The lexical composition of the Russian language has been continuously enriched throughout its history. One of the most common parts of speech is the noun. New words are formed in this part of speech using the four main, most productive ways of forming nouns. The most effective and simplest of them is morphological. There is also a morphological-syntactic, lexical-semantic and lexical-syntactic method.

Suffix method

First, we should consider the types of morphological method of forming nouns in the Russian language. The simplest and most productive among them is suffixal. When using this method, a suffix is ​​added to existing nouns, verbs or adjectives, sometimes only to their stems, resulting in a new noun.

Most often with this method of education they use (student, excellent student), -schik (coachman, mason), -ik (most often with its help, the formation of diminutive nouns is formed, for example, table), -ist (accordion player, anarchist) , -tor (isolator, fixator), -ost (used in education, for example, cowardice or courage), -ie (ye) (for nouns with the meaning of place, for example, woodland or district) and some others.

Feminine nouns, denoting occupation or other characteristics, are often formed directly from a verb or from a masculine noun. Often, for this method of forming nouns, the suffixes -nits-a (ruler, worker), -chits-a (schitz-a) (pilot, excavator operator), -its-a (singer, owner) and some others are used.

Suffixless method

It is one of the most difficult methods among those listed. It is with him that difficult cases of forming forms of nouns are often associated.

In fact, if you properly master this type of morphological word formation, then it will not seem so difficult to you. Most often, the so-called suffixless form is formed. The initial form of the verb is taken, which is also called the infinitive, after which part of the word is cut off, for example, from the verb “to enter”, by cutting off parts of the word -and- and -t, the verbal noun entry is formed. In the Russian language you can find many similar words formed using this method.

A little less often you can find nouns formed from adjectives using the same suffixless method and cutting off the end of the word. For example, the noun “dal” is formed from the adjective distant.

Prefix method

The prefix (also known as prefix) method of forming nouns in the Russian language is one of the simplest and at the same time widespread. When using this method, a prefix is ​​added to an existing noun, which changes its meaning, but the new word always belongs to the same part of speech.

The most common cases of using this method: a prefix denotes the opposite of something, a new word often becomes an antonym to the original word (sociality - asociality, sanity - insanity, advertising - anti-advertising, limit - lawlessness). The prefix denotes an increase in value (man - superman, model - supermodel, sound - ultrasound). The prefix indicates the position below (heading - subtitle, president - vice-president). The prefix indicates the repetition of the action (election - re-election, broadcast - retransmission).

Prefix-suffix method

With the prefix-suffix method of forming nouns, both a prefix and a suffix are simultaneously added to the original word. We can conditionally distinguish two groups of prefixes and suffixes that participate in this method of word formation.

First group. A prefix denotes the absence of something or the opposite of something, and a suffix denotes distance or a remedy against something. For example: faith - lack of faith, work - unemployment, flu - anti-flu.

Second group. Both the prefix and the suffix have a spatial meaning. For example: interfluve, coast.

Compounding

When using compounding, two or more stems of already existing words are added and the result is a new one. Using this method, complex nouns are often formed.

Here are the main cases of using compounding in Russian:

Two stems are connected, nominal and verbal, using the connecting vowel o or e; suffixes are rarely used. For example: vacuum cleaner, paint grinder.

Two noun stems are joined and a connecting vowel or hyphen is used instead. For example: southeast, mechanical engineering.

The stems of a noun and an adjective are connected using the connecting vowel o. For example: black soil, Kislovodsk.

They are connected by using a suffix of the base of a noun and a numeral. For example: pentagon, three-year plan.

The stems of a noun and a pronoun are connected using a suffix. For example: self-criticism, self-control.

The basis of the noun and word-formation elements of international use are combined. For example: agro-industry, car club, cycle track, film club, livestock specialist.

Truncation

Truncation can hardly be considered one of the main ways of forming nouns; it is not used very often and words formed using truncation are often used in colloquial speech.

When using this method, the base of the original word is truncated, for example: specialist - specialist, manager - manager.

Lexico-semantic method

The lexical-semantic method is more complex and less widespread in the modern Russian language. When using this method, the lexical and grammatical meaning of a noun already existing in the language is rethought, without changing its external form. Often such words are homonyms of existing ones, completely losing all lexical connections with the original word.

For example: foreman (in the sense of a military rank) and foreman (in the sense of a team leader in production).

Lexico-syntactic method

When using the lexical-semantic method of forming nouns, a new word arises due to the merger of an established phrase. For example: bloodshed, crazy.

In colloquial speech you can often find nouns that are formed according to this scheme. Often these words are formed from a base using the suffix -k. For example: high-rise building, business card. Also, very often this method of word formation is found in the names of products (buckwheat, stewed meat, condensed milk).

Substantivization

Substantivization is also sometimes called the morphological-syntactic method. In such cases, the word is used without changing its external form. Most often they go into the category of nouns. For example: teacher's room, bakery, acquaintance.

Sometimes you can also find cases of substantivization of participles. For example: a victim who smokes.

Pluralizing nouns

In addition to the formation of new words, in particular nouns, difficulties can also be caused by changing their forms, genders, cases and numbers. Most often, native speakers and people learning it from scratch have problems with the formation of plural nouns.

The most basic rules are as follows: to masculine nouns add the ending -ы (и) in the plural, to feminine nouns - the ending -ы or -и (depending on the singular ending), to neuter nouns - the endings -а or -я, also depending on the singular ending.

However, there are many words that do not follow the generally accepted rules of the Russian literary language when forming the plural form. The spelling of such words should be checked in dictionaries or other sources. The most common cases: director (correctly - directors), locksmith (correctly both locksmiths and mechanics), cream (correctly - crema) and others.

Having mastered all the methods of word formation of nouns, you can easily create neologisms of the Russian language in oral speech; this will also help with grammatical parsing of sentences and changing words by cases, genders and numbers.

Morphemes are like building material, only words are made up of morphemes. But with the help of construction, you can create new buildings, and you can make new words from morphemes. How? You will learn about this in this lesson.

Topic: Word formation. Spelling

Lesson: Basic ways of forming words in Russian

When forming words prefix in this way, a new word arises as a result of attaching a prefix to the original, ready-made word. In this case, the new word belongs to the same part of speech as the original one.

The following are formed using the prefix method:

1.nouns:

to the original noun grandmother prefix is ​​added great-- a new noun is obtained great-grandmother;

2.adjectives:

to original adjective Kind prefix is ​​added pre-- a new adjective appears kind;

3.pronouns:

to the original pronoun Who prefix is ​​added some- a new pronoun is obtained someone, which is written with a hyphen;

4. Verbs, and the prefix changes the imperfect form of the original verb to the perfect:

5. adverbs:

to adverb funny prefix is ​​added Not- - a new adverb is obtained sad.

Suffixal The method is to add a suffix to the base of the original word.

Most often, the following are formed in a suffix way:

1.nouns

Help+ suffix - Nick- it turns out assistant

Stone+ suffix - box- it turns out mason

Parachute+ suffix - ist- it turns out skydiver

Learn+ suffix - tel- it turns out teacher

Brave + suffix - awn- it turns out bravery

Build+ suffix - eni- it turns out structure

Table+ suffix - IR- it turns out table

2. adjectives

Care+ suffix - liv- it turns out caring

Spring+ suffix - n- it turns out spring

Goose+ suffix - in- it turns out goose

Grey+ suffix - enk- it turns out gray

3. adverbs ending in O:

To an adjective slow the suffix is ​​added - O-, an adverb appears slowly

To an adjective silent the suffix is ​​added - O-, adverb arises silently

Prefix-suffixal The method consists in simultaneously attaching a prefix and a suffix to the base of the original word.

To original noun snow under- and suffix -Nick-, a new noun appears snowdrop

To original noun city the prefix is ​​added at the same time behind- and suffix -n-, an adjective is formed country

To the original verb run the prefix is ​​added at the same time once- and suffix -xia, a new verb is obtained run away

To original adjective new the prefix is ​​added at the same time By- and suffix -oh, the adverb appears in a new way

The most difficult of all ways to form new words in the Russian language is suffixless.

Without suffix way verbal nouns are formed.

We take the initial form of the verb go over and cut off from her -th And - And-, we get a verbal noun formed without a suffix transition.

Verbal nouns entry, repeat, departure, story, dispute formed in a suffixless manner.

In a suffixless way, nouns are also formed from adjectives in which the ending is discarded.

Let's take an adjective far and discard the ending from it - th, we get a noun formed without a suffix distance.

Quiet, dry, high, blue, green- these nouns are formed in a suffixless way from adjectives quiet, dry, high, blue, green.

Addition Another way to form new words is to combine two words in one word.

As a result of addition, complex words consisting of two roots are formed.

Words such as are formed by addition sofa bed, drama club, steamboat.

In Russian, words can be formed by transition from one part of speech to another.

Let's analyze two proposals:

1. There's a new face in town.

2. I love everything new.

In the first sentence the word new answers the question WHAT? (what kind of person? new) and is an adjective.

In the second sentence the word new answers the question WHAT? (I love what? everything new) and is no longer used as an adjective, but acts as a noun.

Read the text and complete the tasks.

Our extraordinary language is still a mystery. It contains all the tones and shades, all the transitions of 2 sounds from the hardest to the most gentle and soft; it is limitless and, alive as life, can be enriched every minute 2, drawing, on the one hand, lofty words from the language of the church and biblical 2, and on the other hand, choosing apt names from countless 2 of their dialects scattered throughout our provinces, thus having the opportunity in one and the same speech to ascend to the heights , inaccessible to any other language, and descend to simplicity, perceptible to the touch of the most incomprehensible person - a language that in itself is already a poet (N.V. Gogol).

Tasks 1. From the highlighted sentence, write down: a) words that do not have an ending; b) words with zero ending; c) words with a formally expressed ending. For the last two groups of words, indicate what grammatical meaning the endings have. 2. Find related words in the text. Group them according to the meaning of the root. 3. Find words that are formed by suffixal, prefixal and prefixal-suffixal methods of word formation. Indicate from what words they are formed. 4. Make a morphemic and word-formation analysis of the highlighted words.

Literature

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.

2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.

3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

The addition of nouns occurs mainly through word formation. According to Academic Grammar-80, the following main methods of word formation take place in the Russian language: suffixation, prefixation, substantivization, addition, abbreviation. Each method has its own characteristics; in addition, it is possible to combine several methods of word formation.

1. Suffixation. Nouns can be formed from verbs using suffixes: listener, preparer, worker, pilot, fighter, grumbler, player, clerk, drawing and etc.; from adjectives: old man, watchmaker, sage, poor man, clever woman, courage, wealth, silence and under.; from nouns: barman, tractor driver, combine operator, librarian, economist, satirist, assistant, bell, cucumber, brother etc.; from numerals: three, nine, nickel and under. The morphological suffix method can be represented by words with a materially expressed suffix ( liar, little bear) and words with zero suffixation ( mileage, blue).

2. Prefixation. Productive prefixes are non-, anti-, de-, dis-, co-, under-, re-, without- and etc.: untruth, dislike, anticyclone, antithesis, demilitarization, disharmony, co-author, subspecies, recalculation etc. Prefixation can be combined with suffixation (mixed type): unmercenary, kneecap, plantain, pre-winter and under.

3. Substantivization – this is the addition of nouns due to diachronic transformation from adjectives and participles (rarely - adverbs and 1 - pronouns). During the transition, the complex of differential features of the original part of speech is replaced by differential features of the transformant. This specificity obliges us to consider this method independently, in a different coordinate system.

4. Addition represents the formation of a new word by combining two or more stems: poultry farm, overpass, bakery, mud bath and under. Addition can be not only pure, but also with the addition of suffixes (materially expressed and zero): pressure cooker, discoverer, sweet tooth, book lover, trapper and so on..

Some grammars also distinguish fusion with suffix: doing nothing, gag.

5. Abbreviation is characteristic only of nouns. There are syllabic abbreviations: supply manager, grocery store; initial type, literal subtype: TNU – Taurida National University; initial type, sound subtype: university, youth theater; from the initial part of the word and the whole word: savings bank, state budget. It is possible to combine elements of abbreviation and addition: Dnieper hydroelectric station, fish factory.

Truncation stems occur in words like umbrella, Kostya.

Lexico-semantic the method is represented in words like pioneer.

9. Immigration potential of nouns

The immigration potential of nouns is formed through a diachronic process called substantivalization, as a result of which words of different parts of speech lose their differential features and acquire differential features of a noun. The noun formed as a result of such a transition is called substantivate. It must have a categorical meaning of objectivity, a constant category of gender, a numerical and case paradigm (if possible), the ability to act as the main and dependent component of a phrase, the ability to perform the function of any member of a sentence, except for the verbal predicate and agreed definition.

Substantivalization is one of the most active immigration processes. It is traditionally believed that all parts of speech have the ability to transform into nouns. M.F. Lukin writes: “Substantivization as a lexico-grammatical process is characteristic not only of those parts of speech that have the form of an adjective (adjective, participle, pronoun-adjective, ordinal number), but also of all other categories of words, because the ability of substantivization depends not so much on his potential ability to be a carrier of the trait. The carrier of a characteristic is a substance capable of carrying with it definitions for the expression of an attributive characteristic. Thus, the concept of the bearer of a feature is broader than the concept of objectivity: it also includes the concept of objectivity, and therefore makes it possible to cover numerous cases of substantivization of various grammatical forms: old tailor, your “ Why?, frightened Oh"" [Lukin M.F. Transformation of parts of speech in modern Russian. – Donetsk, 1973. – P. 39].

We cannot agree with this point of view. In our opinion, the facts of transition of a number of adjectives and participles into nouns should be considered indisputable ( embankment, worker, commander, dining room, pantry etc.), the substantivization of numerals, pronouns, and adverbs is controversial in many respects. Verbs, impersonal predicative words, all auxiliary parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions, particles), and interjections are not subject to substantivization at all. Let's show this with examples.

Changes to nouns:

1) adjectives military, private, forester, counselor, tailor, pavement, cleaning, embankment, bathroom, universe, cake, animal, insect, sleeping pills, Hungarian, champagne, aspic, weekend, bonus, daily allowance, tips, bonus etc. Ordinal words are also included here first, second And third, used to name certain dishes, for example: He didn't likefirst , Butsecond ate with pleasure;

2) participles manager, manager, believer, student, commander, absent, lagging behind, trailing, accused, arrested, subordinate, scientist, victim, guilty, what is happening, expected, discussed, said, heard, seen etc.;

3) pronoun draw: The match is overdraw ;

4) several adverbs with temporary and evaluative meaning ( today, tomorrow, satisfactory, good, excellent and some others), for example: Only under this condition does a person grow up who is able to look intoTomorrow capable of being proud of his Fatherland, believing in it, defending it(V. Pes.).

Having turned into nouns, the original forms lose their attribution and circumstantivity, acquire the meaning of objectivity, and become carriers of characteristics;

the categories of gender, number and case (if they existed) cease to be syntactic, reflective, dependent on the main word of the phrase: the category of gender becomes constant, qualifying; numerical and case paradigms – similar to substantive ones;

acquire the lexico-grammatical category of animate/inanimate, become members of one of the lexico-grammatical categories, usually concrete, less often abstract;

at the level of phrases, substantives can realize active and passive valency; in a sentence they perform the same functions as nuclear nouns.

Thus, in the original forms, during diachronic transformation into nouns, deep internal changes occur due to the fact that the differential features of the original part of speech are completely or mostly replaced by the differential features of nouns (while maintaining the external appearance of the word in all forms or in part of them ).

Particular difficulties arise when considering the substantivization of pronouns. It is known that pronouns have the same categorical meanings as the parts of speech that are grammatically correlative with them: nouns, adjectives, numerals and adverbs. Their difference lies in the method of display: nominative for full-nominal parts of speech and pronominal for pronouns. It is logical to assume that for the transition of pronouns into nouns, it is necessary to replace the method of mapping with a nominative one, that is, a pronominal sound complex, in the event of its transition into a noun, must be assigned a constant content - one or more meanings understood equally by all participants in the speech act. Let's try to determine whether this occurs in those examples that are interpreted by some linguists as the transition of pronouns into nouns.

A) Every must treat others with respect.

b) My got noisy.Myself came.Our won.

V) Tired of it I want your cock"I" .

In the first case (item a) the pronoun every acquires only categorical correlation with a noun, since it retains the main feature of pronouns - the pronominal way of display.

The highlighted words from paragraph b also cannot be considered substantivates, since without knowledge of extralinguistic factors or without a broad context it is impossible to determine the specific content of these pronouns due to the pronominal way of displaying reality. For example, the word myself depending on a certain context, the situation can act as a lexical equivalent of different nouns: himself – director, husband, chairman, dean, head of department etc.

At the word I, according to explanatory dictionaries, the meaning of an “indeclinable noun” of the neuter gender is noted, used “to designate oneself as an individual” [Ozhegov, 1978, p. 839]. In fact, the ability to refer to the addressee of speech belongs to the personal pronoun, and not to the noun. Pronoun I does not carry “substantial” content, does not acquire a nominative way of reflecting reality and does not pass into the category of nouns, although a certain semantic increase, determined by the context, takes place here, which allows us to talk about the occasional use of the pronoun I.

Other significant parts of speech do not turn into nouns: verbs, numerals. M.F. Lukin gives examples of the type of verbs and word combinations highlighted in the text as substantives: This "dont know" Not as boring as yours "know". (Ch.) I earlier "sorry" said to the young spring, the spring of hopes and delusions. (Elm.) - And you through "I can not", - insisted Ryaboy (From the gas.).

In these examples, none of the verbs is a substantive, since all of them do not acquire the categorical meaning of nouns, their lexical, morphological and word-formation features. The only quality that unites the analyzed facts is a common syntactic position. But this is not enough to translate one part of speech into another. Moreover, one cannot help but pay attention to the fact that in all the examples we are dealing with a quotation, an ellipsis of the lexemes “word”, “expression”, “statement”, etc., and everything can be quoted, from one sound to a text of any size ( within reasonable limits). Thus, the verbs in the above sentences do not become nouns. However, several cases of diachronic transformation - substantivization of verbs - probably exist: kiss, pie, essence.

Functional parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) and interjections do not turn into nouns.

There is no single interpretation of such facts in the works of linguists. Even well-known scientists who develop the theory of transformation processes and functional homonyms give mutually exclusive interpretations. For example, analyzing the highlighted words in sentences: You should ask Clifford if he do not mind. But the team rebelled against him with such a passion that I have never seen before. before, nor after, – V.N. Migirin rightly wrote: “In this case, the transformation was purely syntactic in nature and was not accompanied by transformation at the level of parts of speech” [Migirin V.N. Essays on the theory of transition processes. – Balti, 1971, p. 54]. But in the same work V.N. Migirin says that pronouns, interjections, and function words are usually subject to occasional substantivization, and gives examples: All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly conversations are an abomination (A. Tolstoy). Without any But(from a conversation) [Migirin V.N. There, p. 138]. This means, on the one hand, the highlighted words are not substantivates, on the other hand, they and others like them are called occasional substantivates. The power of tradition is great if even prominent linguists participating in the creation of the theory of transition processes allow such illogicalities.

Functional parts of speech, as well as modal words and interjections, are usually classified as substantivates in cases of their occasional syntactic functioning (most often in situations where they are used as elements brought from another context).

M.F. Lukin names examples of substantivization of prepositions: Odoevsky weighed everything "behind " And "against » (Goal.); unions: (Oblomov) rearranged it three times (in the letter) “What ", but it turned out to be nonsense or proximity to another "What » (Goncharov); particles: ... The cherished date is calculated. But the most wonderful “would” I assigned to you at the turn At the turn of my own destiny(V. Savelyev); modal words: How many more of these “Maybe ", these guesses?(Zalygin); interjections: During a conversation late at night, it happened that suddenly it was heard “guard » (Ch.) [Lukin M.F. Transformation of parts of speech in modern Russian. – Donetsk, 1973. – P. 67–70]. These words, occupying the syntactic position of nouns, do not acquire the remaining differential features of nouns: categorical meaning, constant category of gender, paradigms of number and case, etc. They do not have a naming function, since they do not denote an object, do not name objects, neither signs, nor processes, etc. Each of the analyzed sound complexes does not have a specific nominative content assigned to it, with the help of which a “piece of objective reality” would be reflected in it. They serve specific areas of human knowledge and remain in their classes (prepositions, conjunctions, particles, modal words, interjections).

Proponents of the opposite point of view usually put forward as a counter-argument the ability of these words to acquire the neuter category in context, which is confirmed by the use of adjectives, pronouns, participles as defining words, for example: other "What ", dreamy "would ", these "Maybe ", loud "guard ", your "behind » etc. In fact, this is not a morphological, but a syntactic category of gender, manifested in the fact that any word, phrase, sentence, if embedded in another text, is easily defined by a word in the neuter form ( loud "aw ", hard "Yes » and etc.). In addition, not only a word, but also a letter, a combination of letters, a sentence, a piece of text in the form of several sentences can be used in the same position, for example: Zakhar nodded slightly, which could meanYes AndThank you , someday, but not today … (P. Proskurin). YoursHello! How are you living? Glad to see you “I won’t lie, it was nice to hear today.

Moreover, in a similar position a unit can be used that is traditionally not included in any part of speech at all and is not reflected in dictionaries - onomatopoeia; For example: Annoying mosquito "z-z-z "kept us up all night. Naturally, talking about the substantivization of onomatopoeia or several sentences at the same time means denying all the laws of logic and destroying the very concepts of “noun” and “substantive”. A letter, a combination of words, a sentence, a group of sentences, onomatopoeia, etc., acting in a position characteristic of a noun, does not thereby become a substantive. This phenomenon has received the name “inserted speech”, “inlay” in linguistic literature [Lukin M.F. Transformational processes in the field of parts of speech // Problems of word formation in the Russian and Ukrainian languages. – Kyiv: Donetsk, 1976. – P. 23]. The sentence, as it were, envelops the insertion with its content, preserving all the natural morphological qualities of the inlaid elements and without translating them into nouns.

A noun is one of the most frequently used parts of speech, designed to name (or give a name) to a certain object: an object, a feeling, an animal, a weather phenomenon, a person, and so on, thereby answering the questions “who?”, “what?”. Every person needs to know how nouns are formed, especially if his profession (for example: journalist, writer, writer, editor, etc.) is related to writing articles, literary works, essays, etc. Currently, the formation of nouns in the Russian language happens in different ways. Therefore, in this article we will look at the most important and frequently used techniques and dwell in detail on the suffixal method of forming nouns, as one of the most colorful and multifaceted methods of creating new words.

Methods of word formation of nouns

1. By rethinking the meaning of words already existing in the language, as well as by completely separating them from each other (the formation of homonyms). Example: the modern word “teapot” means “a person who is poorly or not at all versed in a particular topic.” Previously, it was used only in the meaning of “vessel with a spout.” This is lexical-semantic word formation.
2. The possibility of forming words from phrases determines the lexical-syntactic method. For example: blood loss, pastime, etc.
3. Morphological-syntactic method, especially in the manifestation of substantivization of adjectives that can act as both a noun and an adjective. For example: sick, military, assistant, etc.
4. Morphological word formation is one of the richest ways of forming nouns. The most common types of its formation are: affixation, addition of stems and suffixal method.
5. The prefix (prefix) method in word formation of a noun is used less frequently than the suffixal method. Often prefixed nouns are created from a verb stem or an adjective that has the same prefix.
6. The suffixless method of word formation is the basis of professional speech (lining, blowing, heating, etc.). Sometimes this method is used in common parlance (words: otpad, shout, etc.). Professional terminological vocabulary is much richer and more weighty than colloquial speech and is distributed to the masses through the media (for example: positive, fan, etc.).

Suffixal way of word formation

Nouns created using suffixes can be represented in four groups:

1. The name of persons is a way of forming nouns according to characteristics (occupation, place of residence, properties, social affiliation, religion, etc.). The suffixes used are –schik, -chik, -ets, -nik, -ik, -tel, -ich, -ist, -anin, -ak (-yak). Moreover, the suffixes that form patronymics should be highlighted separately: -ovich, -ovn-a, -ich, -inichn-a, -ich, -ichn-a, -ovich, -evich. Examples of words: clerk, aspic, teacher, financier, Ilyinichna, Viktorovich.
2. Abstract names are formed:
3. from verbs through the suffixes -nie, -enie, -k-a, -b(a), -ti, -rel(ya), -n(ya), -ovn(ya). Examples: admiring, shooting, relatives;
4. from adjectives through the suffixes -ost (-is), -in(a), -izn(a), -ot(a), -et(a), -stv(o) (-est(o). Examples: visibility , virgin soil, whiteness, fatherland;
5. Collective names are formed by the suffixes -estv(o), -stv(o), -n(ya), -ezh, -v(a), -ot(a), -j- (spelling -ё). Examples: the poor, youth, students.

OTHER

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Nouns are formed in modern Russian in different ways. Thus, a significant number of new nouns appeared as a result of rethinking the meaning of existing words in the language and their complete separation from each other, i.e. as a result of the emergence of homonyms (lexical-semantic word formation).

For example: foreman, pioneer, factory, world, etc. It is also possible to form words from phrases (lexico-syntactic method). For example: pastime, bloodshed, etc. The morphological-syntactic method is quite productive, especially the substantivization of adjectives, which can act as both nouns and adjectives, for example: military, assistant, worker, private, civilian, family, passer-by, equestrian, walking, native, junior, senior, boiler room, dining room, operating room, etc.

d. However, the most productive, richest method is morphological word formation. At the same time, of all types of morphological word formation of nouns, suffixal, suffixal-prefixal methods (affixation) and addition of stems are especially common. However, their degree of productivity varies. Thus, the prefix (prefix) method in the word formation of nouns plays a smaller role compared to the suffix method. Most often, nouns with prefixes are related in origin to verbal stems or adjective stems with the same prefixes. Suffixal, suffixal-prefixal and suffixless word formation Among word-forming suffixes, there are non-productive ones, with the help of which new words are currently not formed (for example, the suffix - н is unproductive: bol-zn, zhi-zn; the suffix - uh: pet-uh, past- uh), and productive suffixes, actively participating in modern word formation.

All productive word-forming suffixes are divided into several groups: 1) suffixes that serve to form the names of objects; 2) suffixes used to form names of persons (men and women); 3) suffixes that serve to form words with an abstract meaning (abstract); 4) suffixes that serve to form nouns that convey a subjective assessment. and prefixes used to form the names of objects. Among the suffixes of this group, a number of productive suffixes stand out, for example: 1) - flax, - lk-a, with the help of which nouns are formed (most often from verbal stems) with the meaning of an instrument of action, the name of the device (alarm clock, refrigerator, winnower, heating pad, thresher ); 2) - shchik (-chik), with the help of which nouns are formed (both from verbal and nominal stems) with the same meaning (counter, minesweeper; words with these suffixes are used in different styles of speech, but are most characteristic of speech scientifically -technical; 3) - flax, with the help of which feminine nouns are formed with the meaning of the place of action (reading room, dyehouse, bathhouse, etc.); 4) - е(-е), used to form (most often from nominal stems with prefixes of spatial meaning) nouns with the meaning of place (district, foothill, forearm, vpolye, foot, etc.

); 5) - k-a, used to form nouns (most often from the stems of relative adjectives in - ov-, - ev-), which are the names of objects according to the characteristic that characterizes them (anise, inch, pantry, tin); words with this suffix are used mainly in colloquial speech; the same suffix is ​​also used in the formation of words used as a colloquial (or even colloquial) synonym for combining an adjective with a noun: Tretyakovka (Tretyakov Gallery), vecherka (evening newspaper), etc.; 6) - a nickname with the help of which (most often from nominal stems) nouns are formed to denote a container, a device for something, under something (coffee pot, wallet, pigsty, etc.); 7) - in-a, used to form nouns with the meaning of singularity (bead, straw, pearl, etc.), as well as (from verbal stems with prefixes) nouns with the meaning of the result of an action (pothole, dent, blockage, scorch, etc. ); 8) - torus, used to form masculine nouns denoting instruments of action, instruments, mechanisms (insulator, separator, retainer, etc.); such words are used mainly in industrial and technical speech; 9) - l-o, which is used to form neuter nouns from verbal stems (with and without prefixes) with the meaning of an instrument of action (blanket, blower, sinker, etc.); words of this type are used mainly in industrial and technical speech.

Suffixes used to form nouns with the meaning of person. The methods of forming nouns of this group are very diverse.

To form masculine nouns used to designate persons by profession, activity, occupation (sometimes indicating the predominant feature in the activity), the following productive suffixes are used (partially foreign language, like the stems): 1) - shchik, - chik, at with the help of which nouns are formed both from the stems of the verb and from the stems of nouns with and without prefixes (subscriber, peddler, bathhouse attendant, typesetter, newspaperman, loader, folder, etc.); 2) - flatter, with the help of which nouns are formed from verbal stems (driller, planer); words with these suffixes are used mainly in industrial and technical speech; 3) - tel, - itel, used to form nouns from verb stems with and without prefixes (accuser, educator, educator, seeker, destroyer, etc.); words with these suffixes are used mainly in book speech; 4) - ik, - nik, with the help of which nouns are formed both from the stems of nouns and from the stems of adjectives with the meaning of persons in their relation to the subject, to the profession, as well as with the meaning of the person’s attitude to the action, deed (virgin land worker, academician, chemist , personnel officer, food specialist, atheist, envious person, key holder, etc.

); 5) - sheep, - ets, - ist, with the help of which nouns are formed (from the stems of nouns) to name persons in relation to their institution, profession, activity, ideological direction (university student, Iskra member, Michurinets, signalman, journalist, etc.) ; words with these suffixes are used mainly in bookish styles of speech; 6) - ach, used in the formation of nouns from nominal stems to designate persons in relation to their profession, type of activity, as well as by their characteristic feature (circus performer, bearded man, strongman, etc.); many words with these suffixes are used most often in colloquial speech; 7) - ant (-yant), - ent, with the help of which nouns are formed from nominal and verbal stems to designate persons in relation to their occupation, to activity (cadet, musician, assistant, emigrant, etc.); such words are mainly used in bookish styles of speech; 8) - torus, with the help of which nouns are formed (both from verbal and nominal stems) to designate persons associated with certain actions (liquidator, operator, agitator, disinfector, etc.

); similar words are used in different styles of speech, but are most characteristic of book speech; 9) - anets (-yanets), - in, - anin (-yanin), - chanin, with the help of which nouns are formed to designate persons in relation to a country, nation, to a personal name with which a certain ideological direction is associated (American, Spaniard, Kievite, Gorky, Tatar, Bulgarian, Hegelian, Voltairian); 10) - ich, - ovich (-evich), used to name persons by patronymic (Kuzmich, Pavlovich, Dmitrievich). Some suffixes that form the names of male persons have additional expressive meanings of endearment, familiarity, and disdain.

This is the suffix - ysh with the meaning of the carrier of the attribute (silly, baby, foundling). The suffix - yonok, - onok, which is used to form names not only for young animals, but also for people (wolf cub, eaglet, bear cub, granddaughter, little wolf cub) adds an affectionate and disparaging tone.

To form feminine nouns (for the most part, such nouns are derivatives, correlative with masculine nouns), the following suffixes are used: 1) - k-a, which is added to masculine nouns with a non-derivative base, forming feminine nouns according to their affiliation with which one. or profession, by occupation, by characteristic action, etc. (circus performer, artist, shepherdess); with the help of the same suffix, nouns are formed to designate female persons according to their belonging to a certain nation (Georgian, Abkhazian, Italian, etc.), to an ideological direction (Komsomol member); the suffix - к-а is sometimes added to the stem of masculine nouns na - anin (-yanin), while the final part of the suffix - in disappears (Armenian - Armenian, Kiev - Kiev, citizen - city); 2) - nits-a, with the help of which nouns are formed to designate female persons in relation to their profession, institution, occupation, etc.