Iron road knight. How Debaltsevo and its residents have been fighting in the rear for three years. History of Debaltsevo City of Debaltsevo, Donetsk region
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Flag of Debaltsevo |
Coat of arms of Debaltsevo |
| A country | Ukraine |
| Status | city of regional subordination |
| Region | Donetsk |
| Population | 29.1 thousand people man (2004) |
| Vehicle code | AH/05 |
| Telephone code | +380 6249 |
| KOATUU | 1410900000 |
| Postal codes | 84700-84790 |
| City with | 1938 |
| Based | 1878 |
| Agglomeration | 52,2 |
| Coordinates | Coordinates: 48°20′28″ N. w. 38°25′40″ E. d. / 48.341111° n. w. 38.427778° E. d. (G) (O) (I)48°20′28″ N. w. 38°25′40″ E. d. / 48.341111° n. w. 38.427778° E. d. (G) (O) (I) |
| Mayor | Protsenko Vladimir Vasilievich |
| Timezone | UTC+2, in summer UTC+3 |
| Official site | http://debaltsevo-rada.dn.ua/ |
| Square | 24.2 km² |
| Density | 1250 people/km² |
Debaltsevo (Ukrainian: Debaltseve) is a city of regional significance in the Donetsk region of Ukraine, the largest railway junction in the country.
Distance to Donetsk: by road - 74 km. Distance to Kyiv: by road - 803 km, by railway - 797 km.
Neighborhoods and parts of the city
Population
30.246 thousand inhabitants (2001) with territories subordinate to the City Council 52.214 thousand inhabitants. Ukrainian language According to the census, 21.9% of the population uses it at home. The population at the beginning of 2004 was 29.1 thousand people.
The birth rate is 7.5 per 1000 people, mortality is 17.1, natural decline is 9.6, the migration balance is negative (-2.2 per 1000 people).
Story
The city of Debaltsevo was founded in 1878 as railroad station in connection with the construction of Catherine's railway. By 1897, more than 2 thousand people lived in the station village.
The name is associated with the adjacent village of Ilyinka, which in the 19th century was granted to State Councilor Ilya Nikolaevich Deboltsov for his participation in the suppression of the Decembrist uprising. After some time, Ilyinka received her second unofficial name - Deboltsovka. This is exactly how it was indicated on topographic maps of the 19th century, and the station, which was founded on the northern borders of Deboltsov’s estate, was named Debaltsevo.
In 1894, a mechanical plant was built near the station, which produced construction trusses, railway bridge spans, and trolleys for narrow-gauge railways. In 1905-1908, a freight station and two depots were built, and carriage workshops were expanded. In 1911, the population of Debaltsevo was 20 thousand people. The village had no running water or paved streets. There were two small hospitals, an outpatient clinic, a parish school, a zemstvo school and a railway school.
During the February Revolution, the Civil War and before the establishment of Soviet power in 1919, the city of Debaltsevo changed hands more than once. At the beginning of the Civil War, Debaltsevo was a border point of the UPR. Further, at different periods in Debaltsevo there were Don Cossacks, Denikin’s troops, the Red Army, and during the reign of Hetman Skoropadsky, from April to December 1918, the Austro-German armed forces.
In 1919, the attack on Debaltsevo was developed by the armored train “Power to the Soviets!”, under the command of L. G. Mokievskaya-Zubok. She died during the battle for the station. But after the Bolsheviks, Debaltsevo was occupied by Denikin’s troops. By the end of 1919, Soviet power was established in Debaltsevo.
In 1921, Debaltsevo received the status of a district town of Bakhmutsky (later Yenakievsky) district. In 1921, the city's population was 9,595 people. Among the workers, 65.9% were employed in transport (railway station and workshops), 2.8% were workers, 15.7% were office workers. In 1925, the mechanical plant (Debaltsevo Machine-Building Plant) was reconstructed, and its range included blast furnace and rolling equipment. The village received city status in 1938. By 1939, its population had grown to 33 thousand people, water supply and electricity appeared, a Palace of Culture for Railway Workers with 1,200 seats, a stadium were built, and a branch of the Kharkov Railway Institute was opened. During the first five-year plans, the railway junction and the machine-building plant underwent reconstruction. The plant began to produce steel-pouring ladles, slag carriers, cast iron carriers, and blast furnace valves.
The remains of burnt Ukrainian tanks are rusting in a field literally a hundred meters from Debaltsevo. Photo by Dmitry Durnev
The only remaining funeral home in Debaltsevo has quite decent-looking coffins for sale. The ceiling is boarded up - a consequence of quick repairs after a direct hit from a shell.
It’s quiet here, and don’t bother us again,” says the owner. - I won’t talk to the journalist. There are just over 25 of us entrepreneurs left registered with the local tax office, a platoon, one might say. Everyone is visible and everyone is counted.
People of his profession in Donbass are generally taciturn. When grandmothers who left Debaltsevo in the terrible winter of 2015 die “in Ukraine,” they are taken to their native cemetery through checkpoint lines in a hearse of a local funeral home to be buried. In order to easily pick up a body from the territory controlled by the Ukrainian Armed Forces and bring it to the city under the control of the DPR, you need to have good contacts on both sides - and for this you should not chat with journalists.
A stranger among his own
Debaltsevo is the personification of the war in Donbass. In Soviet times, the city was a large railway junction of union importance, but with Ukraine gaining independence, the transit importance of the city decreased. If in 2001 36 thousand people officially lived here, then by 2014 there were already 24 thousand of them left.
Everything changed when war came to Donbass in 2014. In the spring, supporters of the DPR assumed power in the city, but on July 29, after a short battle, the transport hub came under the control of Ukraine. And then it turned out that in the new reality the strategic importance of the city is enormous: Debaltsevo is located on the Donetsk-Lugansk highway, and the control of the Armed Forces of Ukraine over the Debaltsevo railway junction did not allow building a normal railway connection between the self-proclaimed republics and Russia.
In September 2014, after the Ilovaisk cauldron, the first Minsk agreements were signed, which fixed the location of Debaltsevo on territory controlled by Ukraine. But in January-February 2015, the armed formations of the DPR and LPR, with the support of Russian combat groups, went on the offensive here: the city was subjected to massive artillery shelling for weeks, battles took place on the near outskirts - today you can go to the former positions of the Ukrainian Armed Forces with the remaining remains of broken tanks on foot, they are 100–150 meters from the outermost houses. It was in these areas that the meme about the “combat Buryats” was born: a contract soldier of the 5th separate tank brigade of the Russian Federation from Ulan-Ude, Dorzhi Batomunkuev, who was burned in these battles, then told Novaya Gazeta about the combat path of his combined tank battalion in the Donbass. In the same Donetsk regional burn center, he managed chat under the cameras and with State Duma deputy from Buryatia Iosif Kobzon.
There were practically no undamaged buildings left in Debaltsevo at that time; shells rained down everywhere. “We have only one house on Cheryomushki where there was not a single direct hit!” - this is how a resident of these very Cheryomushki, a microdistrict built up with standard Khrushchev five-story buildings, described the situation to Spectrum.
Not far from Station Square there is a Monument to Internationalist Soldiers drafted by the Debaltseve Military Commissariat and killed in Afghanistan. Photo by Dmitry Durnev/Spektr.Press
When, after prolonged battles, the armed formations of the DPR and LPR and, as the Ukrainian side claims, with the support of separate battalion-tactical groups of Russian contract soldiers surrounded and took Debaltsevo after heavy fighting, the city actually found itself twice outlawed. It is part of the unrecognized territories, while remaining - according to the demarcation line established in Minsk by the Memorandum of September 19, 2014 - a territory controlled by the Ukrainian authorities. Respectively, fighting around this city, the Armed Forces of Ukraine are considered legally justified.
Condition: war
We arrived in Debaltsevo for City Day. A festive car rally started here in the morning, and by 10:00 the football and chess tournaments were supposed to begin. Near the Sports Palace, which is being renovated, there is a football ground with artificial grass that was commissioned for the 2012 European Championship. There was a match going on, and a group of decently dressed people, a police squad, stood nearby. Our documents were immediately checked. Strong man the suit turned out to be acting. the head of the city Igor Marinkov.
He sternly instructs one of his assistants to tell reporters about the tournament and gives us his farewell for the day: “Don’t ask residents about peacekeepers and the like. The management itself doesn’t quite understand what to say about this.”
The tournament is designed for a day, teams from four microdistricts of Debaltsevo play. The shooting is not heard, and the expected front-line atmosphere is not felt.
We live and restore the city! - Marinkov strictly explains. - And the last shelling was relatively recent: on December 23, 2016, by order of the head of the republic, New Year trees were opened at the same time in all cities, announced in the press. By three o'clock in the afternoon the whole city had gathered in the central square: children, adults, performances, groups... And at 14:55 shells began to arrive. From our central square, the closest one fell 400 m.
How can I talk about this? - he continues. - We are in a simple state here - the war is going on, and at any moment it can come back. We live peacefully for now, we build, we restore what we can, the program includes the complete restoration of the city, of everything that was destroyed. Large programs are dedicated to what Debaltsevo is about after Soviet Union I just forgot. This is street lighting, roads...
Gas is also a priority. A year ago, we submitted an application to develop the project and cleared the route along which the gas pipeline from Uglegorsk would go. This project, of course, is very long and expensive, but we are working on it.
Fitness, wushu and barbed wire
Restoration work is underway in the city, and it is visible to the naked eye. In the scaffolding there is a Sports Palace with a swimming pool - by the end of 2017, hands had reached it.
“We have a youth sports school here starting on October 1,” its director Alla Aleksandrovna Bulavina tells us. - And so, after the battles, we didn’t have any windows here at all, thanks to the people, they didn’t steal them - they came, helped, hid this equipment. Let's hope that the Sports Palace will be restored. We will have football, boxing, basketball, swimming... Swimming is still in such a special mode. Children will train in a dry gym, and once a week the administration will take the section by bus to train at the pool in Yenakievo. Throughout the Donetsk region ( Alla apparently meant the territories controlled by the DPR. - approx. "Spectra") there are no full comprehensive schools for youth sports schools that offer more than five sports. They opened in Zugres in September, and here in October.”
Alla Bulavina leads us through the premises, leading us to the second floor into the only working showroom. Its walls are covered with photographs of masters of sports and champions from Debaltsevo, all of whom were involved in swimming.
Of all the halls, this is the only one for now, so that’s how we live for now,” she explains. - And fitness is here, and wushu, and everything that is possible and impossible.
Are there a lot of people walking around?
A lot of! We have nothing else in Debaltsevo. The palaces of culture are all closed, there were no cinemas, of course. There's just nothing. That's why people come to us at least somewhere!
“Before, before the war,” she continues, “of course, it was a little different. The load is crazy! I remember I was doing water aerobics and I felt like I was falling and losing consciousness. I bend over and the whole group of girls bends down behind me. And I told them: “Girls, this is no longer an exercise! ( laughs)».
Outside the window you can see how along the perimeter of the Sports Palace courtyard the roof of the utility rooms is thickly covered with barbed wire. Maybe from looters?
No, it was probably the wire that needed to be written off! - the director of the Palace responds to the unspoken question with a laugh. “During the war there was nothing here, there were empty openings everywhere, it was very bad and very scary. But we immediately went to work in March 2015. They collected the remains of glass, doors, raked it from scratch here, ice, fragments... For a long time then they worked without windows.
We go downstairs and go into the hall where there are weight machines and barbells. New plastic windows with window openings that have not yet been plastered are striking. On Saturday, a couple of weightlifting veterans train here.
In a room with weight training equipment. Photo Before the war, Alla Bulavinova taught water aerobics classes herself. Photo by Dmitry Durnev/Spektr.Press
Alexander is a former coach, he lifts weights “for himself” and keeps in shape. When asked whether he will train children here, he answers evasively: “I would like to have a bigger salary so that I can support my family. Now I am officially unemployed, I work here and there so that my children have enough to eat. If I get a salary, I’ll go back to work, I’m still a trainer and teacher by training.”
Troubleshooting secrets
In addition to the renovated Sports Palace in Debaltseve, the railway technical school, all schools, kindergartens, hospitals and most apartment buildings. Schools, kindergartens, hospitals are open. There are no cinemas in Debaltseve for a long time, the Palace of Culture is also closed for now.
Russian assistance played a decisive role in the restoration of the city. The scheme for restoring infrastructure on the territory of the self-proclaimed republics is, as far as possible, protected from local corruption risks. A private enterprise has been created in the DPR, which carries out “defect inspection” (description of damage and calculation of the volume and range of necessary building materials) and conducts monetary settlements with contractors. Glass, slate, paint, brick, etc. arrive here in the famous “white” humanitarian convoys. However, the company receives money only to pay for the work of builders. The “DPR Government” is, wherever possible, left out of the process. The amount of funds spent on restoration in the DPR is classified - however, it is clear that it is very significant.
“Here the “defection” went house by house, we moved along the street and “marked” houses 47, 49, 50,51 in a row,” my fellow traveler, an employee of the same private company involved in the restoration, tells me on the way. - The work was big, in two stages. The first stage is to close the holes and glazing. The second stage is already a massive restoration. I remember the contractors called me to the site, saying I couldn’t work, the rocket was in the ceiling, and upon arrival there was a “dummy” sticking out from under the cluster rocket. It was an absolutely amazing moment at the railway junction hospital. There in the yard there are two pipes from Grad missiles, one on top of the other, they practically fit right in. Unique coincidence! The Grad package comes with dispersion, so the missiles probably came from different packages to the same point.”
Private houses are a separate category. They are completely rebuilt only if there are specific people who have lost their housing and urgently need it. Such people receive new “pink” (at first, the fresh plaster of typical buildings gave off a pink look) houses with all the household appliances. Those who fled the war to Russia or Ukraine are not having their houses restored. At the same time, in Ukraine there is no regulatory framework that allows the reconstruction of damaged private houses by the state, and there is no state assistance to “private owners.” Volunteers and international charitable organizations helped people in destroyed private households in Slavyansk with repairs.
“Here in 2015, squirrels were running between houses, I saw a fox in the city, there were few people,” my relative says with a smile.
Inner border
It sounds strange, but part of Debaltsev belongs to the LPR. This is another feature of the city - the border of the Donetsk and Lugansk regions before the war was always far beyond it. After the fighting in 2015, as locals say, “in recognition of the merits of the Lugansk militia,” one district of Debaltsevo suddenly became part of the self-proclaimed Lugansk Republic.
This is no joke in Donbass. There are a large number of contradictions between the DPR and LPR, as well as a full-fledged customs border with legally adopted restrictions on the export of products and goods from Donetsk to Lugansk and back. The city of Debaltsevo turned out to be unevenly cut into two parts by a line of customs posts. The main part of the city still remains in the self-proclaimed DPR.
The rules for transporting products “across the border” are quite liberal. For example, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the LPR, adopted in January 2017, allows the import across the border with the DPR duty-free of up to 1 liter of strong alcohol, up to 2 liters of wine, a carton of cigarettes, and 3 kg of chilled or fresh meat. And also three units of meat and dairy products, milk. Well, fruits and vegetables - up to 50 kilograms of each item.
The most severe restriction concerns cigarettes: 20 packs is not much. In Debaltsevo there is one of two tobacco factories that were not advertised before the war, and even more so now. The second - "Hamadey" - in Donetsk. “American” cigarettes with a message about the dangers of smoking in Czech can be freely purchased for 150 rubles (on the price tag 2.6 dollars) per block in a duty-free trailer just outside Yelenovka at the exit from the self-proclaimed republic to the territory controlled by Ukraine. The box and packaging of the cigarettes are of very high quality, but local smokers prefer to smoke “Rostov” cigarettes.
The last customs “aggravation” happened here in December 2017, when the DPR banned the movement of excisable goods “across the border,” but Debaltsev will no longer become a new divided Jerusalem. For local residents, the border was already invisible, and after the overthrow of Igor Plotnitsky in neighboring Lugansk in November 2017, integration processes quickly began between the self-proclaimed republics; in January 2018, a sharp reduction in customs restrictions was announced in Donetsk.
Bomb and tanks
We are going to look for a chess tournament in honor of City Day. There are private houses around, we move along Kalinin Street. A passenger car is loading next to one very decent house. We explain to the owners that the journalists are lost. Word by word, we started talking, and now the owner Ruslan says, pointing to the house opposite: “These are the ones who died. You see, there's a bomb right at the gate ( peculiarities of local slang; in the Donbass the word “bombing” almost always means artillery shelling; aviation was not used near Debaltsevo - approx. "Spectra") hit. The child was in the house or in the garage, but they were all here in the yard under the gate. Well, the child was the only one left alive. He was adopted by them, can you imagine?! The sister of the murdered owner took him in with her. From that corner to the “Molodezhny” store there are all traces, look there in the asphalt from a mine, here it hit a window, there is a cracked corner on the wall... We got it here! And even more for the outskirts.”
Ruslan leads us into his yard, still asking us not to take it off. Shows the place where he had a summer kitchen, and it was hit by a shell (now a very clean empty spot), a freshly restored wall of the house and a brick toilet. Toilet “overlooking the garden”: a direct mine hit knocked out half of the back wall, but the door and “throne” were preserved. “We haven’t gotten around to it yet,” explains the owner.
As we exit the street, we are caught by two cheerful, slightly tipsy guys. “Where did you go? - one of them shouts. - The football final is coming soon! Take a picture of us somewhere with a house in the background. We will take you to the tanks for this, not all of them have been taken out yet! It’s a ten-minute walk to the Ukropov tanks that were burned out; they have been there since February 15th, the towers are lying nearby. We will tell everything, let people know how we live here.”
I have already been to Debaltseve and last photographed these tanks in June 2016. The positions of the Ukrainian army begin immediately behind the last private houses around the ponds - a favorite vacation spot for the townspeople. As the locals say, the army group on the outskirts numbered about 3 thousand people, and in the dugouts, after a quick exit from the encirclement, a lot of things were left behind. The gypsies tried to dismantle the abandoned tanks for scrap metal, but things didn’t go beyond tracks and engine parts. The T-64 tank has a combat weight of 38.5 tons, and most of it is in the cast turret and hull. It is not possible to “remove” them with available civilian equipment or a cart.
Now the head of Debaltsev, Igor Marinkov, said that utility services have already removed most of the metal.
Interrupted game
We reach the local Center for Children and Youth Creativity. Next to it is a monument to the residents of Debaltsevo who died in Afghanistan, a row of tables with chairs - a chess tournament is underway. At a separate table, the chief judge of the competition is a very representative and very elderly man with some kind of order on his chest. The order is especially striking with its yellow-blue ribbon in the colors of the Ukrainian flag.
There are prize books in a stack on the table. At the top is “In the Trenches of Stalingrad” by Viktor Nekrasov, and the massive order on the chest of Mikhail Evseevich Gershinsky is a sign of an honorary citizen of the city of Debaltsevo. Everyone here knows this man, the town is small, and the best director of the best school for many years is remembered and loved.
“A tournament in honor of the city day, 26 participants, 10 men and 16 children aged from third to eleventh grade,” the organizer explains sedately. - We have prizes: medals, certificates, books, a special chess cake for children. Men have money. As far as I know, there is a 200 ruble prize for first place among adults!”
“My name is Mikhail Evseevich Gershinsky,” he introduces himself. “I have 60 years of teaching experience, I am a master of sports in chess, now I lead a chess club at the Center for Children and Youth Creativity, I worked here as a school director for many years.”
There is a shop nearby that everyone also knows - the best pies in the city are fried here.
Coffee here costs 14 rubles, instant coffee, and pies for every taste - with or without all the fillings. Prices are affordable - from 7 rubles for “brushwood” without filling to 20 rubles for belyashi with meat. Local watermelons cost 8 rubles, imported lemons and oranges cost 130 and 110 rubles per kilogram.
The cheerful saleswoman readily explains: “We fry the pies ourselves, we’ve been working for about 15 years, we have a completely formal kitchen, we fry and bake every day.
Were you interrupted during the war?
They closed in January 2015 when, at the height of the fighting, the city was left without electricity. They didn’t work for about a month and a half, everything here was stolen, thank God the equipment was preserved. Then we bought goods again, restored the kitchen, our cooks and sellers returned and, you see, we are working again!”
The city market, which was half-burnt after an APU strike in July 2014, is also open. Black charred structures are adjacent to counters with goods. We suddenly realize that during all the time we spent in Debaltsevo we did not hear a single sound of war. Perhaps it was just luck, but the city is still more rear-facing in spirit than front-line. Against the background of the terrible battles of January-February 2015, for the locals all this time is peace.
Book with a fragment
We are not welcome at the Debaltsevo city library. “You know, let me tell you the truth, do you need it? Moreover, I left here at the height of the fighting,” says the librarian. While we are going to the second floor, she still breaks through: “How was the library preserved? It's simple! People here had no time for reading, and when all our doors and windows were blown out by explosions, no one went to steal books!”
We come to the leading librarian of the centralized library system, Elena Nikolaevna.
“How did the library survive? - Elena Nikolaevna continues. - Two hailstorms hit the center of the square, the factory’s cultural center burned down, but the city library survived. They hit the city hard, but thanks to God and our prayers, it didn’t hit the library. The only thing was that there was no glass, the curtains were all on the street. We have a literary and historical museum on the third floor: now there is a library book with a fragment inside, this fragment or others hit us, but one of our doors was knocked out and slightly damaged the wall. Workers from the employment center fixed it, plastered it, now nothing is visible.
We preserve the library fund, humanitarian aid was sent to us from the city of Odintsovo from the Moscow region in books, they come from the exchange and reserve fund of the Donetsk Republican Library named after Krupskaya Book, and they come to Donetsk from St. Petersburg and other cities of Russia. Of course, I would like there to be more subscriptions, but there is still something, people are reading well now.
Do they make a lot of money in the library?
Well, I have experience, higher education, with all additives - 7,700 rubles, so from 6,000 for librarians. For our city, this is considered normal for a woman. Many people work for less.”
Have you been to a chess tournament? - she is keenly interested - have you seen Mikhail Evseevich Gershinsky? It’s so nice that he’s in the city now, he writes poetry here, he’s a very versatile person!”
"Thank God they are alive"
The central square is being prepared for the evening festive concert, a stage is being installed. Next to the stage there are several banners in the colors of the DPR flags with poems apparently by local poets. The closest one is signed “Inna Morozova”:
Managed to harden himself in fierce battles
And survived, despite all the troubles
Debaltsevo - knight of the iron roads
Your fellow countrymen will glorify you with your hard work!
We are going to our childhood home. From Debaltsevo, with my brother and two cousins, my grandmother was kidnapped to Germany in 1941. They are all no longer alive, but the house remains.
Nothing has changed here since last year - a trace from a mine that landed in the winter of 2015 in front of the gate, a roof repaired after a hail of shrapnel, flowers in pots on shelves in the yard, and next to them an exhibition of those same fragments collected in the garden.
We are escorted out of the city, “to the tanks” along a street with fences riddled with shrapnel next to brand new “Russian” humanitarian houses, a familiar pattern on the fence repeatedly stitched with military iron - the cat Leopold from the Soviet cartoon, who asked the mice to “live together.” Everything is really very close here. The steppe, stavkas (that’s what these places called reservoirs artificially created in the old days), overgrown caponiers of tanks, mounds of former dugouts, broken concrete floor beams of fortifications unnecessary on the farm...
“They removed some of the iron,” says my uncle, “And the cemetery where your great-grandmother is buried seems to have been cleared of mines, everything there has become overgrown in two years of passion!” And so they clean and put away. All the unemployed are registered at the employment center, they receive 2.5 thousand rubles a month, and for this they work in landscaping. Everything is strict! Even the daughter of the local gypsy baron chalked the street!”
The sun is setting, someone is bathing at the headquarters behind the broken concrete floors of the Ukrainian dugout, there is a tank hull, a turret and a well-known shell casing from a tank shell. Last June, 82 mm mines from company mortars and tanks were still lying scattered here. Our driver arrives and picks up a fragment from a mine next to the wheel; there are a lot of them in the ground here.
Must go.
“Thank God, they’re alive! And then we’ll see…” says my uncle.
Debaltsevo. How it was
Confession of a scout
Igor Lukyanov (call sign MacLeod) saw Debaltsevo in different ways - almost peaceful, on the brink of disaster and beyond. He spent five months there during his first rotation with the 25th Territorial Defense Battalion and left before the New Year. When he returned two weeks later, the city was surrounded by separatists, and he had to break through the ring and then get out of it with battles and losses. Out of a column of 100 people, 14 survived. This was the day before the president reported on TV about the “planned and organized withdrawal of units” from Debaltseve.
Help MacLeod
Igor Lukyanov returned to the front line in the ATO zone in May 2015. TSN.ua decided to help MacLeod and his colleagues buy uniforms, communications equipment, tablets, generators, radio scanners, and batteries for thermal imagers.
You can help the guys by transferring money to a PrivatBank card:
4731 2171 0836 6152
Andriychenko Victoria Romanovna
But MacLeod talks about this and the war in general as calmly as he talks about his peaceful life. He does not talk about the atrocities of the separatists, but evaluates solely the level of their military training. About the dead and wounded - it’s also dry: only numbers and dates. The only thing that evokes weak emotions is the mistakes of the Ukrainian command.
In the second part, Lukyanov talked about how the “cauldron” began, why he did not believe that the separatists could take the city, and what actually happened in Debaltseve when the militants entered there.
Our Debaltsevo
I came to Debaltsevo by accident. At the military registration and enlistment office they asked me: “Will you go to the 25th?” I say, of course I will go. I fought with them. I called the guys at 25 and told them to meet them. And they brought me to Desna (a town in the Chernigov region). Already there I realized that there was confusion with the names: 25th Territorial Defense Battalion " Kievan Rus" and the 25th airmobile brigade.
At that time, in the battalion, which consisted of about 700 people, no more than seven had combat experience. The rest are newbies. It took a long time to get used to it. They are armchair troops: they know everything from rumors and trench opinions of comrades who were already there.
In the fall of 2014, a large group of Ukrainian troops was gathered in Debaltsevo
We left for Debaltsevo on July 24 last year. First we occupied Chernukhino (it’s 20 km along the road, and 5 km directly to Debaltsevo). K2 stood there (Kyiv-2 - edit). They gave me 2 mortar crews, which provided cover, and told me - take command. I had 8 people - four per mortar. It quickly became clear that there was no point in sitting in a hole and shooting blindly, the maximum visibility was one and a half kilometers, so I began to crawl through the bushes.
When K2 left, we also left and moved to Debaltsevo itself. More active hostilities had already begun there and it became clear that it was necessary to organize cooperation with artillery. Our task was to prevent the enemy from approaching the artillery: as long as the artillery existed, this ledge existed. We did not have any capital fortifications.
They did everything on their own - ordinary dugouts covered with ordinary logs. There was time to dig in, but this did not solve the problem: we dug in with shovels, and the enemy - with tractors. If our floors were wooden, then their reinforced concrete pillboxes were cast. At most, one of our people made an agreement and brought concrete slabs. This was all done at the middle and lower command level.
There was time to dig in, but this did not solve the problem: we dug in with shovels, and the enemy - with tractors. If our floors were wooden, then their reinforced concrete pillboxes were cast
Then no one expected that the separatists could go on the offensive. When we arrived there, there was a rather large group of us standing there - six divisions. This is approximately 2.5 thousand people. But there weren’t many enemies there, up to one thousand. They occupied the isthmus and strongholds. And there was artillery in the rear. They had the classic Slavyansk tactics: “wandering” mortars and DRGs (sabotage and reconnaissance groups).
A group of separatists in Uglegorsk, near Debaltsevo
My front sector then was the northeast: Chernukhino, Debaltsevo and up to Sanzharovka. The terrain provided only three dangerous directions where tanks could pass, and we controlled them all. The most important thing is that we had predominant artillery forces. We suppressed any enemy fire. We had howitzers, cannons, rocket fire systems, self-propelled guns. The terrorists were afraid to shoot. Three batteries were broken before my eyes. And these were not militias, but trained specialists from Russia.
During our first rotation, we stayed there for 4 months. During this time, they did what the Sector was supposed to do: they organized a network of OPs (observation points), organized the KMP - our artillery headquarters, and established cooperation with the infantry. Almost until the last day, behind enemy lines, we had an observation point on a waste heap, where a platoon sat, which gave coordinates where to hit.
As for technical equipment and uniforms, I personally was given a machine gun and equipment. Everything else was bought with our own money or volunteers helped.
In the fall of 2014, the Ukrainian Armed Forces completely suppressed the militants’ artillery near Debaltseve
The cars were ours. We brought them with us, in trains. The GAZ-66 they gave us quickly died. Everyone was transported in jeeps. In war, as a rule, the transport that the MoD issues is used to transport supplies, because you can’t put it all in a jeep. But it is impossible to drive through the fields in the Urals and perform any tasks. I drove my Mitsubishi Pajero. True, we were managed, but also by personal agreement. After all, in order to refuel a car, it needs to be put on the balance sheet of the Moscow Region. That is, actually give it away.
We left right before the New Year. As a result, then there were five units of equipment left - one GAZ-66 and our own transport. Interestingly, the network of IRs we deployed was not part of the regular positions; I could simply get up, turn around and leave. They weren't even mapped, and thank God, because they would have been bombed if the information was leaked. But since the positions were advantageous and radio communications had been established, there was no desire to leave it like that. We talked with the 128th brigade and they put their people there.
Our people are sitting in the trenches, artillery is firing at them from nowhere, no one has ever seen the separatists, but there are combat losses on the right and left. This is what war has boiled down to for the last two centuries: artillery is the main destructive factor.
At the time of departure there were two companies of us - 200-300 people. These are not losses. Some couldn’t stand it, got sick, and were discharged. It is difficult for people from the Maidan to fight, as well as to lead them. The biggest problem was panic. For example, I didn’t tell my friends for a long time that Debaltsevo was surrounded. Say that and panic would set in.
Then everyone went to war with a clear image, which I had last spring: now they will put the separatists in front of me, give me a saber and say “cut.” In fact, everything is different: our people are sitting in the trenches, artillery is firing at them from nowhere, no one has ever seen the separatists, but there are combat losses on the right and left. This is what war has boiled down to for the last two centuries: artillery is the main destructive factor.
Just before their departure, the separatists rotated and instead of the Cossacks, who were also sitting in the trenches and were reluctant to engage in open confrontation, the Marines of the Russian Armed Forces arrived. We learned about this from patches and radio intercepts. And they are so fearless, without any combat experience, they decided to go on the offensive. Openly. We were honestly dumbfounded by such impudence.
Firing position of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in Debaltseve
And they are across the field in full height got up and went. As a result, we plowed up their battalion. Then they went out with equipment for the 200s and 300s and we plowed the equipment. As a result, they had to rotate again: a unit that loses more than 10% of its personnel in the first battle is not combat-ready. In general, this is a mistake of the Russians - they played with the special forces, relied on them, and the god of war was and is artillery.
We left Debaltsevo calmly. The roads were not shelled. There was a truce, which, however, had a very bad effect on the personnel. Because when they stop shooting, the vodka starts.
Alien city
We stayed at home for two weeks. The second time, few people wanted to go - everyone became suddenly ill. About 40% decided to return. The biggest mistake was that the required period of restoration of combat capability was not completed. Neither equipment nor property were restored. My unit had three vehicles, and the soldiers traveled by regular buses. Essentially an unprepared battalion was sent in an unknown direction. We thought that we were going to Donetsk airport, only later it turned out that we were going back to Debaltsevo.
Upon arrival, we joined the operational reserve of the 128th brigade and were immediately told: “Guys, there is no longer a road to Debaltsevo.” We didn’t understand how this could happen in two weeks. We laughed, but it turned out that it was so. The road was shot through. We decided to take up old positions and establish cooperation with the infantry.
When we arrived at the KMP in Debaltsevo, it was unclear whether it was ours or not. Because when we left the city, there were a lot of military and civilians walking around. When we arrive, something is always flying overhead and there are no locals or military. Nobody was in control of the situation. The picture was depressing.
An old woman feeds pigeons in Debaltsevo during a calm period
At that time we had almost no artillery and there was already superiority on the other side. Our reconnaissance missed the redeployment of large enemy forces. They collected what they had from all over the front and brought reinforcements.
By the time we arrived, our artillery had been completely suppressed. When a Grad division is standing on the other side and firing as shells are brought in, it is difficult to respond. During the second rotation, everything fired at us: Grads, Hurricanes, Smerchs, airplanes and helicopters.
Aviation was used regularly. This can be confirmed by the 40th battalion, 128th brigade, and the National Guard. Once or twice a day, an airplane flew over at low altitude and fired back. They were afraid to fly a lot because there was air defense.
In total, terrorists tried to take Debaltseve five times. Four is unsuccessful. The first time there was an attack on Nikishino - they fought back with all their might. I lost two mortars and half the personnel from the mortars, not killed, but wounded. Then they tried to advance on Novogrigorovka twice - their battalion was plowed up there and a tank cemetery was set up: 40 knocked out about five and we knocked out three. I don't count armored personnel carriers.
The fourth time the offensive was disrupted during urban battles. Ours captured the map of the commander of the attacking terrorist unit, which marked the area of their concentration in front of Debaltseve. Our artillery plowed it up. But the fifth time they took the city.
The sector gave the command to occupy the city defense, but, not knowing the real state of affairs, they said to occupy positions that were already occupied by the separatists
In the end, there was no connection left in the city at all, except for the one we had established - our NP-shek network. There was no defense then either. The sector gave the command to occupy the city defense, but, not knowing the real state of affairs, they said to occupy positions that were already occupied by the separatists.
And we, together with the chief of staff of the 128th, drew a map of defense. Themselves, because the Sector no longer understood what was happening. Because of this chaos, before my eyes, two units found themselves in a local environment and no one understood what to do, because the command was sitting in the basement behind a large map.
Residents of Debaltsevo are in panic trying to leave the city after the outbreak of active hostilities
Debaltsevo could have been held. I would have stayed and held it myself. In urban battles, the militants would lay down their entire army. But in order to stay, we had to know that they would make their way towards us from the other side. But the stupid “sitting” was pointless: we were running out of supplies, there were more and more wounded, dead too, and the unit was demoralized. For the artillery they brought some crumbs, which were fired in half an hour.
And I knew for sure that from the other side they were not coming to our aid, the ring was quickly narrowing, and the enemy forces were increasing. It would be difficult to get through them.
We did not have and could not have had an order to retreat - there was no communication. And there was no point in staying for us anymore - we could not carry out combat missions - reconnaissance and adjustments. We no longer had anything to shoot at and nothing to scout - urban battles were taking place right under our noses. I decided to withdraw my unit in two parts. Then I had 18 people, plus six mortar men and two bassoon players. We had one irreplaceable one.
While we saw that the 40s unit was ahead, we stood in our positions. Because if we had retreated, they would have been surrounded. But they had no order to withdraw. But they turned out to be smart guys - they retreated to my positions, and I went further. Then I tried to withdraw the unit on foot - it didn’t work, we were divided into two groups. In Debaltsevo it was not like in films about the Great Patriotic War - the separatists did not march as a united front - they infiltrated in small groups and dispersed. Everyone was running around the city chaotically.
There were about 100 of us in the column, 14 got out and one prisoner
One part of our unit returned to 40, the second - to 128. I put the second group on a transport, in a column that was taking away the wounded. They were ambushed, lost one car, but escaped. I remained in the positions of the 128th, helped coordinate actions with the 40th - I remained in contact with them. When the second part of my unit approached, I began to go out with them. We then had 2 armored personnel carriers, 2 KamAZ trucks, one Ural and a fuel tanker. There were about 100 of us in the column, 14 and one prisoner came out.
The leader of the column did not know the way, we were fired upon. Then get ambushed. All equipment was blown up. One armored personnel carrier was torn to pieces with people, and ours was still jumping on its belly. One wounded man survived. He later told on TV how he lay frozen in the fields. He was captured and then returned.
We escaped from the first ambush and fell into the second. Then we reached the 30th battalion. They walked carefully, because our guys didn’t know what kind of men were walking through the fields with machine guns.
I can’t understand why everyone says that we surrendered Debaltseve? Guys, we have surrendered at least 9 settlements around it. This is a piece of Ukrainian territory. There were pro-Ukrainian people left there. We left them, although we promised that we would not leave. What's wrong with them now? How do they live?
For now, I will restore the combat effectiveness of the unit - we need to replace some people, find new equipment. Now this is the main thing, because the people who were in the cauldron for the first time are very demoralized - they saw how it happened and now they don’t want to fight.
As for technology, my car is currently being repaired by volunteers. The engine costs $1,000. They collect it bit by bit. Here's another example, the plate in my body armor costs 300 bucks. I don’t see the possibility of fighting without her, and she was destroyed by a bullet. The plate needs to be changed. We also need radios, tablets, and batteries.
There is, of course, the question of what to do with people who support Russia in the occupied territories after their return. The authorities must solve this problem - carry out Ukrainization. It's a very long story. Someone, of course, will never love Ukraine, but then these people will simply leave. I see this in Kramatorsk. Those who were for the DPR and LPR are now walking with dull eyes. It’s hard for them, they leave. It will be the same in Donetsk. After the victory.
