tried to limit the consumption of alcoholic beverages. So in 1652 a decree was issued “to sell vodka one glass per person.” It was forbidden to give wine to “pituhs” (i.e., drinkers), as well as to everyone during fasting, on Wednesdays, Fridays and Sundays. However, due to financial considerations, an amendment was soon made: “in order to make a profit for the great sovereign’s treasury, the roosters should not be driven away from the circle yard,” which actually supported drunkenness.

Since 1894, the sale of vodka became a royal monopoly.

How medicine alcohol (ethyl alcohol) in medicine has long lost its importance and is used only as a basis for the manufacture of small quantities of medicines and as a disinfectant.

Thus, alcohol consumption in society is traditional.

Experts from the World Health Organization believe that if the consumption of pure alcohol per capita exceeds 8 liters, then this is already dangerous for the nation and its gene pool.

According to statistics, in 1984, per capita consumption of pure alcohol reached 10.45 liters in Russia as a whole and 9.47 liters in the Republic of Tatarstan. Then the USSR Government decided to reduce the production of alcoholic products.

According to Goskomstat Russian Federation consumption of pure alcohol per capita in Russia in 2001 was 8.3 liters (taking into account the illegal circulation of alcoholic beverages), and according to Russian doctors, this figure reaches 15 liters.

Over the past 20 years, the structure of alcohol consumption has undergone significant changes. In the 80s, in the total volume of alcoholic products consumed by the population of Russia, 39% were strong drinks (vodka - 38%, cognacs - 1%), 61% - low-proof drinks (grape wines, fruit and berry wines, champagnes). In 2001, in the structure of alcohol consumed in Russia, the dominant position is occupied by strong drinks - 65%, and low-proof drinks account for only 35%. In addition, the shadow market or, more precisely, unaccounted alcohol consumption currently also consists of strong drinks - this is illegal vodka, moonshine and various alcohol-containing liquids consumed by certain segments of the population as surrogates for alcoholic products.

2. Description of ethyl alcohol from a chemical point of view

Physical properties. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol C2H5OH) is a colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a boiling point of 78.3 degrees Celsius. Flammable

Structure. The ethyl alcohol molecule consists of an ethyl hydrocarbon radical connected to one hydroxo group.

The oxygen of the hydroxo group attracts the electron density of the hydrogen of the hydroxo group and the adjacent carbon atom. Oxygen has a partially negative charge, hydrogen has a partially positive charge, and the carbon atom regains electron density due to the hydrogen and carbon atoms connected to it. The oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group has two lone pairs of electrons, which makes it possible to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. Therefore, ethanol has unique solubility and is miscible with water in any ratio and has high penetrating ability.

Ethanol is a saturated, monobasic alcohol.

Receipt. The main method of producing ethyl alcohol is the fermentation of glucose under the action of enzymes (organic catalysts of protein nature):

C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Chemical properties. Ethyl alcohol, like other alcohols, is characterized by basic and acidic properties. Acidic properties are possible due to the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group, but these properties are very weak compared to the acidic properties of water.

a) Acid properties

The acidic properties of alcohols are possible only with alkali and alkaline earth metals.

2C2H5OH + 2Na = 2C2H5ONa + H2 b) Basic properties

Interaction with hydrogen halides

C2H5OH + HBr = C2H5Br + H2O c) oxidation

During complete oxidation, a large amount of heat is released, which is why ethanol is an energetically valuable product (the oxidation of 1 mol of ethanol releases 1370 kJ of energy).

C2H5OH + 3O2 = 2CO2 + 3H2O + Q

Partial

Alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids.

C2H5OH + CuO = CH3CHO + H2O + Cu d) dehydration

Intermolecular; when heated to no more than 140 degrees Celsius and in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid

2C2H5OH = C2H5-O-C2H5 + H2O

Intramolecular; when heated above 140 degrees Celsius, in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid

C2H5OH = C2H4 + H2O

Application. Ethanol is widely used in Food Industry for the production of synthetic rubber, medicines, used as a solvent, included in varnishes and paints, perfumes. In medicine, ethyl alcohol is the most important disinfectant. Used for preparing alcoholic drinks.

3. The path of alcohol in the human body

Let us trace the passage of ethanol in the human body: a) penetration through the oral cavity and esophagus into the stomach;

Burning the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, it enters the gastrointestinal tract.

Digestive system

Changes in individual parts of the digestive system begin already in the oral cavity, where alcohol suppresses secretion and increases the viscosity of secreted and swallowed saliva. Unlike many other substances, alcohol is quickly and completely absorbed in the stomach. The mucous membrane of the stomach is irritated by excess alcohol, and the functioning of the stomach is impaired.

Approximately 20% of any alcoholic drink is absorbed in the stomach, and 80% in the intestines.

The composition of gastric juice secreted under the influence of alcohol changes significantly: it contains a lot of hydrochloric acid and there is little pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins, resulting in a change in protein metabolism. If a chicken protein solution is exposed to alcohol, the protein irreversibly coagulates, i.e. denaturation occurs (destruction of the natural structure of the protein). Due to this, alcohol is used as an antiseptic.

Acid has a burning effect on the mucous membrane of the stomach, which can cause pain in it and contributes to the development of gastritis. Regular consumption of alcohol to increase appetite leads to gastric atrophy (reduction in the size of the stomach).

b) absorption into the blood;

Easily crossing biological membranes, after about an hour it reaches its maximum concentration in the blood. Ethyl alcohol molecules can easily cross biological membranes due to their small size, weak polarization, the formation of hydrogen bonds with water molecules, and the good solubility of alcohol in fats. It is believed that if you eat a large fatty meal, then the penetration of ethanol is less, this is not true, the process simply stretches out over time.

Let's do the following experiment. Let's take two glasses. Pour ethyl alcohol into one and water into the other, one milliliter in each. Let's put filter paper into glasses, and we see that alcohol moves through the paper faster than water. This is explained by the faster movement of alcohol molecules and its faster penetration into the molecules of the paper.

This property of alcohol is used in alcohol lamps.

c) admission to functional systems body;

The further path taken by alcohol in the human body: quickly absorbed into the blood, dissolving well in the intercellular fluid, alcohol enters all cells of the body, especially actively into the tissue of the brain and liver.

The cardiovascular system

In the body of a non-drinker, the concentration of ethanol in the blood is constant - 0.003 to 0.006%. When drinking alcohol, as a result of the body's biochemical reactions, the concentration increases (3 glasses of vodka - 0.01%, 24 glasses - 0.5%). The body quickly gets used to the increased content of ethanol in the blood (drug addiction); when the concentration decreases, the body reacts with painful changes (hangover syndrome). An increased ethanol content causes spasm of blood vessels and the heart muscle, which increases the likelihood of vascular blockage and acute heart failure.

When the amount of alcohol in the blood is 0.04-0.05%, the cerebral cortex turns off, a person loses control over himself, loses the ability to reason rationally.

At a blood alcohol concentration of 0.1%, the deeper parts of the brain that control movement are inhibited. A person’s movements become uncertain and are accompanied by causeless joy, animation, and fussiness. However, in 15% of people, alcohol can cause despondency and a desire to fall asleep. As the alcohol content in the blood increases, a person’s ability to hear and visual perception is weakened, and the speed of motor reactions is dulled.

A blood alcohol concentration of 0.2% affects areas of the brain that control emotional behavior. At the same time, base instincts awaken and sudden aggressiveness appears.

With a blood alcohol concentration of 0.3%, a person, although conscious, does not understand what he sees and hears. This condition is called alcoholic stupor.

When the blood alcohol concentration reaches 0.6-0.7%, death can occur.

Once in the blood, alcohol causes dilation of peripheral blood vessels. This creates a feeling of warmth. However, the increased heat transfer that occurs in this case, although subjectively pleasant, is objectively dangerous, since thermoregulation is impaired and a person can freeze to death, since he intensively loses heat and, not feeling the cold, does not take proper precautions.

Alcohol circulates in the blood for 5-7 hours.

Scientists have found that, by disrupting the functions of cells, it causes their death: when consumed 100g. beer kills about 3000 brain cells, 100g. wine - 500, 100g. vodka - 7500, contact of red blood cells with alcohol molecules leads to coagulation of blood cells.

Brain

Alcohol quickly affects the brain, slowing down the activity of nerve cells. Alcohol changes the structure of cell walls and disrupts the transmission of nerve signals. Thus, reflexes are harmed. Poisoning occurs. The body slowly loses sensitivity. As the proportion of alcohol circulating in the blood increases, the level of damage increases. The nervous system needs time to recover. Alcohol stays in the brain for a long time. It is found unchanged even after 20 days of its use.

There are two phases of the effect of alcohol on the central nervous system:

1) The excitation phase is characterized by euphoria, a feeling of vigor and strength, disinhibition, and a decrease in self-criticism. During this phase, the metabolism of neurons in the cerebral cortex (CMC) is disrupted, the amount of serotonin decreases, and the release of adrenaline, norepinephrine, and dopamine increases, which are actively metabolized during this stage; The endogenous opioidergic system is activated: enkephalins and endorphins are released, due to which a person’s perception of the world changes.

2) The depression phase, euphoria gives way to dysphoria, the reason for this is a decrease in the metabolism of norepinephrine and dopamine, the increased concentration of which causes depression of the central nervous system and depression.

These changes in the central nervous system lead to inappropriate behavior: to universal love or, conversely, to universal hatred, often leading to aggression, which sometimes encourages crime. A crime committed while intoxicated does not mitigate guilt, but according to the law is an aggravating circumstance.

Getting into the lungs, alcohol damages their tissue, making it vulnerable to microbes that cause pulmonary diseases. d) transformation in the liver;

The liver neutralizes toxic substances entering the blood.

The liver breaks down (oxidizes) alcohol at an almost constant rate: usually about 0.5 liters of beer per hour. This process ultimately consumes approximately 90% of the alcohol, producing carbon dioxide and water as end products. The remaining 10% is excreted through the lungs, with sweat.

If the amount of alcohol consumed exceeds the liver's capacity, cell dehydration occurs, resulting in alcohol remaining in the blood for a long time.

In alcoholics, liver degeneration occurs - secretory cells are replaced connective tissue. This leads to serious consequences (cirrhosis or liver cancer), often ending in death.

The liver can utilize 20 g of ethanol per day into water and carbon dioxide:

C2H5OH + 3O2= 2CO2+ 3H2O

With a larger amount, it cannot cope with complete oxidation, so ethanol is partially oxidized to acetaldehyde:

C2H5CHO + [O] = CH3CHO + HO

Let us carry out the following experiments on the oxidation of ethyl alcohol:

1) complete oxidation

Pour three ml of alcohol into a porcelain cup and set it on fire, it will completely oxidize to carbon dioxide and water. This releases a huge amount of energy, since alcohol is a high-calorie substance. The use of alcohol in heating devices and alcohol lamps in the laboratory is based on this property.

2) partial oxidation

For mild oxidation, oxidizing agents, such as copper oxide, can be used. To do this, take a copper wire, twist it in the form of a spiral, heat it in the flame of an alcohol lamp, it will become covered with a black coating of copper oxide. Then we put the wire in a glass with alcohol, we do this several times, the copper wire is restored, and the smell in the glass becomes specific - acetaldehyde.

It is also possible to oxidize alcohol with potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7).

Take a five percent solution of potassium dichromate, add a fifteen percent solution of sulfuric acid and a few drops of alcohol. Already at room temperature in a test tube, the solution gradually changes color from orange to green, as chromium ions (Cr+3) appear:

3C2H5OH + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 = 3C2H4O + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7 H2O

This reaction is used by traffic police officers in indicator tubes.

d) removal from the body.

So, alcohol in the body:

Provides the body with energy (alcohol has a high energy value, but does not contain nutrients).

Acts as an anesthetic on the central nervous system, slowing down its functioning and reducing its effectiveness.

Stimulates urine production. When you drink a lot of alcohol, your body loses more water than it takes in, and your cells become dehydrated.

Temporarily disables the liver. After a large dose of alcohol, approximately two-thirds of the liver may fail, but liver function usually returns completely within a few days.

The accumulation of intermediate decomposition products leads to a number of negative side effects: increased formation of fat and its accumulation in liver cells; the accumulation of peroxide compounds that can destroy cell membranes, causing the cell contents to leak out through the formed pores, all this leads to cirrhosis.

Acetaldehyde is 30 times more toxic than ethyl alcohol. In addition, as a result of biochemical reactions in tissues and organs, mutations occur in cells, which leads (and this has been proven by doctors) to the occurrence of various deformities in embryos.

We have looked at the effect of alcohol on the body, now let’s look at the effect it has on the human psyche.

Alcohol, when ingested, reaches all cells of the human body. At the same time, visual and hearing acuity decreases, the accuracy of movements is impaired, and therefore it is strictly forbidden to drink alcohol while driving in order to avoid road accidents.

One-time consumption of alcohol creates the illusion of an increase in mood, since alcohol has euphoric (causing a feeling of satisfaction) properties. Under the influence of alcohol unresolved life problems“go away” somewhere, the person does not remember about them, the state of fatigue disappears.

After the period of alcohol intoxication ends, life’s problems become active again in a person’s mind and continue to occupy all his thoughts. And if a person was tired, then the fatigue increases even more.

Repeated drinking of alcohol impairs attention and memory, as brain function is disrupted.

Consumption of alcoholic beverages is harmful to health not only short period when a person is intoxicated. The consequences of poisoning of the body are felt by organs and cells for 2 weeks after a single intake of alcoholic beverages.

The alcohol consumer loses control over his behavior. His thoughts, feelings, and actions are “guided” by alcohol. A person begins to neglect his responsibilities in the family and educational community.

Conclusion

The consumption of alcoholic beverages has deep roots, as we have seen by considering the history of the use of ethyl alcohol from ancient times to the present day.

The problem of alcoholism has become particularly acute now. You need to pay attention to it, study it and fight it. Knowing the effect of ethyl alcohol on the human body, we will be able to treat the body, fight alcoholism and live without harming our already suffering health.

It is possible, of course, to introduce ways of prohibition, but as experience shows, this generally does not solve the problem.

Ethyl alcohol is a problem modern society when using it. At the same time, it is a very important product of the chemical industry; it is widely used in the production of perfumes, varnishes, paints and solvents, and in medicine for the production of drugs.

In this work, we examined and conducted several experiments on the interaction of ethyl alcohol with organic substances in the human body, the reasons for the almost unhindered passage of alcohol through the walls of tissues and blood vessels.

Ethyl alcohol in our body disrupts the functioning of the stomach, destroys protein, promotes the development of gastritis, leads to gastric atrophy, liver degeneration in alcoholics, causes spasm of blood vessels and heart muscle, leads to the possibility of blockage of blood vessels and acute heart failure, disrupts cell function, which leads to to their death, harms reflexes.

You need to know that there are no internal organs that remain healthy and functional when drinking alcohol.

IN last years In Russia, mortality from alcohol poisoning and the incidence of alcoholic psychosis have increased, which is primarily due to the consumption of alcohol surrogates by a certain part of the population - adulterated vodka, various alcohol-containing liquids and moonshine.

I think people should start taking their health more responsibly, because the lives of future generations depend on it.

Alcohol abuse is current problem modern society, which gives rise to crimes, accidents, injuries and poisoning among all segments of the population. Alcohol addiction is especially difficult to perceive when it concerns the most promising part of society - students. The mortality rate of the working-age population due to the use of alcoholic beverages ranks high. Scientists estimate alcoholism as a collective suicide of the nation. Addiction to alcohol, like cancer, destroys the personality of an individual and society as a whole from within.

How does alcohol affect the human body? Let's look at the effect of alcoholic drinks on all organs and find out how alcohol affects the brain, liver, kidneys, heart and blood vessels, nervous system, as well as men's and women's health.

Effect of alcohol on the brain

All organs suffer from the negative effects of alcoholic beverages. But most of all it goes to neurons - brain cells. People know how alcohol affects the brain from the feeling of euphoria, high spirits and relaxation.

However, at the physiological level, at this time, destruction of cells of the cerebral cortex occurs even after small doses of ethanol.

1. Normally, the blood supply to the brain occurs through thin capillaries.
2. When alcohol enters the blood, blood vessels narrow and red blood cells stick together, forming blood clots. They clog the lumen of the brain capillaries. In this case, nerve cells experience oxygen starvation and die. At the same time, a person feels euphoria, without even suspecting the destructive changes in the cerebral cortex.
3. Capillaries from congestion swell and burst.
4. After drinking 100 g of vodka, a glass of wine or a mug of beer, 8 thousand nerve cells die forever. Unlike liver cells, which can regenerate after alcohol withdrawal, nerve cells in the brain do not.
5. Dead neurons are excreted in urine the next day.

Thus, under the influence of alcohol on blood vessels, an obstacle to normal blood circulation in the brain is created. This is the cause of the development of alcoholic encephalopathy and epilepsy.

A postmortem autopsy of the skull of alcohol abusers naturally reveals destructive pathological changes in their brain:

• reducing its size;
• smoothing of convolutions;
• the formation of voids in place of dead areas;
• foci of pinpoint hemorrhages;
• the presence of serous fluid in the cavities of the brain.

With long-term abuse, alcohol affects the structure of the brain. Ulcers and scars form on its surface. Under a magnifying glass, the brain of an alcoholic looks like the lunar surface, pockmarked with craters and craters.

The effect of alcohol on the nervous system

The human brain is a kind of control panel for the entire body. Its cortex contains centers for memory, reading, movement of body parts, smell, and vision. Poor circulation and cell death of any center are accompanied by shutdown or weakening of brain functions. This is accompanied by a decrease in a person’s cognitive (cognitive) abilities.

The influence of alcohol on the human psyche is expressed in a decrease in intelligence and personality degradation:

• memory impairment;
• decreased IQ;
• hallucinations;
• loss of critical attitude towards oneself;
• immoral behavior;
• incoherent speech.

Under the influence of alcohol on the nervous system, a person’s behavioral reactions change. He loses his modesty and restraint. He does things that he wouldn't do in his right mind. Stops being critical of your emotions. He experiences unmotivated attacks of rage and anger. A person’s personality degrades in direct proportion to the amount and duration of alcohol consumption.

Gradually a person loses interest in life. His creative and labor potential is declining. All this negatively affects career growth and social status.

Alcoholic polyneuritis lower limbs develops after prolonged use of ethyl alcohol. Its cause is inflammation of the nerve endings. It is associated with an acute deficiency of B vitamins in the body. The disease is manifested by a feeling of severe weakness in the lower extremities, numbness, and pain in the calves. Ethanol affects both muscles and nerve endings - it causes atrophy of the entire muscular system, which ends in neuritis and paralysis.

The effect of alcohol on the cardiovascular system

The effect of alcohol on the heart is such that it works under load for 5–7 hours. While drinking strong drinks, your heart rate increases and your blood pressure rises. Full heart function is restored only after 2-3 days, when the body is finally cleansed.

After alcohol enters the blood, a change occurs in the red blood cells - they are deformed due to membrane rupture, stick together, forming blood clots. As a result, blood flow in the coronary vessels is disrupted. The heart, trying to push blood through, increases in size.

The effects of alcohol on the heart when abused include the following diseases.

1. Myocardial dystrophy. In place of cells killed as a result of hypoxia, connective tissue develops, which impairs the contractility of the heart muscle.
2. Cardiomyopathy is a typical consequence that develops over 10 years of alcohol abuse. It most often affects men.
3. Heart arythmy.
4. Coronary heart disease - angina pectoris. After drinking alcohol, the release of adrenaline and norepinephrine in the blood increases, which increases oxygen consumption by the heart muscle. Therefore, any dose can cause coronary insufficiency.
5. The risk of developing myocardial infarction in heavy drinkers is higher than in healthy individuals, regardless of the condition of the coronary vessels of the heart. Alcohol increases blood pressure, which causes heart attack and premature death.

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is characterized by hypertrophy (enlargement) of the ventricles of the heart.

Symptoms of alcoholic cardiomyopathy are as follows:

• dyspnea;
• a cough, often at night, that people associate with a cold;
• fast fatiguability;
• pain in the heart area.

Progression of cardiomyopathy leads to heart failure. Shortness of breath is accompanied by swelling of the legs, enlarged liver, and cardiac arrhythmia. When people have heart pain, subendocardial myocardial ischemia is often detected. Drinking alcohol also causes hypoxia - oxygen starvation of the heart muscle. Since alcohol leaves the body over several days, myocardial ischemia persists throughout this time.

Important! If your heart hurts the next day after drinking alcohol, you need to get a cardiogram and consult a cardiologist.

Alcoholic drinks affect heart rate. After heavy drinking of alcohol, various types of arrhythmias often develop:

• paroxysmal atrial tachycardia;
• frequent atrial or ventricular extrasystole;
• atrial flutter;
• ventricular fibrillation, which requires anti-shock treatment measures (often fatal).

The presence of this kind of arrhythmias after taking large doses of alcohol is called “holiday” heart. Heart rhythm disturbances, especially ventricular arrhythmias, are often fatal. Arrhythmias can be regarded as signs of cardiomyopathy.

The effect of alcohol on cardiovascular system human is a fact that is scientifically established and substantiated. The risk of these diseases is directly proportional to the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol and its breakdown product, acetaldehyde, have a direct cardiotoxic effect. In addition, it causes a deficiency of vitamins and proteins and increases blood lipids. During acute alcohol intoxication, the contractility of the myocardium sharply decreases, which leads to a lack of blood in the heart muscle. Trying to compensate for oxygen deficiency, the heart increases contractions. In addition, during intoxication, the concentration of potassium in the blood decreases, which causes rhythm disturbances, the most dangerous of which is ventricular fibrillation.

The effect of alcohol on blood vessels

Does alcohol lower or increase blood pressure? - even 1-2 glasses of wine increases blood pressure, especially in people with hypertension. After drinking alcoholic beverages, the concentration of catecholamines - adrenaline and norepinephrine - increases in the blood plasma, which increase blood pressure. There is a concept called “dose-dependent effect”, which shows how alcohol affects blood pressure depending on its amount - systolic and diastolic pressure increases by 1 mmHg when ethanol increases by 8-10 grams per day. People who abuse alcohol have a 3-fold increased risk of hypertension compared to abstainers.

How does alcohol affect blood vessels? Let's figure out what happens to our blood vessels when drinking alcohol. The initial effect of alcoholic drinks on the vascular wall is dilating. But after this a spasm occurs. This leads to ischemia of the blood vessels of the brain and heart, leading to heart attack and stroke. Alcohol also has a toxic effect on the veins in such a way that the flow of blood through them is disrupted. This leads to varicose veins of the esophagus and lower extremities. People who abuse libations often experience bleeding from the veins of the esophagus, which ends in death. Does alcohol dilate or constrict blood vessels? - these are just stages of its sequential impact, both of which are destructive.

The main damaging effect of alcohol on blood vessels is related to how alcohol affects the blood. Under the influence of ethanol, red blood cells stick together. The resulting blood clots spread throughout the body, clogging narrow vessels. Moving through the capillaries, blood flow becomes significantly more difficult. This leads to disruption of blood supply to all organs, but the greatest danger is to the brain and heart. The body initiates a compensatory reaction - it increases blood pressure in order to push blood through. This leads to heart attack, hypertensive crisis, and stroke.

Effect on the liver

It's no secret how harmful alcohol affects the liver. The stage of ethyl alcohol release is much longer than absorption. Up to 10% of ethanol is released into pure form with saliva, sweat, urine, feces and during breathing. That is why after drinking alcohol a person has a specific smell of urine and “fumes” from the mouth. The remaining 90% of ethanol has to be broken down by the liver. Complex biochemical processes occur in it, one of which is the conversion of ethyl alcohol into acetaldehyde. But the liver can only break down about 1 glass of alcohol in 10 hours. Unsplit ethanol damages liver cells.

Alcohol affects the development of the following liver diseases.

1. Fatty liver. At this stage, fat in the form of globules accumulates in hepatocytes (liver cells). Over time, it sticks together, forming blisters and cysts in the area of ​​the portal vein, which interfere with the movement of blood from it.
2. At the next stage, alcoholic hepatitis develops - inflammation of its cells. At the same time, the liver increases in size. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea appear. At this stage, after stopping ethanol consumption, liver cells are still able to regenerate (recover). Continued use leads to a transition to the next stage.
3. Liver cirrhosis is a typical disease associated with alcohol abuse. At this stage, liver cells are replaced by connective tissue. The liver becomes covered with scars; when palpated, it is dense with an uneven surface. This stage is irreversible - dead cells cannot recover. But stopping alcohol consumption stops liver scarring. The remaining healthy cells perform limited functions.

If alcohol consumption does not stop at the stage of cirrhosis, the process progresses to the stage of cancer. A healthy liver can be maintained with moderate consumption.

The equivalent is a glass of beer or a glass of wine per day. And even with such dosages, you should not drink alcohol every day. It is necessary to allow alcohol to completely leave the body, and this takes 2-3 days.

Effect of alcohol on the kidneys

The function of the kidneys is not only the formation and excretion of urine. They take part in balancing the acid-base balance and water-electrolyte balance, and produce hormones.

How does alcohol affect the kidneys? - when consuming ethanol, they go into intensive operation mode. The renal pelvis is forced to pump a large volume of fluid, trying to remove substances harmful to the body. Constant overload weakens the functional ability of the kidneys - over time, they can no longer work constantly in an enhanced mode. The effect of alcohol on the kidneys can be seen after a festive feast by a swollen face and high blood pressure. Fluid accumulates in the body, which the kidneys are unable to remove.

In addition, toxins accumulate in the kidneys, then stones form. Over time, nephritis develops. Moreover, after drinking alcohol, it happens that the kidneys hurt, the temperature rises, and protein appears in the urine. The progression of the disease is accompanied by the accumulation of toxins in the blood, which the liver is no longer able to neutralize and the kidneys to remove.

Lack of treatment leads to the development of renal failure. In this case, the kidneys cannot form and excrete urine. Poisoning of the body with toxins begins - general intoxication with a fatal outcome.

How does alcohol affect the pancreas?

The function of the pancreas is to secrete enzymes into the small intestine to digest food. How does alcohol affect the pancreas? - under its influence, its ducts are clogged, as a result of which enzymes do not enter the intestines, but inside it. Moreover, these substances destroy gland cells. In addition, they affect metabolic processes involving insulin. Therefore, if you abuse alcohol, diabetes can develop.

When subjected to decomposition, enzymes and breakdown products cause inflammation of the gland - pancreatitis. It manifests itself in the fact that after alcohol the pancreas hurts, vomiting appears and the temperature rises. Pain in the lumbar region is girdling in nature. Alcohol abuse affects the development of chronic inflammation, which is a risk factor for breast cancer.

The effect of alcohol on the female and male body

Alcohol affects a woman's body to a greater extent than a man's. In women, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which breaks down alcohol, is found in lower concentrations than in men, so they get drunk faster.

The same factor influences the formation of alcohol dependence in women faster than in men. Even after consuming small doses, women's organs undergo great changes. Under the influence of alcohol, a woman’s body primarily suffers. Ethanol disrupts the monthly cycle and negatively affects reproductive cells and conception. Drinking alcohol accelerates the onset of menopause. In addition, alcohol increases the risk of cancer of the breast and other organs. With age, the negative effect of alcohol on the female body increases because its elimination from the body slows down.

Alcohol negatively affects important brain structures - the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The consequence of this is its negative impact on male body- the production of sex hormones decreases, causing potency to decrease. As a result, family relationships collapse.

Alcohol negatively affects all organs. It has the fastest and most dangerous effect on the brain and heart. Ethanol increases blood pressure, thickens the blood, and disrupts blood circulation in the brain and coronary vessels. Thus, it provokes a heart attack, stroke, and hypertensive crisis. With long-term use, irreversible diseases of the heart and brain develop - alcoholic cardiomyopathy, encephalopathy. The most important organs designed to remove toxins from the body - the liver and kidneys - suffer. The pancreas is damaged and digestion is disrupted. But stopping drinking alcohol early stage diseases can restore cells and stop the destruction of organs.

Alcohol is the most dangerous drug of all. Scientists came to this conclusion after assessing the harm that ethyl alcohol causes to the body. This takes into account the influence of alcohol not only on the drinker himself, but also on those around him. The number of drinks consumed is also of great importance. Thus, alcohol took first place among other drugs.

Can alcohol be good for you?

There is an opinion that small doses of alcohol can be beneficial for humans. Ethanol is one of the substances necessary for the normal functioning of the body. But for this, its own physiological processes of its production as a result of metabolism are provided.

Remember that ethanol breakdown products are concentrated in the brain, not in the blood. Their positive effects are associated with the nervous system:

• alcohol relieves tension, calms, reduces the excitability of nerve cells;
• Alcohol lifts the mood and causes euphoria.

The pseudo-positive effect does not last long and always carries the risk of developing addiction. Despite this, studies are constantly being published confirming the benefits of moderate doses of alcohol for organs and systems. Of course, such data cannot be taken as a call to action. However, they contribute to the illusion of safety in drinking alcohol.

How alcohol works

The effect of alcohol on the body can definitely be considered harmful. With an increase in the amount of alcohol consumed, it is impossible to protect internal organs and the brain from damage. There inevitably comes a time when there is no longer any hope of getting rid of the addiction on your own.

So, what are the harmful effects of alcohol?

• Poisoning of cells. Alcohol is a poison that kills all living things. That is why it is used as an antibacterial agent for tissue damage. The main concentration of ethanol is observed in the liver and brain. For cells to die, men need more than 20 ml of alcohol, women - more than 10 ml.
• Mutagenic effect. The immune system human is configured to destroy all foreign cells. Alcohol causes mutation in tissues. This leads to cancer because the immune system cannot cope with the load.
• Sexual dysfunction. In men, sperm are formed within 75 days. To avoid the appearance of mutagens in children, he needs to abstain from drinking alcohol for 2.5 months before conception. For women, everything is much more complicated. Eggs are present in the body from birth; accordingly, all mutations are stored in them at the genetic level and can manifest themselves in offspring.
• Violation of fetal development. This fact is not due to mutation, but to the incorrect functioning of systems. The brain and limbs are most often affected.
• Alcohol is a narcotic substance. Concentrated in the brain, it affects the functioning of two groups of neurotransmitters. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors begin to work in enhanced mode. These cells are responsible for inhibitory reactions nervous system. The man calms down. Endorphins and dopamine begin to be produced in greater volumes, which leads to a state of euphoria.

The effect of alcohol on the brain

To a greater extent, the effect of alcohol extends to the brain. This organ is the main consumer of energy, uses all other organs and receptors, and affects the functioning of systems as a whole. The negative effect of alcohol on the brain is based on the cessation of oxygen supply to neurons due to alcohol intoxication. The cells die, the person gradually becomes weak-minded.

Intensive alcohol consumption has irreversible effects:

• decreased brain function;
• damage to the cells of the cerebral cortex.

All this invariably affects intellectual abilities, and also explains changes in the behavior, preferences and hobbies of alcoholics.

The effect of alcohol on other organs and systems

• Heart and blood vessels. Diseases of these organs rank first among other disorders caused by alcohol use. The effect of alcohol destroys the heart muscle, leading to serious consequences including death. Alcohol abuse leads to the development of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and causes heart attacks. People with relatively little alcohol “experience” often experience heart enlargement and heart rhythm disturbances.
• External respiration system. The effect of alcohol is manifested in disruption of the normal rhythm, alternation of inhalations and exhalations. The result is serious disorders. Breathing becomes more frequent and worsens as alcoholism develops. Against the background of this disorder, diseases such as bronchitis, emphysema, tracheobronchitis, and tuberculosis occur. When combined with smoking, alcohol has a deadly effect on the respiratory system.
• Gastrointestinal tract. The mucous membrane of the stomach is the first to take the blow from systematic alcohol consumption. Studies reveal gastritis, ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, including the duodenum. The effect of alcohol damages the salivary glands. As the disease progresses, other tissue damage is observed.
• The liver occupies a special place among the digestive organs. Its functions include neutralizing toxic substances and removing toxins. The liver is involved in the metabolism of almost all incoming elements - proteins, fats, carbohydrates and even water. Under the influence of alcohol, the organ loses the ability to perform its functions normally. Cirrhosis develops.
• Kidneys. Almost all alcoholics suffer from impaired excretory function of this organ. Alcohol disrupts the functioning of the adrenal glands, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This leads to improper regulation of renal activity. The epithelial cells that line the inner surface of organs and protect them from damage die. This inevitably ends in serious pathological diseases.
• Psyche. Under the influence of alcohol, a wide variety of abnormalities develop - hallucinations, convulsions, numbness in the limbs, severe weakness, muscle dysfunction. Paralysis is often observed, which goes away during a period of abstinence from alcohol.
• Immunity. The process of hematopoiesis is disrupted due to the systematic consumption of alcoholic beverages, the production of lymphocytes decreases, and allergies appear.
• Reproductive system. Sexual dysfunction is an indispensable companion to alcoholism. In men, neuroses and depression develop against the background of impaired reproductive ability. Women suffer from the inability to conceive, frequent toxicosis during pregnancy, and early cessation of menstruation.

In addition to the above, the effect of alcohol depletes muscles and worsens skin condition. Patients experience delirium tremens, life expectancy and quality of life are reduced.

Risk to future children

The negative effect of alcohol on fetal development has been known since Ancient Greece. Then the first attempts were made to limit the addiction. Today, scientists have clearly proven that chronic alcoholics are practically unable to conceive healthy offspring.

The problem is complicated by the fact that genetic coding due to parental illness is almost impossible to correct pharmacologically. As a result, the risks for offspring increase:

• mental retardation manifests itself in most cases;
• physical deformity is often a consequence of chronic alcoholism in parents;
• in 94% of cases, even healthy children subsequently become drunkards themselves.

Of course, the issue of having healthy offspring consists of many factors. But the danger of conceiving a sick child is too high. Even almost healthy people who are prone to drinking alcohol can have children with disabilities. Especially if conception occurs at the moment of intoxication.

A number of studies by European scientists were aimed at assessing the degradation of several generations of alcoholics in one family. The results of the observations were disappointing facts:

• the first generation of chronic alcoholics showed moral depravity, excessive drinking;
• the second generation suffered from alcoholism in the full sense of the word;
• in the third generation, hypochondriacs, melancholics and persons prone to murder appeared;
• the fourth generation became an indicator of decline and cessation of the race (infertility, idiocy, mental inferiority).

Not only the effect of alcohol at the genetic level plays a role, but also the unfavorable environment in which children are raised. Social factors turn out to be no less significant. Children are in a constant state of stress and have learning difficulties. As a result, the child develops psychological disorders that lead to aggressiveness or isolation.

How to stop drinking alcohol?

The effect of alcohol on the body destroys a person. Not only the drinkers themselves suffer from the disease, but also the people around them, especially children. How to stop destroying yourself and find strength to fight the disease?

Allen Carr's book "The Easy Way to Quit Drinking" will help you free yourself from addiction. The bestseller is specially created for people who have decided to change their lives and free themselves from the harmful effects of alcohol. The book will help you realize the need for change and show you the way to return to normal life.