A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both perform their main function in speech - communicative.

Types of complex sentences in Russian

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.

Compound Sentences

Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, the following types of complex sentences with coordinating connections are distinguished.

1. With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound conjunctions will be located in different simple sentences.

The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.

A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).

1. With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
2. With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).

Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.

Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections

The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.

Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.

Types of subordinate clauses in SPP

It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.

SPP with several subordinate clauses

Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.

Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple ones into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).

1. With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
2. With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
3. With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (the entire part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.

Non-union complex sentence

The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.

Types of non-union complex sentences

1. The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
2. The parts are unequal, the second:

• reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
• complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
• indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).

3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:

• the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
• in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).

JV with different types of communications

Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types of connections. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.

The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:

All our communication occurs through words. You can talk with your interlocutor, or you can write letters. Words are formed into sentences, providing the basis for written and spoken language. And often, when composing a complex sentence, doubt arises about its infallibility.

Definition of a complex sentence

A complex sentence can be represented as a unity of several simple sentences. Connected by semantic and grammatical unity, formed intonationally, a complex sentence contains at least two grammatical bases (subject and predicate).

For example: It rained in the morning and the roads were covered with shiny puddles . There are two grammatical bases in this sentence - it was raining and the roads were covered.

Types of complex sentences

All types of complex sentences that exist in the Russian language can be represented in the form of a diagram:

The formation of allied complex sentences occurs with the help of a union. They are different for each type.

Complex sentence

In such a sentence, the parts are equal and independent of each other; questions are not asked from one to the other.

Depending on the conjunctions present in the sentence, complex sentences are divided into three groups:

• Connecting. Events occur sequentially or simultaneously. These include conjunctions AND, ALSO, ALSO, YES, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, YES AND ( It was already completely dark, and we had to leave).
• Nasty. Actions are opposed to each other, conjunctions BUT, A, YES, HOWEVER, THEN, SAME are used ( We waited for them for a very long time, but they never came).
• Separating. Events alternate or are mutually exclusive. Inherent conjunctions are EITHER, OR, THAT...THAT, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, EITHER...OR ( Either the sun is shining or it's raining).

Complex sentence

The main difference between such sentences is the presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part. Simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions and allied words WHAT, THAT, IF, WHEN, WHY, ALTHOUGH, WHICH, BEFORE, etc., which are always placed in the subordinate clause. It, in turn, can be located either in front of the main part, or in its middle or at the end ( We'll go sunbathing if the weather is good).

Non-union proposal

The connection of simple sentences occurs without the help of conjunctions or allied words, but only with intonation and meaning. Non-union complex sentences are divided into two types: equal - the order of the parts of the sentence is free ( Spring has come, the birds began to sing songs louder), and unequal - when one of the parts carries the main meaning of the statement, and the others reveal it ( I like spring: the sun warms up, the snow melts, the first snowdrops appear).

Punctuation in complex sentences

When deciding which punctuation mark to use in complex sentences, you should adhere to the rule that simple sentences always separated. In most cases this is a comma. But there are exceptions.

In a compound sentence, a comma is not placed if its parts are separated by the conjunctions AND, OR, OR and have a common subordinate clause or a common minor member ( The earth was shrouded in a white blanket of snow and dried up by frost.). Also, a comma is not placed between two interrogative sentences ( What time is it now and when will father come?).

A complex sentence does not have a comma when several similar subordinate clauses are connected by the conjunctions AND, OR (I think today is a beautiful day and I can go for a walk). Expressions such as AT ALL THINGS, WHO IS GOING TO WHAT, AS WELL AS NOTHING HAPPENED, etc. are not subordinate clauses and are not separated by a comma.

In a non-union sentence there is always a punctuation mark, the main thing is to figure out which one it is. A colon is used when the subordinate clause contains a reason, explanation, or addition to the main clause. In this case, the colon can be conditionally replaced by the conjunctions THAT, BECAUSE, NAMELY ( I love summer: (=because) you can walk longer). A dash is usually used where there is a contrast, conclusion or result, and also indicates the time of the action. When events change quickly, a dash is also placed ( The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it). In all other cases, a comma is placed in the non-union sentence.

Perhaps the expression complex sentence sounds a little scary. But there's nothing really complicated about it. Having remembered the signs by which they differ, you can easily compose a beautiful and literate text.

Types of complex sentences. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence.

Difficult sentence

A complex sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more parts connected into one whole in meaning and intonation.

The structure of the parts is simple sentences. When united as part of a complex sentence, simple sentences retain basically their structure, but are no longer characterized by semantic completeness and lose the intonation of the end of the sentence.

Complex sentences are divided into allied(unions or allied words act as a means of connecting parts) and non-union(the parts are connected intonationally and in meaning). Union proposals are divided into compound(the parts are connected using coordinating conjunctions) and complex(subordinating conjunctions and allied words become the means of connecting the parts):

Complex sentence

In a complex sentence (CSS), the parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions, have equal rights, and are independent of each other.

Basic types of compound sentences

1. BSC with connecting unions ( and, yes/=and/, neither - nor, as - so and, not only - but also, also, also, yes and); unions and, yes can be either single or repeating:

The transparent forest alone turns black, And the spruce turns green through the frost, And the river glitters under the ice(A.S. Pushkin) - the described phenomena occur simultaneously, which is emphasized by the use of repeating conjunctions in each part.

I shouted And the echo answered me - the second phenomenon follows the first.

I wasn't feeling well And that's why I didn't wait for dinner- the second phenomenon is a consequence of the first, caused by it, as indicated by the specifier - adverb That's why.

NeitherI can't see the light of the sun, neither there is no room for my roots(I. A. Krylov).

The narrator froze mid-sentence, I Same a strange sound was heard- unions Same And Also have the peculiarity that they do not appear at the beginning of the part.

2. BSC with adversative unions ( but yes/=but/, however, but, but, but):

Sentences of this group always consist of two parts and, having a common adversative meaning, can express the following meanings:

She was about thirty however she seemed like a very young girl- the second phenomenon is opposed to the first.

Some helped in the kitchen, A others set the tables- the second phenomenon is not opposed to the first, but compared with it (replacement of the conjunction A on But impossible).

Union same, like unions Same And Also, always does not appear at the beginning of the second part of the sentence, but directly after the word that is opposed to the word of the first part:

All the trees have released sticky leaves, oak same still standing without leaves.

3. BSC with dividing unions ( or /il/, either, not that - not that, whether - either, that - that):

Eitherthe gate creaks, either the floorboards are cracking - union either - or indicates the mutual exclusion of phenomena.

Thatit was drizzling, That large flakes of snow fell - union this and that indicates alternation of phenomena.

Divisional unions or And or can be single or repeating.

With more detailed description types of BSC there are three more types of BSC: BSC with connecting, explanatory and gradational unions.

Unions are connecting yes and, too, also, placed in our classification in the group of connecting conjunctions.

Conjunctions are explanatory that is, namely:

He was kicked out of the gymnasium that is The most unpleasant thing for him happened.

Graduation unions - not only... but also, not that... but:

Not reallyhe didn't trust his partner, But he still had some doubts about him.

SSP. 1. Parts of a complex sentence are separated by commas if connecting relations are established between them (conjunctions and, yes, neither... nor), adversative (conjunctions a, but, yes, however, but, and then), divisive (conjunctions or , either, whether... or, whether... whether, then... then, not that... not that), adjunctive (conjunctions yes and, and, moreover, also, too) and explanatory (conjunctions namely, that is).

2. In a complex sentence, a comma is not placed in the following cases:

1) if the parts of a complex sentence have a common minor member or a common subordinate clause.

For example: Through the rain the sun shone and a rainbow spread from edge to edge (Prishv.); When the sun rose, the dew dried and the grass turned green;

If the subordinate clause refers only to one of the parts of a complex sentence, then its second part is separated by a comma.

For example: Romashov knew perfectly well that Shurochka was not in this bright, festive group, but when he looked there, every time something sweetly ached near his heart, and he wanted to breathe often from a strange, causeless excitement (Kupr.) ;

2) if the parts of a complex sentence are united by a common introductory word, have a common isolated member, or are united by an explanatory meaning in relation to the third part - explained by them.

For example: In a word, the time had already expired and it was time to leave; Contrary to all the forecasters' predictions, the sky had already cleared and the rain had stopped; Soon we found ourselves in front of the gorge: the water was rustling below and we could hear the falling of stones; It was impossible to stop: my legs were sucked in and my footprints were filled with water (Paust.);

3) if the parts of a complex sentence are nominative or impersonal sentences of a homogeneous composition.

For example: Do you hear? A hoarse groan and an angry rattle! (P.); The trees were dripping and there was a smell of leaves all around.

However, if there are more than two nominative sentences and the conjunction is repeated, then commas are placed - according to the rule that applies when identifying homogeneous members of a sentence.

For example: The hiss of underwater sand, the awkward movement of a crab, and the run of a goby, and the round ice jellyfish (Bagr.); And the blue smoke, and the first meetings, vague anxiety, and a scarf thrown over the shoulders, a government house and a long road (Sim.).

A comma is also placed if the predicates of impersonal sentences are not homogeneous in composition.

For example: It smells like something unfamiliar and it’s very hot (O.B.);

4) if the parts of a complex sentence are incentive, interrogative or exclamatory sentences; the uniting element here is a single intonation; incentive sentences may also have common particles.

For example: Where will the meeting be and who is the chairman? – general interrogative intonation; How quiet it is around and how clear the starry sky is! – general exclamatory intonation; Let the sun shine and the birds sing! – general particle; a union can also be a unifying element: The May cold ended, it became warm, and the bird cherry withered. Rowan buds have begun to appear and lilacs are blooming (Prishv.).

3. A compound sentence may contain a semicolon if its parts are significantly common and have commas inside.

For example: The heart feels horror in this brief moment, which divides the roar of thunder into blows; and they thunder, and the clouds burst, throwing golden arrows and lightning from their ranks to the ground. (M.G.) This seemed like a paradox to me, and I did not immediately understand the meaning of his words; but he is like this: behind the Kilda king is a cultured country, thousands of the same, brought up in civil freedom, hard work in the mountains, the same lonely, but invisibly connected kings. (Prishv.) Although he knew the way, last time he went to the tankers during the day; at night everything seemed different, unfamiliar. (Kaz.)

4. There may be a dash between the parts of a complex sentence if the second part of the sentence contains the meaning of a result, a sharp contrast, or represents an unexpected addition in relation to the first part.

For example: The train flew into the twilight - and all the objects outside the window merged into one continuous blackness (Current); They will sit side by side on the rubble, smoke, talk about this and that - and so be it (Cool); At first I tried not to scoop up water or dirt into my shoes, but I stumbled once, stumbled again - and it didn’t matter (Sol.); He walked through the village once or twice - and everyone got used to him (Cool); Perhaps he will give money, the government will allow it - and the monastery will rise again (Prishv.); Let's cross the stream along the oak tree - and into the swamp (Prishv.); Ask and I won’t tell (Prishv.); At first you are so afraid to waste minutes: you know that time is limited, they will delay you for nothing - and you will miss it forever (Prishv.); He stubbornly avoided being alone with her - he dragged Pika around with him, then complained about his ill health (Fad.); The windows of the fourth floor were not visible, it blinked - and a pale spot appeared behind the bars (Prishv.); You put a stick on the water and it floats with the flow (Prishv.).

5. A complex sentence may contain a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark.

For example: Baring his teeth, the headman began to hit him with a whip on anything - and from pain and horror Averky woke up in tears (Bun.); Next in line were police stations, and there no one had heard anything about David (Prishv.); One more turn in the road, and she reached for the bridge (Eb.).

This division of parts of a complex sentence can be considered somewhat outdated: firstly, due to the excessive accumulation of punctuation marks, especially if the sentence is not widespread enough and is not complicated by internal highlighting; secondly, if the parts of the sentence are common, then such a sign does not clearly convey the relationship of the parts, especially if there is a dash inside.

The use of a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark cannot be confused with the combination of a comma and a dash, when each sign stands on its own.

For example: He, by old habit, was infected by this feeling, but soon realized that he was only happy about the fire, happy about the entertainment, about the fact that they would come running to him, drag him out of the barn onto the grass, he also realized that the fire was far away and that none of this would happen - he again felt indifference, lay down again (Bun.); Under my unpleasantly weakening legs, I could feel something growing from below, lifting me up, then falling to the side, parting, and the floor was moving deeper and deeper from under my feet (Bun.); Who knows how long you will have to stay in the taiga - and all the time behind Grinka and his comrades (Shuksh.).

There are many difficult topics in the Russian language, but complex sentences occupy a special place among them. You need to be able to distinguish between their types in order to then correctly place punctuation marks. An 11th grade student needs to master the topic well in order to pass the exam with a high score.

Types of complex sentences: characteristic features and examples

First you need to study the table with examples “Types of complex sentences”:

It is clear from the table that a complex sentence has more than one stem, and the nature of the relationship between them can be very different. They are divided into two large groups - with and without conjunctions, and conjunction sentences, in turn, are divided into complex and complex depending on the nature of the connection and the conjunctions used. And since everything is not so simple in the Russian language, there is another group - complex sentences in which simple ones are connected with each other by different types of connections.

A complex sentence, regardless of the type of connection, can consist of not only two simple ones, but also more. To correctly determine the type of such a sentence, you need to find the grammatical foundations and determine the boundaries of simple sentences, and then find out the nature of the connection between them.

The nature of the connection in different sentences

In non-union and complex sentences, the parts are equal to each other, but in a complex sentence there is a main part and a subordinate clause (or subordinate clauses). These are their main differences.

By analogy with a phrase, you can ask a question from the main part to the subordinate clause. Moreover, the main part does not always appear at the beginning of the sentence, and the subordinate part follows it; it often happens the other way around. In addition, several subordinate clauses can be attached to one main part - they can answer the same questions or different ones.

Subordinate clauses are divided into several types, depending on their meaning. So, they are explanatory, attributive, adverbial and adjunctive.

Punctuation in complex sentences

Within a sentence with a non-union connection, parts can be connected not only by commas, but also by a dash and colon, and less often by a semicolon. In complex and complex sentences, the main punctuation mark is the comma.

What have we learned?

Depending on the nature of the connection between the parts of a complex sentence (there can be two or more of them), they are divided into non-union and allied, and the latter, in turn, are divided into sentences with coordinating and subordinating connections. There is also a separate type of complex sentences - with different types of connection, where they are combined in different variations. Complex sentences in Russian have a main part, to which one or more subordinate clauses are added. Depending on what kind of connection it is, there are several types of subordinate clauses.

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The syntax of the Russian language includes simple and complex sentences. Simple ones have only one grammatical basis (subject and predicate), while complex ones have two or more stems. To have a complete understanding of what a complex sentence is, you need to distinguish between several types of these sentences. Depending on how simple sentences are connected as part of a complex sentence, the following types of connections in a complex sentence are distinguished:

1. Non-Union
2. Compound
3. Complex subordinates

Non-union proposals

In non-union complex sentences, simple sentences are connected to each other, as is already clear from the name of the type, without the help of conjunctions and allied words, but only with intonation: “The reeds rustled, the trees bent. The darkness was impenetrable: the moon did not appear in the sky that night ".

Compound Sentences

Compound sentences in Russian are those in which the connection occurs through coordinating conjunctions: and, a, but, yes, either, or, or, that is, namely. Complex sentences are divided into:

• Connecting. They are characterized by the simultaneity or sequence of actions or events; cause-and-effect relationships can also be expressed in sentences with conjunctions and, yes, neither: “The sun came out, and the mood immediately became better.”
• Nasty. They use conjunctions: but, a, yes, but, however, which give the meaning of opposition and comparison: “I was waiting for you, but you didn’t come.”
• Separating. The conjunctions either, or, then...then, etc. indicate the incompatibility of the events being described, their alternation: “The sun is shining, the rain is falling.”

Complex sentences

Simple sentences as part of a complex sentence are connected using conjunctions and allied words: when, where, what, so, how, etc. Such sentences are also divided into types depending on the meaning of the subordinate parts. Thus, the subordinate parts of complex sentences can be:

1. Explanatory. Subordinate clauses answer all case questions. Conjunctions and allied words are used here: who, what, when, where, why, when, why, etc.: “He did not know when she would come.”
2. Definitive. They answer the question: which one?, conjunctions and allied words: how, what, so that, if, where, what, whose: “She was so beautiful, the likes of which he had never seen.”
3. Subordinate places. Questions: where? Where? from where?, allied words: where, where, from: “We will go with you where you have not gone before.”
4. Subordinate clauses. Questions: when? how long? since when? etc., conjunctions and allied words: while, as long as, as long as, while, etc. Conjunctive word: when: “She will come when she wants.”
5. Subordinate goals. Question: for what purpose? For what? Conjunctions: then, so that, in order, etc.: “We sewed to find out the truth.”
6. Subordinate conditions. Question: under what conditions? Conjunctions: if only, if only: “We will go mushroom picking if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.”
7. Additional reasons. Questions: why? from what? for what reason? Conjunctions: because, since, because of, due to that, due to the fact that, that, etc.: He was sad because he failed the exam.
8. Subordinate clauses. Questions: despite what? in spite of what? Conjunctions and allied words: although, despite the fact that, let, however much, etc.: “We ran down the street, despite the fact that it was raining.”
9. Comparative. Question: how? Conjunctions: as, as if, as if, etc.: “The flower was so beautiful, as if the sun itself had filled it with colors.”

All of these listed types of complex sentences are complex only at first glance. Once you start parsing complex sentences on your own, everything will immediately become clear to you and, perhaps, even interesting.