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Presentation on the topic: Ivan IV the Terrible

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Ivan IV the Terrible IVAN IV the Terrible (1530-84), Grand Duke“All Rus'” (from 1533), the first Russian Tsar (from 1547), son of Vasily III. From the end 40s rules with the participation of the Chosen Rada. Under him, the convening of Zemsky Sobors began, the Code of Law of 1550 was drawn up. Reforms of administration and the court were carried out (Gubnaya, Zemskaya and other reforms). In 1565 the oprichnina was introduced.

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Ivan IV the Terrible Under Ivan IV, trade ties were established with England (1553), and the first printing house was created in Moscow. The Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates were conquered. In 1558-83, the Livonian War was fought for access to the Baltic Sea, and the annexation of Siberia began (1581). Domestic policy Ivan IV was accompanied by mass disgraces and executions, and increased enslavement of the peasants.

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Childhood of Ivan IV After the death of his father, 3-year-old Ivan remained in the care of his mother, who died in 1538, when he was 8 years old. Ivan grew up in an environment of palace coups, the struggle for power between the boyar families of the Shuisky and Belsky, warring among themselves. The murders, intrigues and violence that surrounded him contributed to the development of suspicion, vindictiveness and cruelty in him. Ivan’s tendency to torment living beings manifested itself already in childhood, and those close to him approved of it. One of the strong impressions of the tsar in his youth was the “great fire” and the Moscow uprising of 1547. After the murder of one of the Glinskys, a relative of the tsar, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyovo, where the Grand Duke had taken refuge, and demanded the extradition of the rest of the Glinskys. With great difficulty, they managed to persuade the crowd to disperse, convincing them that they were not in Vorobyovo. As soon as the danger had passed, the king ordered the arrest of the main conspirators and their execution.

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The beginning of the reign The king’s favorite idea, realized already in his youth, was the idea of ​​unlimited autocratic power. On January 16, 1547, the solemn crowning of Grand Duke Ivan IV took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Signs of royal dignity were placed on him: the cross of the Life-Giving Tree, the barma and the Monomakh cap. After receiving the Holy Mysteries, Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with myrrh. The royal title made it possible to take a significantly different position in diplomatic relations with Western Europe. The grand ducal title was translated as “prince” or even “grand duke.” The title “king” was either not translated at all, or translated as “emperor”. The Russian autocrat thereby stood on a par with the only Holy Roman Emperor in Europe. From 1549, together with the Elected Rada (A.F. Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, A.M. Kurbsky, priest Sylvester), Ivan IV carried out a number of reforms aimed at centralizing the state: the Zemstvo reform of Ivan IV, the Guba reform, reforms were carried out in the army, 1550 the new Code of Law of Ivan IV was adopted. In 1549 the first Zemsky Sobor was convened, in 1551 the Stoglavy Sobor, which adopted a collection of decisions on church life “Stoglav”. In 1555-56, Ivan IV abolished feeding and adopted the Code of Service.

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Beginning of reign In 1550-51, Ivan the Terrible personally took part in the Kazan campaigns. In 1552 Kazan was conquered, then the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the Siberian Khan Ediger and Nogai the Great became dependent on the Russian Tsar. In 1553, trade relations with England were established. In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War for the capture of the Baltic Sea coast. Initially, military operations developed successfully. By 1560, the army of the Livonian Order was completely defeated, and the Order itself ceased to exist. Meanwhile, serious changes took place in the internal situation of the country. Around 1560, the king broke with the leaders of the Chosen Rada and placed various disgraces on them. According to some historians, Sylvester and Adashev, realizing that the Livonian War did not promise success for Russia, unsuccessfully advised the tsar to come to an agreement with the enemy. In 1563, Russian troops captured Polotsk, at that time a large Lithuanian fortress. The Tsar was especially proud of this victory, won after the break with the Chosen Rada. However, already in 1564 Russia suffered serious defeats. The king began to look for those “to blame”, disgraces and executions began.

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Oprichnina The Tsar became increasingly imbued with the idea of ​​establishing a personal dictatorship. In 1565 he announced the introduction of oprichnina in the country. The country was divided into two parts: the territories that were not included in the oprichnina began to be called zemshchina, each oprichnik swore an oath of allegiance to the tsar and pledged not to communicate with the zemstvo people. The guardsmen dressed in black clothes, similar to monastic clothes. Horse guardsmen had special insignia; gloomy symbols of the era were attached to their saddles: a broom - to sweep out treason, and dog heads - to gnaw out treason. With the help of the oprichniki, who were exempt from judicial responsibility, Ivan IV forcibly confiscated the boyar estates, transferring them to the oprichniki nobles. Executions and disgraces were accompanied by terror and robbery among the population.

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Oprichnina A major event of the oprichnina was the Novgorod pogrom in January-February 1570, the reason for which was the suspicion of Novgorod's desire to go over to Lithuania. The king personally led the campaign. All the cities along the road from Moscow to Novgorod were plundered. During this campaign in December 1569, Malyuta Skuratov strangled Metropolitan Philip, who was trying to resist the tsar, in the Tver Otroch Monastery. It is believed that the number of victims in Novgorod, where no more than 30 thousand people lived at that time, reached 10-15 thousand. Most historians believe that in 1572 the tsar abolished the oprichnina. The invasion of Moscow in 1571 by the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, whom the oprichnina army could not stop, played a role; Posads were burned, the fire spread to Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin.

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Results of the reign of Ivan IV The division of the country had a detrimental effect on the state's economy. A huge number of lands were ravaged and devastated. In 1581, in order to prevent the desolation of estates, the tsar introduced reserved summers - a temporary ban on peasants leaving their owners on St. George's Day, which contributed to the establishment of serfdom in Russia. The Livonian War ended in complete failure and the loss of the original Russian lands. Ivan the Terrible could see the objective results of his reign already during his lifetime: it was the failure of all domestic and foreign policy endeavors. Since 1578, the king stopped executing people. Almost at the same time, he ordered that synodics (memorial lists) be compiled for those executed and contributions sent to the monasteries for the commemoration of their souls; in his will of 1579 he repented of his deeds.

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Sons and wives of Ivan IV Periods of repentance and prayer were followed by terrible attacks of rage. During one of these attacks on November 9, 1582 in the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, a country residence, the tsar accidentally killed his son Ivan Ivanovich, hitting him in the temple with a staff with an iron tip. The death of the heir plunged the tsar into despair, since his other son, Fyodor Ivanovich, was unable to rule the country. Ivan the Terrible sent a large contribution to the monastery to commemorate the soul of his son; he even thought about leaving for the monastery.

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Sons and wives of Ivan IV The exact number of wives of Ivan the Terrible is unknown, but he was probably married seven times. Not counting the children who died in infancy, he had three sons. From his first marriage to Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, two sons were born, Ivan and Fedor. The second wife was the daughter of the Kabardian prince Maria Temryukovna. The third is Marfa Sobakina, who died unexpectedly three weeks after the wedding. According to church rules, it was forbidden to marry more than three times. In May 1572, a church council was convened to permit a fourth marriage - with Anna Koltovskaya. But that same year she was tonsured a nun. The fifth wife was Anna Vasilchikova in 1575, who died in 1579, the sixth was probably Vasilisa Melentyeva. The last marriage took place in the fall of 1580 with Maria Naga. On November 19, 1582, the tsar’s third son, Dmitry Ivanovich, was born, who died in 1591 in Uglich.

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Excerpts from the Code of Laws Code of Laws 1550 Summer 7058 June Tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of All Rus' [with] his brothers and boyars the Code of Law laid down: how to judge the boyars, and the okolnichy, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk, and everyone clerks, and the governor of the city, and the volost of the volost, and the tiun and all sorts of judges. 1. The court of the Tsar and the Grand Duke is to be judged by the boar, and the guard, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk. And in court, do not be friendly and do not take revenge on anyone, and do not make a promise in court; Likewise, every judge should not make promises in court. 2. And to whom the boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk will prosecute, and accuse someone not according to the court ingenuously, or he will sign the list and give the right letter1, and then the truth will be searched, and the boyar, and the butler, and the guard, and the treasurer, and the diak has no penalty in that; and the plaintiff will be sued for his head, and what was taken should be given back. 3. And to whom a boyar, or a butler, or a treasurer, or a clerk takes a promise in court and accuses them not according to the court3, but is searched for the truth, and take the plaintiffs’ action against that boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk4, and the duties of the tsar and the grand duke, and the ride, and the truth, and the gossip, and the walked, and the right ten and the iron, take three times, and in the penalty whatever the sovereign will indicate.

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Excerpts from the Code of Law 4. And to whom the clerk prepares a list or writes down the case not according to the court, not as it was at the trial, without the boyar, or without the butler, or without the treasurer’s knowledge, but it will be found out in truth that he has promised took it, and on that clerk took him in half in front of the boyar and threw him into prison. 5. A clerk who is not registered in court for a promise without a clerk’s order, and that clerk is executed by trade execution, is beaten with a whip.<...>8. And give the boyar, and the butler, and the treasurer and the clerk in court for a ruble case6 on the guilty person a fee, whoever is guilty, looking for7 or the defendant, and the boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer on the guilty one, eleven money, and the clerk seven money, and the clerk two money; and if the case is higher than a ruble and lower than a ruble, they will be charged duties according to calculation; and they don’t need more than that.<...>And the boarin, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk, or the clerk, or the laborer, will take whatever is left over, and take it three times over. And whoever brings a blow against a boyar, or a clerk, or a clerk, or a trade worker, for taking extra from him in addition to the duties, and it will be discovered that he lied, and that complainant will be executed with a trade penalty and thrown into prison.<...>

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Crowning of Ivan IV the Terrible In the seventeenth year of his life, Ivan announced to Metropolitan Macarius that he wanted to get married and he also made a speech that he wanted to take the title of Tsar. On January 16, 1547, the solemn crowning of Grand Duke Ivan IV took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Signs of royal dignity were placed on him: the cross of the Life-Giving Tree, the barma and the Monomakh cap. After receiving the Holy Mysteries, Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with myrrh. The royal title allowed him to take a significantly different position in diplomatic relations with Western Europe. The grand ducal title was translated as “prince” or even “grand duke.” The title “king” was either not translated at all, or translated as “emperor”. The Russian autocrat thereby stood on a par with the only Holy Roman Emperor in Europe. And on February 3 we got married to Anastasia Zakharyina-Romanova. A union with such a woman, if it did not immediately soften the tsar’s violent character, then prepared for his further transformation. Over the course of thirteen years of marriage, the queen exerted a softening influence on Ivan and bore him sons. But a series of major fires in Moscow in the spring and summer of 1547 interrupted the reign of Ivan IV, which had so solemnly begun.

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Reforms of central and local authorities under Ivan the Terrible February 1549 marks the beginning of the activity of Zemsky Sobors in Rus' - estate representative bodies. “Zemstvo Sobors,” wrote L.V. Cherepnin, “are a body that replaced the veche,” which adopted the ancient Russian “traditions of the participation of public groups in resolving government issues,” but replaced “elements of democracy with the principles of class representation.” The first council is usually considered to be a meeting convened by the king on February 27. First, he spoke before the boyars, okolnichy, butlers and treasurers in the presence of the church "consecrated council", and on the same day he spoke before the governors, princes and nobles. The next step was the direct elimination of viceroyal administration in certain regions in 1551-1552. And in 1555-1556, by the tsar’s verdict “on feeding”, viceroyal administration was abolished on a national scale. Its place was taken by local government, which had come a long and difficult way.

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The zemstvo reform, along with the black-plowed lands, also affected the cities, where zemstvo elders were also elected (but from the wealthy townspeople). Guba and zemstvo elders, unlike feeders - newcomers - acted in the interests and benefit of their districts, cities and communities. To be fair, it should be noted that completely local reforms were carried out only in the North. The zemstvo reform, along with the black-plowed lands, also affected the cities, where zemstvo elders were also elected (but from the wealthy townspeople). Guba and zemstvo elders, unlike feeders - newcomers - acted in the interests and benefit of their districts, cities and communities. In fairness, it should be noted that completely local reforms were carried out only in the North. The time of the Elected Rada dates back to the strengthening of the importance of orders as functional governing bodies. It was in the middle of the 16th century. the most important orders arise. These include the Petition, which accepted complaints addressed to the king and conducted an investigation into them. At the head of this, essentially the highest control body, was A. Adashev. The ambassadorial order was headed by clerk Ivan Viskovaty. The local order was in charge of the affairs of local land ownership, and Rozboyny searched for and tried “dashing people.” The first order of the military department - Razryadny - ensured the collection of the noble militia and appointed the governor, and the second - Streletsky - was in charge of the army of archers created in 1550. For some time, the discharge order was led by clerk I.G. Vyrodkov, under whom he became, as it were, the general staff of the Russian army. Financial affairs were the responsibility of the Grand Parish and the Quarters (Chets). With the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, the order of the Kazan Palace was created. The final completion of the formation of the order system occurred in the 17th century.

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Reforms in the socio-economic sphere under Ivan the Terrible. Already in the Code of Laws of 1550, significant issues of land ownership are addressed. In particular, resolutions are adopted that make it difficult for the continued existence of patrimonial lands. Articles on the privately owned population occupy a special place. In general, the right of peasants to move on St. George’s Day under Art. 88 remained, but the fee for the “elderly” increased slightly. Art. 78 determined the position of another significant group of the population - indentured servants. It was forbidden, for example, to turn service people who became debtors into slaves. The main changes in the socio-economic sphere were aimed at providing land for service people - the nobles. In 1551, at the Council of the Stoglavy, Ivan IV declared the need to redistribute ("redistribute") lands between landowners: "whoever has a surplus, otherwise not enough." The "Code of Service" (1555) established the legal basis for local land ownership. Every service person had the right demand an estate of at least 100 quarters of land (150 acres, or approximately 170 hectares),

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Military transformations under Ivan the Terrible The basis of the armed forces was now the horse militia of landowners. The landowner or patrimonial owner had to go to work “on horseback, in crowds and armed.” In addition to them, there were service people “according to the instrument” (recruitment): city guards, artillerymen, archers. The militia of peasants and townspeople was also preserved - the staff, which carried out auxiliary service. In 1550, an attempt was made to organize a three-thousand-strong corps of “elected archers from the arquebus” near Moscow, who were obliged to always be ready to carry out important assignments. It included representatives of the most noble families and the top of the Sovereign's Court. The Streltsy were already a regular army, armed with the latest weapons and supported by the treasury. The organizational structure of the Streltsy army was later extended to all troops. The control of the noble army was extremely complicated by the custom of localism. Before each campaign (and sometimes during the campaign) protracted disputes took place. “No matter who they send with whomever they do, everyone will take their place,” noted Ivan IV in 1550. Therefore, localism in the army was prohibited and military service “without places” was prescribed. The principle of high-born princes and boyars occupying the highest positions in the army was thereby violated.

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Code of Law of 1550 At the first Zemsky Sobor, Ivan IV the Terrible decided to create a new legal code - Code of Law. The basis was the previous Code of Laws of 1497. In the Code of Laws of 1550, out of 100 articles, most are devoted to issues of administration and court. In general, the old governing bodies (central and local) were still retained, but significant changes were made to their activities. Thus, their evolutionary transformation continued within the framework of the emerging class-representative state. Thus, the governors were now deprived of the right of final judgment in higher criminal cases; it was transferred to the center. The Code of Law, at the same time, expanded the activities of city clerks and provincial elders: the most important branches of local government were completely assigned to them. And their assistants are the elders and " the best people" - according to the decree of the Code of Law, they were required to participate in the viceroyal court, which meant control by those elected from the population over the activities of the governors. The importance of service people - nobles - was also raised by the fact that it was established that they were not subject to the jurisdiction of the governors' court.

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Stoglavy Council of 1551 In January-February 1551, a church council was convened, at which the royal questions, compiled by Sylvester and imbued with a non-covetous spirit, were read. The answers to them amounted to one hundred chapters of the verdict of the council, which received the name Stoglavogo, or Stoglav. The Tsar and his entourage were concerned “whether it was worthy for monasteries to acquire land and receive various preferential charters. By decision of the council, royal assistance to monasteries that had villages and other possessions ceased. Stoglav forbade giving money from the monastery treasury for “growth” and bread for “nasp”, i.e. - at interest, which deprived the monasteries of permanent income. A number of participants in the Stoglavy Council (Josephites) met the program outlined in the royal issues with fierce resistance. The program of the royal reforms outlined by the Elected Rada was rejected in the most significant points by the Stoglavy Council. IV of the Terrible attacked the most prominent representatives of the Josephites. On May 11, 1551 (i.e., a few days after the end of the council), the monasteries were prohibited from purchasing patrimonial lands “without reporting” to the tsar. All the lands of the boyars that they had transferred there during Ivan’s childhood were taken away from the monasteries. (since 1533) Thus, control of the royal power was established over the movement of church land funds, although the possessions themselves remained in the hands of the church. The church retained its possessions even after 1551.

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Death of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible A number of Ivan the Terrible's contemporaries believe that the Tsar was poisoned. Clerk Ivan Timofeev blames Boris Godunov (who became tsar after Grozny) and Bogdan Believoy for this. The Dutchman Isaac Massa claims that Belsky added poison to the medicine he gave to the king. This is how the historian N. Kostomarov describes the death of Ivan the Terrible: “At the beginning of 1584, a terrible illness appeared in him; some kind of rotting inside; a disgusting smell emanated from him. Foreign doctors lavished their skills on him; abundant alms were distributed in monasteries; to pray for the sick king, and at the same time, the superstitious Ivan invited healers and healers to him from the distant north; some wise men, as they say, predicted the day of his death... Around the third hour, the king went to the prepared place. he took a bath and washed with great pleasure; there he was entertained with songs. After the bath, the king felt fresher. He was seated on the bed; he was wearing a wide robe; chess king to his place and at that time fell. A cry went up; some ran for vodka, some for rose water, some for doctors and clergy. The doctors appeared with their medicines and began to rub him; The metropolitan appeared and hastily performed the rite of tonsure [as a monk], naming John Jonah. But the king was already lifeless. They rang the bell for the outcome of the soul. The people became agitated, the crowd rushed to the Kremlin. Boris [Godunov] ordered the gates to be closed. On the third day, the body of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich was buried in the Archangel Cathedral, next to the grave of the son he killed."

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Ivan IV the Terrible went down in history not only as a tyrant. He was one of the most educated people of his time, had a phenomenal memory and theological erudition. He is the author of numerous messages (including to Andrei Kurbsky), music and text of the service for the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, and the canon to Archangel Michael. The Tsar contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square to commemorate the conquest of the Kazan kingdom. Ivan IV the Terrible went down in history not only as a tyrant. He was one of the most educated people of his time, had a phenomenal memory and theological erudition. He is the author of numerous messages (including to Andrei Kurbsky), music and text of the service for the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, and the canon to Archangel Michael. The Tsar contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square to commemorate the conquest of the Kazan kingdom.

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Reign of Ivan IV "GROZNY"

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The purpose of the lesson:
Identify the features of the historical development of Russia during the reign of Ivan IV. Lesson objectives: Reveal the content of the main reforms of Ivan IV. The purposes of their implementation. Understand the reason for the introduction of the Oprichnina. Find out the main directions of the foreign policy of Ivan IV. Be able to work with a map, sources, illustrations

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IVAN IV the Terrible (1530-84), Grand Duke of “All Rus'” (from 1533), first Russian Tsar (from 1547), son of Vasily III. Since the late 40s. rules with the participation of the Chosen Rada. Under him, the convening of Zemsky Sobors began, the Code of Law of 1550 was drawn up. Reforms of administration and the court were carried out (Gubnaya, Zemskaya and other reforms). In 1565 the oprichnina was introduced.
Ivan IV the Terrible

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Ivan IV the Terrible (1530-1584) Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus', eldest son of Grand Duke Vasily III Ioannovich from his second marriage to Princess Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya.
Ivan IV the Terrible

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After the death of his father, 3-year-old Ivan remained in the care of his mother, who died in 1538, when he was 8 years old. Ivan grew up in an environment of palace coups, the struggle for power between the boyar families of the Shuisky and Belsky, warring among themselves. The murders, intrigues and violence that surrounded him contributed to the development of suspicion, vindictiveness and cruelty in him. Ivan’s tendency to torment living beings manifested itself already in childhood, and those close to him approved of it. One of the strong impressions of the tsar in his youth was the “great fire” and the Moscow uprising of 1547. After the murder of one of the Glinskys, a relative of the tsar, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyovo, where the Grand Duke had taken refuge, and demanded the extradition of the rest of the Glinskys. With great difficulty, they managed to persuade the crowd to disperse, convincing them that they were not in Vorobyovo. As soon as the danger had passed, the king ordered the arrest of the main conspirators and their execution.
Childhood of Ivan IV
Father Vasily III

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Assignment: Make a portrait of Ivan IV

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Portrait of Ivan IV

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The Russian state during the years of reforms of the Elected Rada The Elected Rada is the council of “close boyars” under Ivan the Terrible from 1547 to the end of the 1550s.

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Elected Rada
“Elected Rada” is a term. introduced by Prince A.M. Kurbsky to designate the circle of people who made up the informal government under Ivan the Terrible in 1549-1560.

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Reforms of the Chosen Rada

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FOREIGN POLICY OF IVAN IV

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In 1550-1551, Ivan the Terrible personally took part in the Kazan campaigns. In 1552, the campaigns of the Crimean Tatars and Swedes were repelled, Kazan was conquered, then the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), in the 50s the Siberian Khan Ediger and Nogai the Great became dependent on the tsar. In 1553, after the voyage of Richard Chancellor, trade relations with England were established through the pier of St. Nicholas on the White Sea. In the spring of 1557, Tsar Ivan established a port on the banks of Narva. In 1558-1583 - the Livonian War.
Russian foreign policy under Ivan the Terrible

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Annexation of Kazan
Construction of Sviyazhsk - ancient fortress, erected in 1551 by Tsar Ivan the Terrible for the siege of Kazan - a unique case in the history of Russian urban planning. Previously cut down a thousand kilometers from here, in the forests of central Rus', it was dismantled, transported on rafts along the Volga to the mouth of the Sviyaga River (25 km from Kazan) and reassembled here in just 4 weeks. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible conquered Kazan and annexed the Kazan Khanate to Russia. The Tatar population is evicted outside the city suburb; its forced Christianization begins.

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Capture of Kazan.
At the end of September, part of the wall was destroyed by a powerful explosion, Russian soldiers rushed through the opening, and on October 2 the city was taken.

In December 1552, an uprising broke out on the territory of the Khanate, but it was suppressed, and its leaders were executed in Moscow.

Ivan IV began sending letters to the Volga peoples, and soon the Bashkirs and Udmurts came under the rule of Moscow.
Slide 15 Annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate In the early 1550s, the Astrakhan Khanate was an ally of the Crimean Khan, controlling the lower reaches of the Volga. Before the final subjugation of the Astrakhan Khanate under Ivan IV, two campaigns were carried out: The campaign of 1554 was carried out under the command of governor Yu. I. Pronsky-Shemyakin. Astrakhan was taken without a fight. As a result, Khan Dervish-Ali was brought to power, promising support to Moscow. The campaign of 1556 was associated with the fact that Khan Dervish-Ali went over to the side of the Crimean Khanate and

Ottoman Empire

. After which, in July, Astrakhan was again taken without a fight. As a result of this campaign, the Astrakhan Khanate was subordinated to Muscovite Rus'.
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Trip to Astrakhan.

In 1551, the Astrakhan Khan went into the service of Moscow, but in 1554 he violated the agreement. In June 1554, Russian troops entered Astrakhan without a fight. Tribute was imposed on the Khanate, and I. the Terrible received the right to appoint khans. In 1555, Astrakhan, under pressure from the Crimea, again left the control of Moscow. In 1556, the Russian army approached the city and its residents swore allegiance to the Russian state.
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Livonian War

Reasons: To gain access to the Baltic Sea in order to create conditions for organizing trade with Europe. 2. The cities of the Livonian Order hindered the development of Russian trade in every possible way. The reason for the war was the Order's failure to pay tribute for the city of Yuryev. After the order’s refusal to repay the debt, Ivan the Terrible declared war on him in 1558.
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Annexation of the Siberian Khanate

Around 1581-1582, the Stroganovs equipped a military expedition of Cossacks and military men from the cities beyond the Urals. The head of this detachment was Ataman Ermak Timofeevich. Having crossed the Ural Mountains, he reached the Irtysh, and a decisive battle took place near the capital of Kuchum - Kashlyk. Ermak entered Kashlyk and began to collect yasak (tribute) from the Siberian inhabitants. However, the victory of the Cossacks turned out to be fragile, and a few years later Ermak died. His campaign did not lead to the direct annexation of Siberia, but a beginning was made for this.

Ermak Timofeevich
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OPRICHNINA

Mikhail Gorelik. "The people ask Ivan IV to abolish the oprichnina"

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During the oprichnina period, Grozny achieved a sharp increase in his power. However, this was achieved at a huge cost. The country was devastated by the guardsmen, the Livonian War, and Tatar raids. Despite the official abolition of the oprichnina, mass executions continued.
The devil is a guardsman. Miniature 16th century.

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HOMEWORK – BY TERMS AND DATES
Dates to remember 1552 - annexation of Kazan 1556 - annexation of Astrakhan 1558-1583. - Livonian War 1581-1584. – the beginning of the annexation of Siberia 1533-1584. - reign of Ivan IV the Terrible 1547 - crowning of Ivan the Terrible as king 1549-1560. - The elected council, reforms of 1549 - the first Zemsky Sobor of 1550 - Code of Law of Ivan the Terrible 1551 - church council, Stoglav 1565-1572. - oprichnina 1584-1598. - reign of Fyodor Ivanovich 1581 - establishment of “reserved years” 1597 - decree on “prescribed years” Terms for remembering Boyar - a person who received the highest Duma rank; any patrimonial owner; equal to the concept of master. Nobles are service people who became part of the Sovereign's court. The elected Rada is formally a non-state institution, in fact it was the government of Russia in 1549-1560. Stoglav - church council of 1551. A collection containing a description of the acts and resolutions of the council. Divided into 100 chapters, hence the title. Established a single worship of God and rituals, church canons. Canons are general rules of church life. Order - authority central control. “Reserved years” - a ban during these years on peasant transition from land to land, from one owner to another. Oprichnina - a political experiment of Ivan IV, the essence of which was to divide Russia into two territories - zemshchina and oprichnina (where the tsar’s personal rule existed); The establishment of the oprichnina led to terror against the zemshchina.

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The beginning of the reign of Oprichnin Ivan IV the Terrible The results of the reign of Ivan IV The sons and wives of Ivan IV The legacy of Ivan the Terrible The childhood of Ivan IV Exit Excerpts from the Code of Laws

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IVAN IV the Terrible (1530-84), Grand Duke of “All Rus'” (from 1533), first Russian Tsar (from 1547), son of Vasily III. From the end 40s rules with the participation of the Chosen Rada. Under him, the convening of Zemsky Sobors began, the Code of Law of 1550 was drawn up. Reforms of administration and the court were carried out (Gubnaya, Zemskaya and other reforms). In 1565 the oprichnina was introduced.

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Under Ivan IV, trade relations were established with England (1553), and the first printing house was created in Moscow. The Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates were conquered. In 1558-83, the Livonian War was fought for access to the Baltic Sea, and the annexation of Siberia began (1581). The domestic policy of Ivan IV was accompanied by mass disgraces and executions, and increased enslavement of the peasants. home

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After the death of his father, 3-year-old Ivan remained in the care of his mother, who died in 1538, when he was 8 years old. Ivan grew up in an environment of palace coups, the struggle for power between the boyar families of the Shuisky and Belsky, warring among themselves. The murders, intrigues and violence that surrounded him contributed to the development of suspicion, vindictiveness and cruelty in him. Ivan’s tendency to torment living beings manifested itself already in childhood, and those close to him approved of it. One of the strong impressions of the tsar in his youth was the “great fire” and the Moscow uprising of 1547. After the murder of one of the Glinskys, a relative of the tsar, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyovo, where the Grand Duke had taken refuge, and demanded the extradition of the rest of the Glinskys. With great difficulty, they managed to persuade the crowd to disperse, convincing them that they were not in Vorobyovo. As soon as the danger had passed, the king ordered the arrest of the main conspirators and their execution. home

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The king’s favorite idea, realized already in his youth, was the idea of ​​unlimited autocratic power. On January 16, 1547, the solemn crowning of Grand Duke Ivan IV took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. Signs of royal dignity were placed on him: the cross of the Life-Giving Tree, the barma and the Monomakh cap. After receiving the Holy Mysteries, Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with myrrh. The royal title allowed him to take a significantly different position in diplomatic relations with Western Europe. The grand ducal title was translated as “prince” or even “grand duke.” The title “king” was either not translated at all, or translated as “emperor”. The Russian autocrat thereby stood on a par with the only Holy Roman Emperor in Europe. From 1549, together with the Elected Rada (A.F. Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, A.M. Kurbsky, priest Sylvester), Ivan IV carried out a number of reforms aimed at centralizing the state: the Zemstvo reform of Ivan IV, the Guba reform, reforms were carried out in the army, 1550 the new Code of Law of Ivan IV was adopted. In 1549 the first Zemsky Sobor was convened, in 1551 the Stoglavy Sobor, which adopted a collection of decisions on church life “Stoglav”. In 1555-56, Ivan IV abolished feeding and adopted the Code of Service.

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In 1550-51, Ivan the Terrible personally took part in the Kazan campaigns. In 1552 Kazan was conquered, then the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the Siberian Khan Ediger and Nogai the Great became dependent on the Russian Tsar. In 1553, trade relations with England were established. In 1558, Ivan IV began the Livonian War for the capture of the Baltic Sea coast. Initially, military operations developed successfully. By 1560, the army of the Livonian Order was completely defeated, and the Order itself ceased to exist. Meanwhile, serious changes took place in the internal situation of the country. Around 1560, the king broke with the leaders of the Chosen Rada and placed various disgraces on them. According to some historians, Sylvester and Adashev, realizing that the Livonian War did not promise success for Russia, unsuccessfully advised the tsar to come to an agreement with the enemy. In 1563, Russian troops captured Polotsk, at that time a large Lithuanian fortress. The Tsar was especially proud of this victory, won after the break with the Chosen Rada. However, already in 1564 Russia suffered serious defeats. The king began to look for those “to blame”, disgraces and executions began. home

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The Tsar became increasingly imbued with the idea of ​​establishing a personal dictatorship. In 1565 he announced the introduction of oprichnina in the country. The country was divided into two parts: the territories that were not included in the oprichnina began to be called zemshchina, each oprichnik swore an oath of allegiance to the tsar and pledged not to communicate with the zemstvo people. The guardsmen dressed in black clothes, similar to monastic clothes. Horse guardsmen had special insignia; gloomy symbols of the era were attached to their saddles: a broom - to sweep out treason, and dog heads - to gnaw out treason. With the help of the oprichniki, who were exempt from judicial responsibility, Ivan IV forcibly confiscated the boyar estates, transferring them to the oprichniki nobles. Executions and disgraces were accompanied by terror and robbery among the population.

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A major event of the oprichnina was the Novgorod pogrom in January-February 1570, the reason for which was the suspicion of Novgorod’s desire to go over to Lithuania. The king personally led the campaign. All the cities along the road from Moscow to Novgorod were plundered. During this campaign in December 1569, Malyuta Skuratov strangled Metropolitan Philip, who was trying to resist the tsar, in the Tver Otroch Monastery. It is believed that the number of victims in Novgorod, where no more than 30 thousand people lived at that time, reached 10-15 thousand. Most historians believe that in 1572 the tsar abolished the oprichnina. The invasion of Moscow in 1571 by the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, whom the oprichnina army could not stop, played a role; Posads were burned, the fire spread to Kitay-Gorod and the Kremlin. home

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The division of the country had a detrimental effect on the state's economy. A huge number of lands were ravaged and devastated. In 1581, in order to prevent the desolation of estates, the tsar introduced reserved summers - a temporary ban on peasants leaving their owners on St. George's Day, which contributed to the establishment of serfdom in Russia. The Livonian War ended in complete failure and the loss of the original Russian lands. Ivan the Terrible could see the objective results of his reign already during his lifetime: it was the failure of all domestic and foreign policy endeavors. Since 1578, the king stopped executing people. Almost at the same time, he ordered that synodics (memorial lists) be compiled for those executed and contributions sent to the monasteries for the commemoration of their souls; in his will of 1579 he repented of his deeds. home

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Periods of repentance and prayer were followed by terrible fits of rage. During one of these attacks on November 9, 1582 in the Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda, a country residence, the tsar accidentally killed his son Ivan Ivanovich, hitting him in the temple with a staff with an iron tip. The death of the heir plunged the tsar into despair, since his other son, Fyodor Ivanovich, was unable to rule the country. Ivan the Terrible sent a large contribution to the monastery to commemorate the soul of his son; he even thought about leaving for the monastery.

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The exact number of wives of Ivan the Terrible is unknown, but he was probably married seven times. Not counting the children who died in infancy, he had three sons. From his first marriage to Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, two sons were born, Ivan and Fedor. The second wife was the daughter of the Kabardian prince Maria Temryukovna. The third is Marfa Sobakina, who died unexpectedly three weeks after the wedding. According to church rules, it was forbidden to marry more than three times. In May 1572, a church council was convened to permit a fourth marriage - with Anna Koltovskaya. But that same year she was tonsured a nun. The fifth wife was Anna Vasilchikova in 1575, who died in 1579, the sixth was probably Vasilisa Melentyeva. The last marriage took place in the fall of 1580 with Maria Naga. On November 19, 1582, the tsar’s third son, Dmitry Ivanovich, was born, who died in 1591 in Uglich. home

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Ivan IV went down in history not only as a tyrant. He was one of the most educated people of his time, had a phenomenal memory and theological erudition. He is the author of numerous messages (including to Kurbsky), music and text of the service for the feast of Our Lady of Vladimir, and the canon to Archangel Michael. The Tsar contributed to the organization of book printing in Moscow and the construction of St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square. home

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Code of Law 1550 Summer 7058 June, the Tsar and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich of all Rus' [with] his brothers and boyars sat down in the Code of Law: how to judge the boyars, and the okolnichy, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk, and all clerks, and according to the governor of the city, and the volost of the volost, and the tiun, and all sorts of judges. 1. The court of the Tsar and the Grand Duke is to be judged by the boar, and the guard, and the butler, and the treasurer, and the clerk. And in court, do not be friendly and do not take revenge on anyone, and do not make a promise in court; Likewise, every judge should not make promises in court. 2. And to whom the boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk will prosecute, and accuse someone not according to the court ingenuously, or he will sign the list and give the right letter1, and then the truth will be searched, and the boyar, and the butler, and the guard, and the treasurer, and the diak has no penalty in that; and the plaintiff will be sued for his head, and what was taken should be given back. 3. And to whom a boyar, or a butler, or a treasurer, or a clerk takes a promise in court and accuses them not according to the court3, but is searched for the truth, and take the plaintiffs’ action against that boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk4, and the duties of the tsar and the grand duke, and the ride, and the truth, and the gossip, and the walked, and the right ten and the iron, take three times, and in the penalty whatever the sovereign will indicate.

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4. And for whom the clerk prepares a list or records the case not according to the court, not as it was at the trial, without the boyar, or without the butler, or without the treasurer’s knowledge, but it will be searched for the truth that he took the promise from him, and on that take the clerk in front of the boyar and throw him into prison. 5. A clerk who is not registered in court for a promise without a clerk’s order, and that clerk is executed by trade execution, is beaten with a whip. 8. And give the boyar, and the butler, and the treasurer and the clerk in court for a ruble case6 on the guilty person a fee, whoever is guilty, looking for7 or the defendant, and the boyar, or the butler, or the treasurer on the guilty one, eleven money, and the clerk seven money, and the clerk two money; and if the case is higher than a ruble and lower than a ruble, they will be charged duties according to calculation; and they don’t need more than that. And the boarin, or the butler, or the treasurer, or the clerk, or the clerk, or the laborer, will take whatever is left over, and take it three times over. And whoever brings a blow against a boyar, or a clerk, or a clerk, or a trade worker, for taking extra from him in addition to the duties, and it will be discovered that he lied, and that complainant will be executed with a trade penalty and thrown into prison. home