Life and housing of the main part of the population Russia in the first half of the 19th century. retained the features of past times. Both in the countryside and in most cities, wood remained the main building material. It was used to build not only the huts of peasants, but also the houses of artisans, small and medium-sized officials, and middle-class nobles.

The basis of the rural dwelling of the peasants was the basement (a room for livestock, valuable tools, and many things). The main part of the house was located above the basement, “on the mountain,” and was called the upper room. In the houses of the wealthy peasants and for the townspeople, above the upper room there was often a special room with many large windows - a light room.

Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes (which became widespread during that period), shutters, etc. Instead of glass, the peasants’ huts were still covered with a bull bladder. However, wealthier villagers also began to have mica windows. Glass remained expensive and was available only to nobles, merchants and the wealthiest peasants.

Class differences were most clearly manifested in clothing. True, Catherine’s times with the precious clothes of the courtiers flaunted into the past were becoming a thing of the past. If in the era of Catherine II the ceremonial clothes of Count Grigory Orlov were showered with diamonds and other precious stones and cost a million rubles (despite the fact that 1 pood of rye cost 95 kopecks, and a serf - 25-30 rubles), then already during the reign of Paul I and Alexandra I Modest frock coats and dresses of French cut become the most fashionable. Under Nicholas I, uniforms for officials were introduced. Most of the courtiers wore military uniforms.

• Peasants wore shirts and trousers as both everyday and weekend wear. Far from the central cities In some places, a custom was preserved according to which, until the wedding, young men and women wore only a belted long shirt. Outerwear (sermyags, zipuns) was made from homespun cloth, and as weaving production developed, from factory fabrics that had become fashionable.

Since ancient times, our ancestors have used a rich range of plant and animal foods.

The main product was rye (in rich houses and on holidays - wheat) bread. Porridge and jelly were made from millet (millet), peas, buckwheat, and oats. They ate a lot of vegetables - cabbage, turnips, carrots, cucumbers, radishes, beets, onions, garlic, and potatoes became increasingly common. The most popular dish, cabbage soup, was prepared from cabbage (in summer, sorrel or nettle) and other vegetables. The second dish, as a rule, was porridge, and later - boiled jacket potatoes with pickles or mushrooms.

Meat was a rare product on the tables of the poor. As a rule, it was eaten only at Christmas and Easter. This was explained not only by the weak development of livestock farming, but also by religious fasts.

• Food was prepared in clay pots for the whole day and placed in a Russian oven to preserve heat. For the first time during this period, metal pots, “cast iron pots,” began to be used, along with clay ones.
• In cities, taverns, tea houses, and buffets opened in large numbers for those who could not dine at home.

The peasants did not have free time even on religious holidays and Sundays.

Only church holidays with their common rituals and traditions were common to the entire population. But here, too, the differences were obvious. For example, Christmas trees for rich children with gifts and performances, balls and masquerades for the nobility and officials were obligatory. For the poor, folk festivals and caroling - the performance of songs and poems, followed by refreshments or gifts to the participants in the carols - were a common thing these days.

Project objectives: a) Talk about housing in the first half of the 19th century.
b) Talk about clothing in the first half of the 19th century.
c) Talk about nutrition in the first half of the 19th century.
d) Talk about leisure and customs of the first half of the 19th century
century.
e) Talk about the family and family rituals first
half of the 19th century.

Relevance of the project

The relevance of the project on knowledge today
generation about the life and customs of their ancestors.

Information sources

Educational literature
Internet resources

Housing

Life and housing of the main part of the Russian population in
the first half of the 19th century retained the features of the past
times Both in the village and in most cities
remained the main building material
tree. Not only peasant huts were built from it, but
and the houses of artisans, small and medium-sized officials,
middle class nobles. Depending on the wealth of the owners
the houses were decorated with carvings and had drainage
pipes, shutters, etc. Foundation of the house
it was called a basement. Tools were kept there
there could be livestock. The further north people lived, the
the base was higher. Main room
It was called the upper room and was located above the basement.

In the upper room, the most important element was the stove. She
divided the room into men's and women's
half. Diagonally from the stove there was a red
the corner in which the icons were placed. In the same corner
there was a table. Benches were placed along the table. Usually,
the most important guests sat in the “red” corner, or
home owner. Next to the owner, they sat on a bench
sons, starting with the eldest. It was men's
half the table. The hostess sat on the side table
bench. It should be closer to the stove. On the other hand
The daughters were sitting on the side of the table. In the same way
The house was also divided.

Half of the house near the stove was female. The dishes were stored here
household items, spinning wheel. A baby's cradle hung for the owner
I could always approach the child. A man should enter a women's room
half were prohibited. Opposite was the men's part of the house. Here
the owner was engaged in repairing shoes, household items and many other things
to others. Guests were received in this same half. From furniture in a hut
there were a table and benches. In the middle of the 19th century, chairs appeared. Slept
on the floors. As a rule, only old people could sleep on the stove. All
things were kept in chests. However, it should be remembered that the position
peasants were different. The wealthier could afford
better living conditions, while there were also very poor
peasants.
The living conditions of the workers were difficult; they lived in urban
barracks, where rooms were located along the corridors, with large
number of beds.

The city houses of the nobility and rich merchants looked more like
palaces: they were built mainly from stone, decorated
not only with columns, but also with sculptures and stucco bas-reliefs.
Now let's see how rich townspeople lived in the cities and
representatives of the merchant class. Their houses were mostly
stone, one could also find those with
the lower part was stone and the upper part was wooden. IN
The owners in such a house had 8 rooms at their disposal.
Mandatory
there was a living room, a dining room, a sofa room, a dance room,
cabinet. Separate rooms were given to servants.
The furniture was beautiful and varied: armchairs, sofas,
desks, cupboards for dishes and books. On
walls that are necessarily covered with wallpaper, you can
see mirrors, paintings, clocks.

Country estates were popular. To build a house
chose a picturesque area with a park, lake or river. This
there was a one-, two-, or three-story structure. In the estates
there was a ceremonial hall in which they held
techniques; living rooms; library, where the nobles loved to read and
discuss what you read; office, women's room, or boudoir,
where housewives could receive guests; pantry and dining room.
The layout of the rooms was interesting. They were placed in a row,
one after another, forming a suite. Those who entered felt like
the impression of endless space. The furniture was the same as
in merchant houses, only more expensive. Compulsory
the subject was tables for playing cards. There were
musical instruments played during
organized by the hosts of the evenings. Stucco was expensive
decoration of the ceilings, it amazed with its diversity in
every single home.

Cloth

The peasant woman's costume consisted
from a shirt, sundress or skirt, kokoshnik
holidays or scarf. On your feet in summer
they wore bast shoes, and in winter they wore pistons or felt boots.
Unmarried girls did not have to wear
headdress, they decorated their hair with ribbons.
Married women always hid their hair under
caps, scarves or kokoshniks. To appear
being “plain-haired” in public was a great disgrace.
An integral element of the costume was the belt, which
was a talisman.

Men-
the peasants wore a shirt, an overcoat and ports made of rough
fabrics. The felted headdress for men was
hat, cap. Popular in early XIX century
steel "buckwheat" - these are hats,
reminiscent in shape of a flatbread made from buckwheat flour.
On their feet, peasants wore bast shoes or boots.

Workers in cities wore belted shirts, trousers,
which they tucked into high boots, vests and jackets,
or long frock coats. The workers' headdress was a cap,
the visor of which was varnished.

In a merchant's suit for a long time
features of peasant clothing were visible.
Men wore zipuns and caftans. Later
frock coats appeared, popular among the townspeople. On
On their feet, men wore high boots. In winter
For a time they wore fur coats, fur hats, and sheepskin coats.
The clothes of the merchants are of interest. With its bad taste
she caused laughter among all segments of the population. Women
I wanted to show off my status and show off my wealth.
Therefore, they decorated their dresses with various bows,
variegated colors, making it as bright as possible.
An invariable attribute of deeds of sale
there was a shawl or colored scarf.

Another distinctive detail of a merchant’s costume is
these are decorations. Massive gold watch, rings with
precious stones. Everything that can show wealth
despite being tasteless and inappropriate.
The most varied and beautiful was the fashion of the nobility.
Women's dresses were made from thin fabrics. They were overpriced
waist, short sleeves and open neckline. That was very
beautiful, but did not correspond to the climate of Russia. Victims of fashion
there were more and more women. In the 19th century they became
redingotes are popular - these are outerwear, shaped
resembling a dress. In winter it was lined with fur. At the end
In the first quarter of the 19th century, a combination of puffed sleeves and long narrow sleeves became fashionable. The bottom of the dress was decorated
embroidery, flowers, frills. The dresses were of high quality
fabrics. The ladies covered their deep neckline with a chemisette.
Women's hats were often decorated with ribbons. Complete the look
A variety of decorations helped.

Everyday men's clothing was a redingote, which was sewn with
a high collar that protected from the wind; tailcoat, which
worn with trousers and a vest; tall hat or top hat;
They wore high boots or shoes on their feet.

Nutrition

Since ancient times, our ancestors have used a rich set of
plant and animal food. The main product was rye
bread. Porridge and jelly were made from millet, peas, buckwheat, and oats.
We ate a lot of vegetables - cabbage, turnips, carrots, cucumbers,
radishes, beets, onions, garlic, and potatoes were increasingly coming into use.
Meat was a rare product on the tables of the poor. As a rule, it
They only ate at Christmas and Easter. But the fish was more accessible.
The main drinks were bread and beet kvass, beer,
sbiten. Tea began to be consumed. For dessert there were fruits and berries.
Taverns and buffets opened in large numbers in cities
for those who could not dine at home.

On the merchants' tables there was cabbage soup, various pies with
filling, fish, meat, sour cream, cream,
curdled milk, caviar. Became popular in the 19th century
the word “soup”, which combines stews, cabbage soup
and other liquid foods. On the merchant tables there was
a large number of cutlery: dessert,
teaspoons and tablespoons, knives, forks. The dishes were
made of porcelain or earthenware.

Leisure and customs

Common to the entire population were only
church holidays. For church holidays
usually coincided with fairs, accompanied by
festivities, amusements, choral singing and
round dances. Peasants most of the time
worked. In their free time there were celebrations and
holiday entertainment. At Christmas we caroled,
they told fortunes and went to fetch holy water. They baked on Maslenitsa
pancakes, rode from the mountains. Started on Ivan Kupala
swim, weave wreaths and jump over fires.

The nobles spent their free time in different ways. They
attended concerts and theaters.
They organized balls and masquerades. Moreover, the balls were one
one of the most popular leisure activities. Nobles should always
were to observe the limits of decency, at work they were
employees, at home - fathers of families and caring mothers. AND
only at the ball they were just noblemen having fun,
who are among their equals. Children from the very
at an early age they were taught dancing and social manners
conversation. One of the most important days in the girls' lives was
the day of her first appearance at the ball.
Clubs became a new form of leisure for the nobles, where
representatives of high society gathered, united
common interests.

In their homes, the nobles set up salons where light gathered
society. Important topics were discussed there,
literary and musical evenings. Everything happened smoothly
a scenario thought out by the owners.
An innovation of this period was the tradition of decorating the Christmas tree for
Christmas. Alexandra Fedorovna was the first to do this in 1817.
In Moscow she arranged a Christmas tree for her children, a year later the tree was
staged in the Anichkov Palace. Under the tree were laid out
sweets and gifts. Among the people, this tradition took root only
forties of the 19th century.
The main holidays for townspeople and peasants remained
religious and related to the folk calendar. At Christmas
it was Christmastide. New Year brought a desire to change his
future, influence it. It was a time of fortune telling.

Family and family rituals

The family united, as a rule, representatives of two
generations - parents and their children. Such a family is usually
was a large group. Often
there were 7-9 children in the family. If among children
more than half were boys, then such families are not
were considered poor. On the contrary, they were
quite “strong”, since they had a lot
workers. Among the main family rituals
You can call it baptism, wedding, funeral. To marriage
usually young men aged 24-25 years entered, and
girls aged 18-22 years.

LIFE AND CUSTOMS OF RUSSIA 19TH CENTURY

PREPARED BY AN 8TH CLASS STUDENT:

BARINOV ALEXEY

• The house consisted of several rooms: an upper room, a light room (usually in the houses of wealthy peasants and townspeople) - with many windows.
• Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. Since glass was very expensive, instead of glass windows in the huts of the peasants, they stretched a bull bladder.

• Class differences were most clearly manifested in clothing. True, Catherine’s times with the precious clothes of the courtiers protruding into the past were becoming a thing of the past.

• Since ancient times, our ancestors have used a rich range of plant and animal foods: Rye bread, porridge and jelly made from millet, buckwheat, oats. They ate cabbage, beets, onions, garlic, and potatoes came into common use. They made cabbage soup and made jacket potatoes.
• The upper strata of society preferred European cuisine. Coffee, cocoa, oriental sweets, biscuits, French, German, and Spanish wines became integral food products.

LEISURE AND CUSTOMS

• The only things common to the entire population are church holidays with their rituals and traditions that are common to everyone. But here, too, the differences were obvious. At Christmas, Christmas trees with gifts, masquerades, and balls were obligatory. For the poor, folk festivals and caroling were a common thing these days - the performance of songs and poems, followed by refreshments or gifts to the participants in the carols.

FAMILY AND FAMILY RITES

• The family united, as a rule, representatives of two generations - parents and children. Such a family usually represented a large group. Often there were 7-9 children in a family. If more than half of the children were boys, then such families were considered prosperous - they had many workers.
• Among the new rituals is a wedding. Boys usually got married at the age of 24 - 25 years, and girls at the age of 18 - 22 years. A marriage must receive a blessing during a church wedding.

The life and homes of the bulk of the Russian population in the first half of the 19th century retained the features of past times. Both in the countryside and in most cities, wood remained the main building material. Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. The life and homes of the bulk of the Russian population in the first half of the 19th century retained the features of past times. Both in the countryside and in most cities, wood remained the main building material. Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. The city houses of the nobility and rich merchants were more like palaces: they were built mainly of stone, decorated not only with columns, but also with sculptures and stucco bas-reliefs.

Class differences were most clearly manifested in clothing. The bulk of the country's population was committed to old patterns of clothing. Depending on their wealth, working people, small and middle philistines wore urban costume, which was a type of pan-European costume with features of Russian peasant costume. The main footwear was boots. Class differences were most clearly manifested in clothing. The bulk of the country's population was committed to old patterns of clothing. Depending on their wealth, working people, small and middle philistines wore urban costume, which was a type of pan-European costume with features of Russian peasant costume. The main footwear was boots.

Peasants wore shirts and trousers as both everyday and weekend wear. In winter they wore sheepskin coats and sheepskin coats, long sheepskin coats belted with bright sashes. The hats were mostly made of felted wool.

Only church holidays with their common rites and traditions were common to the entire population. Fairs were usually timed to coincide with church holidays, accompanied by festivities, entertainment, choral singing and round dances. Only church holidays with their common rites and traditions were common to the entire population. Fairs were usually timed to coincide with church holidays, accompanied by festivities, entertainment, choral singing and round dances.

Patronal feast days were also solemnly celebrated in honor of the saint, after whom the local church was named. Working people whiled away their short leisure time mainly in cheap taverns.

The family united, as a rule, representatives of two generations - parents and their children. Such a family usually represented a large group. Often there were 7-9 children in a family. If more than half of the children were boys, then such families were not considered poor. On the contrary, they were quite “strong”, since they had many workers. The family united, as a rule, representatives of two generations - parents and their children. Such a family usually represented a large group. Often there were 7-9 children in a family. If more than half of the children were boys, then such families were not considered poor. On the contrary, they were quite “strong”, since they had many workers.

Among the main family rituals are baptism, wedding, and funeral. Boys usually got married at the age of 24-25, and girls at the age of 18-22. The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "History" Ready-made history presentations are intended for both

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Slide captions:

The basement is the lower floor of a wooden house, used for housing, storage of valuable tools and many things. The basis of the rural dwelling of the peasants was the basement. The main part of the house was located above the basement, “on the mountain,” and was called the upper room.

Depending on the wealth of the owners, the houses were decorated with carvings, had drainpipes, shutters, etc. Wealthy peasants now have mica windows. Glass remained expensive and was available only to nobles, merchants and the wealthiest peasants.

Working people lived in factory barracks. Kuva plant. Station barracks. 19th century Kuva plant. Type of mine barracks. 19th century

The fashion for country houses has continued since the 18th century. Following the example of the landowners, who had such buildings before, representatives of the bureaucracy and the intelligentsia now began to build them. Such houses were usually built of wood. The front wall was decorated with two to four columns.

The interior decoration of the home was also different. In the houses of peasants and townspeople, the most important place was considered to be the place near the sword. Diagonally from it there was a red corner where the most valuable icons hung.

In the houses and palaces of the nobility, the central position was occupied by the state hall, where balls and receptions were held. The rooms were located sequentially one after another - an enfilade. By the middle of the century, the “corridor” system was developed in new buildings - all the main rooms opened onto the corridor. Oriental furniture, decorating the halls with carpets and weapons came into fashion.

Peasant in a shirt-shirt Peasant clothes Bast shoes Sinner Heavy leather galoshes “cats” Clothes

Food The main product was rye bread. We ate a lot of vegetables. The most popular dish, cabbage soup, was made from cabbage. The second dish was porridge. In the first half of the 19th century, Chinese tea became widespread. At the same time, samovars and teaware became popular. Metal pots - “cast iron”.

Leisure and customs Christmas trees for rich children with gifts and performances. Caroling

Masquerade, ball for the nobility, officials. Maslenitsa Easter Ivan Kupala Holiday

Family and family rituals The family usually represented a large group. Often there were 7–9 children in a family. Basic family rituals: Baptism Wedding Funeral Marriage must have received an official blessing at a church wedding. Only such a marriage was considered legal. The baptism of every child in the first months of life was also mandatory. The funeral of the deceased in church or at home was one of the main rites.

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