GRADATION UNIONS

Mainly comparative conjunctions with homogeneous members: both components of these conjunctions are in different parts of the sentence, and the second part has a greater semantic load compared to the first. Not only.. but also, not so much.. as, not so... how, not that... but (a), not that.. but (a), if not.. then, etc. Some researchers they are joined by complex conjunctions yes and, or even and, or not, and etc.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what GRADATIONAL UNIONS are in the Russian language in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• UNIONS
  PROFESSIONAL - see PROFESSIONAL...
• UNIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  PAYMENT - see PAYMENT UNIONS...
• UNIONS in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  ADMINISTRATIVE INTERNATIONAL - see INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIONS ...
• UNIONS
  Greece. Out of bounds hometown the ancient Greeks did not enjoy any rights and could not count on the patronage of foreign officials...
• UNIONS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  "UNIONS OF STRUGGLE FOR THE LIBERATION OF THE WORKING CLASS", the first citywide. Social-Democrats org-tions in the 1890s. in St. Petersburg (see St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle for...
• UNIONS
  ? Greece. Outside their hometown, the ancient Greeks did not enjoy any rights and could not count on the patronage of officials...
• UNIONS OF WORKERS AND PEASANTS YOUTH
  workers' and peasants' youth, organizations of proletarian youth that arose after the February Revolution of 1917 in Russia. From the first days of the revolution, a widespread...
• in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  Since the founding of universities, students have been united into unions, or nations (see University). Little by little, circles of fellow countrymen also emerged - fraternities, which...
• WORKERS' UNIONS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  voluntary, more or less long-term, organized associations of hired workers, with the goal of counteracting the decline and promoting the improvement of the social position of their ...
• in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  Until 1905, professional and political unions were possible in Russia only as illegal unions, therefore, extremely sparsely populated and devoid of...
• UNIVERSITY CORPORATIONS AND UNIONS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? Since the founding of universities, students have been united into unions, or nations (see University). Little by little, circles of fellow countrymen also emerged? fraternity...
• WORKERS' UNIONS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? voluntary, more or less long-term, organized associations of hired workers, with the goal of counteracting the decline and promoting the improvement of the social situation ...
• PROFESSIONAL AND POLITICAL UNIONS IN RUSSIA in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? Until 1905, professional and political unions were possible in Russia only as illegal unions, therefore, extremely sparsely populated and...
• UNION in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
  Function words used to communicate with each other homogeneous members proposals, parts complex sentence and independent proposals. Classification of unions: 1) by ...
• UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radyanska Socialistichna Respublika), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was founded on December 25, 1917. With the creation...
• TELEVISION TEST CHART in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  test table, test table, serves to control parameters characterizing the quality of the television image. T. and. etc. is performed on a special card, on a transparency, ...
• YOUTH MOVEMENT in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  movement, the struggle of young people to satisfy their socio-economic and political demands, as well as their participation in the general political struggle. In M. d....
• CINEMA TELEVISION EQUIPMENT in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  nameOCRUncertain129> Film and television technology, methods of recording and transmitting images, for the implementation of which a combination of technical means of cinema and television is used. K.t....
• LEGAL AND INDIVIDUALS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  differentiate in law due to the fact that it is not always possible in each individual case to distinguish between the rights and responsibilities of people who are truly...
• SYNDICATES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  In everyday language, this term refers to various types of unions that create a community of material interests between the contracting parties and do not belong to...
• WORK QUESTION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  The R. question is the question of the economic, legal and social situation of hired workers and its improvement. It forms the main part of modern...
• SOCIETY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  I Contents of the article: general review. — O. Anthropological. - Oh. Astronomical. - Oh. Biblical. — O. Geological and mineralogical. -...
• MISSOURI, STATE OF NORTH AMERICAN UNION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (Missouri) is the central state of the North American Union, bordered on the north by Iowa, on the east by Illinois, the Mississippi River, Kentucky...
• LEGAL AND INDIVIDUALS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  - are distinguished in law due to the fact that it is not always possible in each individual case to distinguish between the rights and responsibilities of people...
• FINANCE in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (financial law, financial science, financial science). ? The word "finance" originates from the medieval Latin term finatio, fоnancia, used ...
• FACTORY LEGISLATION in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? In our country, this name, not entirely correctly, means the entire department of legislation, which in the West bears a more appropriate name...
• INSURANCE in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  Theory S.? Insurance policy. ? History of insurance. ? History of insurance in Russia. Syndicate agreement of fire insurance companies. ? ...

In complex sentences, special gradation relations can be conveyed, i.e. strengthening, increasing, or, conversely, weakening the significance of the second component of the sentence compared to the first. Such meanings are characteristic of conjunctions not only... but also, not so much... as, not that..., but, although and... but also others..., conjunctions are always double, each part of the conjunction is at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence.

* Not only students study, but also teachers improve their level in courses.

^ 3. Complex sentence

A complex sentence is a complex sentence, the parts of which are connected by subordinating conjunctions or relative (conjunctive) words.

A part of a complex sentence that is syntactically dependent on another is called a subordinate clause. The part of a complex sentence that subordinates the subordinate clause is called the main part.

A) Means of connecting parts in a complex sentence

The main means of communication in a complex sentence are subordinating conjunctions, allied words, and correlative words (pronouns and adverbs).

Conjunctions simple (that, that, although, if, as, as if, etc.) and compound (because, since, meanwhile, despite the fact that, etc.) are found in the subordinate clause.

Conjunctions with a specific meaning are called semantic (since, because - causal; although, despite the fact that - concessive, etc.). Conjunctions with indefinite semantics are called functional (that, so that, as, etc.).

Subordinating conjunctions (causal, temporary, conditional) can be double, paired: when...then, if...then, if...so, how..then; than..them.

*The sooner the fire burned out, the more visible the moonlit night became.

Relative (conjunctive) words are pronouns and pronominal adverbs that serve as a means of connecting the subordinate part with the main one (which, whose, which, what; where, where, from where; how, when, etc.) Unlike conjunctions, they are significant words and therefore are members of the sentence.

* I had no idea what would happen in the dark.

Correlative words are attributive and demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs, which are found in the main part of a complex sentence and attach a subordinate part to themselves. Together with conjunctions, they make up correlative pairs: that...who, that...which, that...whose, there...where, there...where, then...when.

* Let's go where the river flows.

The order of parts of a complex sentence of different types is not the same: it can be strictly defined and free

* Some subordinating conjunctions attach only the subordinate clause following the main clause (for, good, because, so).

^ B) Semantic-structural types of complex sentences

1. Complex sentences with attributive clause:

1) Subsubstantive-definitive There are two types of proposals.

In some cases, the main part requires definition. Such a subordinate clause fills in the missing member of the main part. The pronouns that and such serve as indicators of an obligatory subordinate clause.

*People who travel a lot look at the world differently.

In other cases, the main part does not need a subordinate clause, which provides additional information about the subject.

* He spoke simple, soothing words, the kind an adult would say to an offended child.

Subsubstantive-defining sentences by type of subordination can be of relative and conjunction type. The subordinate part in them is attached to the main one with the help of the allied words which, which, whose, what, where where, from where, when and the allied words so that, as if, as if, as if.

Pronominal adverbs where, where, from where are usually used in subordinate clauses with a spatial connotation of meaning.

*Clouds descended over the valley where we were driving.

2) Pronominal attributives offers

The main part must contain a pronoun (everyone, everyone, everyone, any; that, such, such). In the subordinate clause - allied words who, what, which, what, which, whose; conjunctions like, as if, as if, that, in order to.

* Everyone he saw here had his own special knowledge.

2. Complex sentences with explanatory clause

A feature of such proposals is the obligatory incompleteness of the main part.

*Then he saw Nikolaev get up from the table.

The good thing about youth is that it has a future.

Subordinate clauses are attached to the main part with the help of conjunctions that, so that, as if, as, as if, as if, whether, as well as allied words where, where, from, how much, how much, why, why, which, which, who, what.

* Romashov sat awkwardly at dinner, not knowing where to put his hands.

In the main part there are words that require an explanatory subordinate part. This

1) verbs denoting

Perception (hear, see...)

Emotional-volitional state (decide, fear, regret, rejoice)

Message (talk, shout, report),

Mental activity (think, understand, be convinced);

2) adjectives with the meaning of an emotional-volitional state (confident, agree, right, happy)

3) impersonal predicative words with the meaning of evaluation (sorry, painful, visible, heard, necessary).

3. Complex sentences with subordinate clause of time

Temporal subordinate clauses contain an indication of the time of the action or manifestation of the characteristic, which is mentioned in the main part of the sentence.

* The sun was already high when I opened my eyes.

Before, when I was younger, my family and friends knew what to do with me.

^ Less than ten minutes passed before we set off.

Complex sentences expressing temporal relations are divided by meaning into sentences with simultaneity relations (when, while, as while) and sentences with multitemporal relations (when, while, after, since, as soon as, only , as, barely, only, before, earlier than, before).

* Before starting the lesson, the teacher carefully looked around the class.

4. Complex sentences with subordinate part of place

Subordinate clauses contain an indication of the place or space where what is said in the main part takes place. Subordinate clauses are added to the main clause by the allied words where, where, from. In the main part there may be words there, there, there, everywhere, everywhere.

* Where there used to be a lone rock, there lay a pile of rubble.

5. Complex sentences with subordinate part of the reason

Causal clauses contain an indication of the reason or justification for what is said in the main part of the sentence.

*Such thick grass grew only along the shores of the lake, because there was enough moisture here.

Subordinate reasons are attached to the main part through conjunctions and conjunctions because, because, since, since; due to the fact that, thanks to the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, for (book), good (colloquial). Usually subordinate clauses are found after the main clause.

6) Complex sentences with the subordinate part of the manner of action, measure and degree

Complex sentences may have general meaning qualitative-quantitative. In this case, the subordinate clauses have the meaning of an image or degree of action or a measure or degree.

* He caught so many fish that it’s hard to imagine.

Subordinate clauses in such sentences are attached to the main conjunctions that (in relation to so, to that, as much as, thus, to such an extent) so that (so, thus, as if, exactly); like (so).

Complex sentences with a subordinate degree usually have the relationship “such + noun”, “such + adjective”, “so + adverb” (in the main part) and the conjunctions that, as if, as if, exactly, as if (in the subordinate clause).

*The day seemed so high, as if the sky had opened to the depths.

7) Complex sentences with subordinate clauses comparative

Comparative clauses explain the main part of a sentence through comparison.

Comparative relations are expressed by conjunctions like, similarly, as if, as if, exactly, as if.

* The room became fresh, as if cold air had penetrated from somewhere.

8) Complex sentences with a conditional clause

Conditional clauses contain an indication of the condition on which the implementation of what is said in the main part depends.

Subordinate clauses are added to the main part of the sentence with conjunctions if, if, if, how, as soon, once, when, in that case.

Complex sentences with conditional clauses have two varieties:

1) sentences with a real condition

* If it rains, we won't go to the park.

2) sentences with a desirable, possible or expected condition (if).

* It’s not a waste of effort if it gives such results.

9) Complex sentences with subordinate clause

Concessive clauses contain an indication of the condition in spite of which what is said in the main part of the sentence is accomplished.

* Although it was dark, we did not stop searching.

Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause by conjunctions and combinations although (at least - colloquial), despite the fact that, despite the fact that, even though, for nothing (colloquial)

Among these proposals, generalized concessionary ones stand out.

* No matter how beautiful the morning was, we didn’t go anywhere from home.

Such sentences contain words like, where, who, what, how much, etc. with particle ni.

10) Complex sentences with a corollary clause

Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence arising from the content of the main sentence

Subordinate clauses are attached to the main conjunction so that or prepositional groups due to which, as a result of which. They are located after the main part.

* This day was declared a holiday, so the students did not go to class.

11) Complex sentences with a subordinate clause of the target

Subordinate clauses contain instructions about the purpose or purpose of what is being said in the main part of the sentence.

* The word is given to a person so that he communicates his thoughts to others.

Subordinate clauses are added to the main conjunctions so that, in order to, in order to, then so that, in order (bookish), if only, if only.

* The father was ready to do anything to make his son feel good.

12) Complex sentences with an additional connecting part

Additive clauses contain an additional message about what is said in the main part of the sentence. It may contain an explanation, an assessment of what is given in the main part of the message, a conclusion from it, or additional comments.

They are attached to the main allied words that (in different forms), where, where, from where, when why, why, why, how.

* The wolf mistook a fox's trail for a dog's and sometimes even lost her way, which had never happened to her in her youth.

^ My brother had to take entrance exams to the university, which is why he came to the city.

Some connecting clauses turned into stable phrases: what was to be expected, what was required to be proven, for which I congratulate you.

13) Complex sentences with comparative relationships between parts

Complex sentences can consist of parts whose contents are compared.

* While the grass was turning green in the valley, there was still snow on the mountains.

Comparative sentences have conjunctions and conjunctive combinations as connecting elements, while, meanwhile, while, as, as, than...then, if..then, let...but, since...then.

14) Complex sentences with explanatory relationships between parts

One of the parts of a complex sentence can explain another, specifying its meaning or conveying it in other words. The explanatory part is attached to the explained part with the help of conjunctions that is, namely, like that.

* Sophia did not have a single groom, that is, she did not receive a single official proposal.

^ B) Polynomial complex sentences

A complex sentence may contain not one, but several subordinate clauses. In this case, two types of complex sentences are distinguished.

The first type consists of those in which everything subordinate clauses refer to the main clause. Depending on the meaning of the subordinate clauses and their relationship to the main clause, they can be homogeneous or heterogeneous subordinate clauses.

Homogeneous subordinate clauses are called subordinate clauses that refer to the same member of the main sentence or to it as a whole. These sentences are connected to each other by a coordinating or non-union connection and are therefore called subordinate clauses.

*You could hear cars passing on the street, music playing in the distance, and boys making noise under the window as they played football.

Subordinate clauses with different names are called heterogeneous, i.e. related to different types by meaning, as well as subordinate clauses of the same type, but relating to different members of the main sentence.

* The caretaker inquired where he needed to go and announced that the horses sent from Kistenevka had been waiting for him for the fourth day.

The second type of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses includes sentences in which the subordinate clauses form a chain: the first relate to the main clause, the second to the first subordinate clause, the third to the second subordinate clause, etc. such subordination is called sequential, and subordinate clauses are called subordinate clauses of the first degree, subordinate clauses of the second degree, etc.

* The unexpected and too early death of Pushkin struck with grief everyone who had any love for Russian literature, which had lost the greatest of all the writers that had appeared in it up to that time.

Polynomial complex sentences also include those in which two or more main clauses are explained by one subordinate clause

* It was already quite dawn and people began to rise when I returned to my room.

The main sentences in these cases are connected by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection.

§ 3153. The basis of gradational relations is comparison or contrast in degree of significance: what is reported in one part of the construction is presented as in one way or another more significant, effective or convincing compared to what is said in the second part.

Comparison in this case, as a rule, is complicated by a subjective evaluation component. In the design of gradational relations, two-place conjunctions of the type not only... but also are widely used; if not... then at least; not to say that... but. Depending on the meaning of the conjunction and the rules for the arrangement of its components, the gradation can be ascending (increasing significance) or descending (decreasing significance).

Three types of gradational relationships are distinguished: 1) what is reported in one part is presented as more important, more significant in one aspect or another; gradation relations, as a rule, cover predicative features; 2) what is reported in one part is assessed as more true, more reliable; 3) what is communicated in one part is assessed as more consistent with the essence of what is being designated; The basis of the gradational comparison here is the distinction between the form of the message and its essence.

§ 3154. Gradational relations between the more significant and the less significant are presented in sentences with two-place conjunctions (and their one-place analogues): 1) not only... but also (and and; but even; and also; and besides); not only not... but (but rather, rather; on the contrary, on the contrary); not only; 2) not that... but (a; just; even, not even); not even... not that; not even... not even that; not even... much less; 3) not only that... also; not only that... also; little of; moreover, more than that; worse than that; or even...

1) I hastened to assure him that not only do I not smoke, but I don’t even like to see ladies smoking (A. Dostoevskaya); It should be noted that not only was there no fish, but the rod didn’t even have a fishing line (M. Sadovsky); I was not indifferent to her, but not only did I not dare tell her about it, but I was even afraid that she would not notice my tender feelings(Shalyap.); Novel " White Guard“not only talented prose, but also a very interesting document of the era (Simon.); “Hard circumstances” not only do not cancel philanthropy, but, on the contrary, create opportunities for its manifestation (journal).

2) Not to mention getting up, it seemed to him that he could not open his eyes (Bulg.); I was born on “Evdokia,” but on that day not only did the chicken have nowhere to drink, but even, my mother said, the sparrows froze in flight (Sholokh.); I couldn’t even turn around, let alone break through this living wall (gas); The archaeologist didn’t even tell us what kind of flowers were in Tutankhamun’s tomb, especially since he didn’t count the petals on them (Soloukh.).

3) I was happy about her. Moreover, on the same day I announced my intention, not to Vera Nikolaevna, as one would expect, but to Eltsova herself (Turg.); “Tell me,” I asked, “you’re with me all the time, you were at rehearsal for no more than half an hour, or even don’t go at all, so you know “The Demon”?” (K. Korovin); Not only did he work himself, he also gave his mother and Nastya instructions on what to do (Plat.); I have a shack right on the shore. Sometimes a wave will reach the threshold, or even wash through my window (Paust.); Be that as it may, my discovery of Antarctica took place; Moreover, my name (V. Sanin) may appear on the map of the ice continent.

§ 3155. Gradational relations between the more true (reliable) and the less true are represented in constructions with two-place conjunctions and their one-place analogues: if not... then at least (then in any case); if not; if not to say; not to say; not really... but; Not really; not that... but; not really; not to say that... but; one cannot say that; quicker; rather the opposite.

He is not that cruel, but he is too active in character (L. Tolstoy); With a few more boys I find myself in a not so big room; rather, on the contrary, it is a small room and even narrow, though with three windows (Olesha); Ulanova is not generous with emotional outpourings; rather, she is characterized by stinginess with feelings (Yu. Zavadsky); Scientists have learned, if not to control the hereditary code, then at least to purposefully influence its individual links (journal); Shukshin belonged to Russian art in that tradition, due to which the artist not only humiliated himself, but did not notice himself in the face of the problem that he raised in his work (Zalyg.).

§ 3156. The gradational relations between that which is more consistent with the essence of the signified, and that which corresponds less to it, are presented in constructions with allied analogues more correctly, more precisely, more correctly to say, more accurately speaking, in other words, it’s not enough to say, it’s better to say.

I remember that even before I started shaving, I trimmed my mustache with scissors - or rather, not a mustache, but what grew on upper lip(Olesha); He vaguely remembered his mother - or rather, it seemed to him that he remembered her (Paust.); It’s not enough to say that Levitan loved music. She dominated him as crushingly as poetry (S. Prorokova); Even in Bykov’s old stories one can sense a tinge of pity, perhaps, for the hero. More precisely, the main task there was to show a living person in the war (journal); In contrast to his moments of bitterness, he showed himself to be an easy-going fellow, or rather, that’s what it seemed to his comrades at the time (gas).

For gradation-comparative constructions, see § 3098.

More on the topic SENTENCES WITH GRADATIONAL MEANING:

1. § 87. Compound sentences with connecting conjunctions
2. § 89. Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions
3. MEANS OF CONNECTING PARTS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
4. Module 6. “Syntax of a complex sentence of minimal structure.”
5. Principles of classification of complex sentences. Structural and semantic characteristics of types of complex sentences. The place of complex sentences with connecting and gradational conjunctions in the complex sentence system. Question about complex sentences with explanatory conjunctions.

Mainly comparative conjunctions with homogeneous members: both components of these conjunctions are in different parts of the sentence, and the second part has a greater semantic load compared to the first. Not only.. but also, not so much.. as, not so... how, not that... but (a), not that.. but (a), if not.. then, etc. Some researchers they are joined by complex conjunctions yes and, or even and, or not, and etc.

• - ...

  Sexological encyclopedia

• - a social institution that arose, apparently, at the stage of transition from the maternal to the paternal Clan as an organization of men to fight for a dominant position in society...
• - associations of adult men among many peoples in the era of the tribal system, especially during the transition from matriarchy to patriarchy...

  Large encyclopedic dictionary

• - workers' organizations created by entrepreneurs with the aim of putting pressure on workers and fighting against their trade unions; management of K. s. paid by the company; greatest distribution K. s. received in the USA and Canada...

  Soviet historical encyclopedia

• - associations of commercial banks and organizations whose activities are related to the functioning of the monetary system...

  Dictionary of business terms

• - private societies that organize, especially for the children of their neighborhood, miniature unions of patronage of animals, birds, vegetation, especially forest...
• - In order to facilitate mutual trade and industrial relations, individual states sometimes establish a uniform monetary unit, determining its normal weight, and undertake to accept it in their treasuries...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - Greece. Outside the boundaries of their hometown, the ancient Greeks did not enjoy any rights and could not count on the patronage of officials of a foreign state...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - organizations created by entrepreneurs to put pressure on workers and fight against trade unions; usually unite workers and employees of one firm or company...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - The same as functional unions...
• - see subordinating conjunctions...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - see double conjunctions...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - see subordinating conjunctions...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - A type of BSC with a general connecting meaning. Sentences of heterogeneous composition, the predicative parts of which are connected by gradational two-place conjunctions not so much... as; not that..., but; not just... but...
• - A type of BSC with a general connecting meaning. Sentences of heterogeneous composition, the predicative parts of which are connected by gradational two-place conjunctions not so much... as; not that..., but; not that.....

  Syntax: Dictionary

• - The auxiliary part of speech, used as a means of expressing a syntactic connection between: 1) members of a sentence; 2) parts of a complex sentence; 3) text components...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

"gradational unions" in books

UNIONS