Was born March 21, 1865 in the city of Orel , in a family coming from Germany ,
belonged to commoners.

In 1883 Sternberg graduated with honors Oryol classical gymnasium
and in the same year he enteredmathematics department
Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, Moscow University, where he became one of the best
studentsoutstanding astronomer, professor Fedor Alexandrovich Bredikhin .

IN May of the same year he graduated from the university, and in March 1888 he was appointed supernumerary
assistant at the Astronomical Observatory and left at university for cooking
to a professorship.

In November 1988 Pavel Karlovich are elected Full member of the Moscow Society of Natural Scientists at Moscow University.

Together with F. Bredikhin he in 1888-1889 participated in
several expeditionsstudying in the European part of Russia gravimetric anomalies of deviations of gravity from its normal value, caused by heterogeneity of the density of the subsoil or irregularity of the Earth’s shape.

In 1890-1891 PC. Sternberg continued gravimetric studies,
leading expeditions toNizhny Novgorod, Sevastopol and Rostov-on-Don.

In 1908 Pavel Karlovich spent together with students force measurements
gravity in Torzhok, and in 1909, to link to international point V
Potsdam (Germany), carried out gravity difference measurements
between Moscow and Pulkovo observatories.

From 1915 to 1917 PC. Sternberg was studying
Moscow gravity anomaly.

Measurements carried out by him a specially selected line located across the strike of the anomaly (that is, between areas of negative
and positive plumb deviations).
Later this line (Presnya, Neskuchny Sad, Uzkoye, Podolsk) got the name
Sternberg section .
This work was interrupted revolution and completed after death Pavel Karlovich
his students I.A. Kazansky, A.A. Mikhailov And L.V.

Sorokin. Pavel Karlovich In 1890 appointedobservational astronomer at Moscow University
Andapproved in the same year.

Privat-docent of the university In January 1891 he started reading lectures
on his first at universitycourse.

"General theory of planetary disturbances" PC. Sternberg started reading in university course in celestial mechanics,
in 1898 - higher geodesy, in 1910 - spherical astronomy,
in 1911 - descriptive astronomy course.

The lectures of the last three courses in 1913-1915 were published lithographic method.
In addition, with 1892 to 1906 Pavel Karlovich taught physics at Alexandrovsky Commercial School, and from 1901 to 1917 lectured ontheoretical and practical astronomy and higher geodesy on Higher women's courses.

In 1899 he took part in the organizationPedagogical Congress,
at which he made a report ondisadvantages of teaching astronomy in schools.

In 1902 PC. Sternberg was elected Full member of the Pedagogical Society
at Moscow University.

IN1892 Pavel Karlovich began a series of observations ondetermining the latitude of the university observatory in connection with the problem of latitude variability.
The observation materials were summarized Sternberg in master's thesis
"Latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the movement of the poles", which
he successfully defended 1903 .

In 1902 PC. Sternberg , on behalf of Observatory Directors VC. Tserasky ,
began systematic photographing of double starsusing the installed
shortly before that15" astrograph.

Materials from these studies were used to writeDoctoral dissertation
"Some applications of photography to precise measurements in astronomy", successfully protected in 1913.

In June 1916 he was appointed Director of the observatory,
and in January 1917 elected ordinary Professor of Astronomy at Moscow University.

In April 1917 PC. Sternberg was elected Chairman of the First Congress of the All-Russian Astronomical Union which took place in Petrograd.

In 1905 Pavel Karlovich secretly becoming member of the RSDLP (b) and starts an underground
work inMilitary Technical Bureau of the Moscow Party Committeeon preparation
armed uprising.

IN October-November 1917 PC. Sternberg led military operations in Moscow .
In November 1917 he was appointed Military provincial commissar of Moscow, and in March 1918 , at the same time,Member of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Education And head of higher education department.

In July 1918 Pavel Karlovich participated in preparation and holding of the Meeting
university officials on issues of higher education reform.

IN September 1918, in the context of a flaring
Civil War, Sternberg Was assigned member of the Revolutionary Military Council And Political Commissar of the 2nd Army
Eastern Front, and in September 1919 - Member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front.
IN November-December 1919he took part inleadership of combat operations of the 3rd and 5th armies of the Eastern Front By mastering Omsk. Awards and titles:
In 1887 P.K. Sternberg was awarded faculty gold medal
for student scientific work
"On the duration of rotation of Jupiter's Red Spot."

Behind gravimetric studies in 1891 he was awarded silver medal of the Russian Geographical Society.

In 1906 studies of 1892 PC. Sternberg was awarded
medalRussian Astronomical Society.

STERNBERG Pavel Karlovich

Pavel Karlovich Sternberg - Russian astronomer, gravimetrist, director of the Astronomical Observatory of Moscow University, revolutionary, public and political figure. Born into a family of immigrants from Germany who belonged to commoners. In 1883, Sternberg successfully graduated from the Oryol classical gymnasium and in the same year he entered the mathematical department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, where he became one of the best students of the outstanding astronomer Professor F.A. Bredikhina. In 1887, Sternberg was awarded the department's gold medal for student scientific work" About the duration of rotation of Jupiter's Red Spot". "In May of the same year he graduated from the university, and in March 1888 he was appointed supernumerary assistant at the Astronomical Observatory and remained at the university to prepare for the professorship.

In November 1888, Sternberg was elected a full member of the Moscow Society of Natural Scientists at Moscow University. Together with Bredikhin, in 1888-1889. participated in several expeditions to study gravimetric anomalies in the European part of Russia, deviations of gravity from its normal value, caused by heterogeneity in the density of the subsoil or the irregularity of the shape of the Earth. In 1890-1891 Sternberg continued gravimetric research, leading expeditions to Nizhny Novgorod, Sevastopol and Rostov-on-Don. For these studies in 1891 he was awarded a silver medal of the Russian Geographical Society. In 1908, Sternberg, together with students, carried out measurements of gravity in the city of Torzhok, and in 1909, to link to the international point in Potsdam (Germany), he measured the difference in gravity between the Moscow and Pulkovo observatories. From 1915 to 1917 Sternberg was studying the Moscow gravitational anomaly. The measurements were carried out by him along a specially selected line located across the strike of the anomaly (that is, between the areas of negative and positive deviations of the plumb line). Later, this line (Presnya, Neskuchny Sad, Uzkoye, Podolsk) was called the Sternberg section. This work was interrupted by the revolution and completed after Sternberg’s death by his students I.A. Kazansky, A.A. Mikhailov and L.V. Sorokin.

In 1890, Sternberg was appointed as an observer astronomer at Moscow University and in the same year he was approved as a private assistant professor at the university. In January 1891, he began lecturing on his first university course, General Theory of Planetary Perturbations. In 1896, Sternberg began teaching a course on celestial mechanics at the university, in 1898 on higher geodesy, in 1910 on spherical astronomy, and in 1911 on a course on descriptive astronomy. Lectures of the last three courses in 1913-1915. were published lithographically. In addition, from 1892 to 1906. Sternberg taught physics at the Alexander Commercial School, and from 1901 to 1917. gave lectures on theoretical and practical astronomy and higher geodesy at the Higher Women's Courses. In 1899, he took part in organizing the Pedagogical Congress, at which he made a report on the shortcomings of teaching astronomy in schools. In 1902, Sternberg was elected a full member of the Pedagogical Society at Moscow University.

In 1892, Sternberg began a series of observations to determine the latitude of the university observatory in connection with the problem of latitude variability. The observational materials were summarized by Sternberg in his master's thesis Latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the movement of the poles, which he successfully defended in 1903, and in 1906 he was awarded a medal of the Russian Astronomical Society for this research. In 1902, Sternberg, on behalf of the director of the observatory V.K. Tserasky, began systematically photographing double stars using a 15-inch astrograph installed shortly before. The materials from these studies were used to write a doctoral dissertation: Some Applications of Photography to Precision Measurements in Astronomy, successfully defended in 1913. In June 1916 he was appointed director of the observatory, and in January 1917 he was elected ordinary professor of astronomy at Moscow University. In April 1917, Sternberg was elected chairman of the First Congress of the All-Russian Astronomical Union, held in Petrograd.

In 1905, Sternberg secretly became a member of the RSDLP (b) and began underground work in the Military Technical Bureau of the Moscow Party Committee to prepare an armed uprising. In October-November 1917, Sternberg led the fighting in Moscow. In November 1917, he was appointed military provincial commissar of Moscow, and in March 1918, concurrently, a member of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Education and head of the higher education department. In July 1918, Sternberg participated in the preparation and holding of a meeting of university officials on issues of higher education reform. In September 1918, as the civil war flared up, Sternberg was appointed a member of the Revolutionary Military Council and political commissar of the 2nd Army of the Eastern Front, and in September 1919 a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front. In November-December 1919, he took part in directing the combat operations of the 3rd and 5th armies of the Eastern Front to capture Omsk. Sternberg became seriously ill during the crossing of the Irtysh and was taken to Moscow, where he died on the night of January 31 to February 1, 1920. He was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery in Moscow.

Essays:

1. Latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the movement of the poles. M., 1903. (Master's thesis).
2. Some applications of photography to precise measurements in astronomy: Dr. dis. // Bull. Soc. Natur. Moskau (Ann. 1913). 1914. N 1/3. P. 1-212.

Literature:

1. Blazhko S.N. Pavel Karlovich Sternberg: Obituary // Moscow Report. University for 1921, pp. 109-112.
2. Perel Yu.G. Outstanding Russian astronomers. M., 1951. S. 141-175.
3. Kulikovsky P.G. Pavel Karlovich Sternberg. 18651920. 2nd ed. M., 1987.

Sternberg P.K.

Genus. in Orel, in the family of a fairly prosperous railway contractor. buildings. While still in high school, he developed an interest in scientific work in the field of astronomy, and, as a high school student, he spent many nights studying the starry sky. After graduating from high school, he entered Moscow University to study physics and mathematics. faculty and chooses astronomy as his specialty. Forced to live solely on his earnings from lessons (he earned up to 20 rubles a month), he nevertheless quickly stood out among the students and became Bredikhin's outstanding student. While still a student, he worked at the Moscow Astronomical Institute. observatory. He writes a thesis for a gold medal and, left at the university, devotes himself entirely to scientific work, alien to politics and any social activity in general, devoting part of his time to teaching only to earn money. work in gymnasiums. His first works were with a pendulum, and later on the application of photography, in particular to measurements and studies of double stars. His first dissertation (in 1903) was “The latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the movement of the poles,” the second (1913) was “Some applications of photography to precise measurements in astronomy.” Sh. is gaining significant scientific fame in the West. Europe. He read astronomer. courses in Moscow University and Moscow higher women's courses.

In 1904, with the Japanese War, interest in political life began to awaken in Sh. In 1905, having received a scientific trip to Germany, he met an illegal politician. literature and with German social democrats. press. He returned in December 1905, in the days following Moscow. uprising, determined by the Social Democrat and, immediately joining the Bolshevik organization, first worked in its financial apparatus, was a representative of the Moscow. committee in the Red Cross, etc. Soon he becomes a military technical employee. Moscow bureau com, without leaving this work even in 1907-1908. - in the era of the heyday of reaction, and, risking the gallows, organizes work to study Moscow in the event of an uprising and civil war (under the guise of the head of the student group’s work on measuring gravity anomalies - with the permission of the city governor and governor - he does this for several months with the group comrades, photographing streets, marking passageways, convenient points, etc.). Since 1909, Sh. retreated from active work in the underground and provided only material assistance to the organization, participated in the work of legal organizations, giving lectures, etc., while continuing to be associated with the party. There are several searches at Sh.'s place, he is not confirmed as a professor (until 1917); but in general he is not particularly persecuted: in this his biographer (V. Ya.) sees the subtle calculation of one of the largest provocateurs of the Bolshevik organization A. S. Romanov, who spared Sh. so as not to expose himself. In 1917, Sh. was again involved in active work on organizing military squads. He enters the city duma as a Bolshevik candidate. He takes part in the organization of fighting squads, goes to the mountains. Duma from the Bolshevik Party, in October he established security for Moscow. advice, then the initial steps are done. Zamoscow headquarters Revolutionary Committee, after the coup - pres. Zamosk. Revolutionary Committee and, finally, Moscow. governor Commissioner. Upon the move of the Council of People's Commissars to Moscow, Sh., as a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Education, took charge of the higher school and in 1918 participated in its reorganization. Since the fall of 1918, Sh. has been a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 2nd Army, then of the Eastern Front. Sh. finally breaks with science, with the observatory, the director of which he was before leaving for the front. He makes advances and retreats, catches pneumonia at the front and dies on January 31, 1920 (See " Pam. boron").

Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich

(1866-1920) - communist, professor of astronomy at Moscow University; from a wealthy family of railways. contractor. After graduating from the Oryol gymnasium, he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University, where he was left for scientific work. In December 1905 he joined the Bolsheviks and soon became one of the most prominent workers of the Military Technical Bureau of the Moscow Institute. In 1907-1908, Sh. organized, under the guise of measuring gravity anomalies, a survey of the streets of Moscow for the purposes of a future uprising and civil war (the work was carried out by a group of party comrades under the guise of students). Since 1909, Sh. withdrew from active underground work, supporting the organization only financially and continuing to work in legal organizations. After the February Revolution, Sternberg headed the work of organizing combat squads in Moscow. In the October days he organized the security of the Moscow Council, then worked as chief of staff of the Zamoskvoretsky Revolutionary Committee, and after the coup - its chairman and Moscow provincial commissar. In 1918 - member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Education, head of the department of higher education and, together with M. N. Pokrovsky, held the first meeting on the reform of higher education. In the fall of 1918, Sh., due to party mobilization, went to the front and worked as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front. He died at the front from pleurisy. Sh. is a major scientist with a European name. His scientific activities were very diverse. Sh.'s achievements were especially great in the field of gravimetry. Since 1888, Sh. conducted a large number of expeditions to various areas of Russia to determine the force of gravity. In particular, he studied the Moscow gravitational anomaly (1917). In 1910, Sh. established a gravitational connection between Pulkovo and Moscow. Sh. - one of the first to study the issue of latitude variability (medal of the Russian Astronomical Society, 1906) and photographing double stars in order to determine their relative position. The photographic material obtained by Sh. on planetary nebulae is still used today. time is the basis for inferring the proper motions of these objects. Sh. took part in expeditions to observe total solar eclipses in 1887 and 1914. Sh.’s teaching activities began in 1890 and continued in various educational institutions until 1918. The Moscow Astronomical Observatory is named after Sh.

Proceedings of Sh.: Latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the movement of the poles, M., 1903 (first dissertation); Some applications of photography to precise measurements and astronomy, M., 1913 (second dissertation), etc.

Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich

Sov. astronomer, revolutionary figure. Born in Orel. Upon completion of Moscow. University (in 1887) was left to prepare for a professorship. Since 1914 - extraordinary, since 1917 - ordinary professor. right there. In 1916-17 - director. Moscow observatory. Since 1891, Sh. conducted scientific work in Moscow. University Observatory and at the same time taught courses in astronomy and geodesy. In 1905 he joined the RSDLP and, having joined the Bolsheviks, soon became one of the most prominent military-technical workers. Moscow Bureau party committee. In 1907-08, Sh. organized a survey of the streets of Moscow for the purposes of a future armed uprising (the work was carried out by a group of comrades under the guise of studying gravity anomalies). Since 1909, in connection with the liquidation of the military-technical. The bureau withdrew from active underground work, but did not break ties with the party, provided it with material assistance, and participated in the work of legal organizations. After the February Revolution, Sh. was one of the organizers and leaders of the fighting squads of Moscow workers. In the October days, Sh. led the revolutionary forces of the Zamoskvoretsky district, then was elected member. Presidium of Moscow provincial executive committee In 1918 Sh. - member. Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education, headed the department of higher education. On Sept. In 1918 he was mobilized to the front and appointed political officer. commissioner and member Revolutionary Military Council of the 2nd Army East. front, and in 1919 - member. Revolutionary Military Council East. front. He died of pneumonia. As a scientist, Sh. is known for his work in the field of gravimetry and photography. astrometry. In 1888 he began gravimetric studies. research subsequently carried out in various areas of Europe. parts of Russia. In 1909, Sh. established gravimetric. connection between Pulkovo and Moscow. In 1915-16 he studied Moscow in detail. gravity anomaly, made by gravimetric. section, called "section Sh." Sh. was one of the first to use photography to measure double stars. Sh.'s work on "determining the latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the problem of studying the movement of the earth's poles is of great importance. In 1914, Sh. led an expedition to observe a total solar eclipse. Sh.'s name was given to the State Astronomical Institute at Moscow University. those.

Lit.: [Kulikovsky P. G.], Pavel Karlovich Sternberg, M., 1951 (there is a bibliography of Sh.’s works); Perel Yu. G., Outstanding Russian astronomers, M.-L., 1951.

Sternberg, Pavel Karlovich

(3.IV.1865-1.II.1920) - Soviet astronomer and revolutionary figure. Genus. in Orel. In 1887 he graduated from Moscow University and was appointed assistant at the university's observatory. Since 1890, he was a private associate professor at the university and at the same time an astronomer-observer at the Moscow Observatory. In 1899-1900 headed the Commission for the development of an astronomy program for secondary schools.

After the events of 1905, he joined the underground struggle of the Moscow Bolshevik organization, on whose instructions he carried out a bold undertaking to photograph a detailed plan of Moscow (1907). He was elected a member of the Moscow City Duma on the Bolshevik list. During the days of the uprising of 1917, he was appointed representative of the party center of the uprising in the Zamoskvoretsky district. In 1918 he headed the Higher School Department of the People's Commissariat of Education. Along with revolutionary political work, he did not stop scientific and pedagogical activities. Since 1914 - extraordinary, and since 1917 - ordinary professor at Moscow University. In 1916-1917 - Director of the Moscow Observatory.

Scientific works relate to the study of the rotational motion of the Earth, photographic astronomy, and gravimetry. For his gravimetric determinations at a number of points in the European part of Russia with the Repsold pendulum, he received a medal from the Russian Geographical Institute

islands In 1892-1903. carried out a major study "The latitude of the Moscow Observatory in connection with the movement of the poles."

Sternberg's photographic observations of binary stars were among the first rigorous attempts in science to use photographic techniques to accurately measure the relative positions of star pairs. The hundreds of photographs he obtained of double stars and other objects still serve as good material for special research.

In 1913, Sternberg was awarded the degree of Doctor of Astronomy in connection with the defense of his dissertation “Some applications of photography to precise measurements in astronomy.”

Sternberg spent the last and most intense year of his life in the ranks of the Red Army and contributed to the defeat of Kolchak and the establishment of Soviet power in Siberia.

The State Astronomical Institute of Moscow University bears the name of P.K. Sternberg.

Lit.: Perel Yu. G. Outstanding Russian astronomers. - M.-L., Gostekhizdat, 1951. - Kulikovsky P. G. Pavel Karlovich Sternberg. - M., Moscow State University, 1951.

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