Goal: to form an understanding of the science of botany.

Educational:

• Identify the Greek-Latin word-formation foundation of scientific terms.
• Identify objects studied by sciences; "biology" and "botany".
• Establish relationships between individual representatives of the kingdoms of biology.
• Introduce students to the most unusual representatives of the plant kingdom.

Educational:

• Continue the formation of a scientific worldview.
• Contribute to the formation of a conscientious attitude to work, discipline, accuracy, and a culture of communication.

Educational:

• Continue developing skills in working with information sources.
• Create conditions for the development of speech (individual performances), for the development of cognitive interest (additional material).

Lesson type; lesson of learning new material.

Form of training: individual, frontal and in groups.

Lesson methods: verbal, visual, independent.

Equipment : cards for individual work, crossword puzzle, presentation.

Lesson plan. 45 minutes

1. Organizational moment – ​​1 min.
2. Learning new material –34 min.
3. Consolidation of what has been learned – 6 min.
4. Lesson summary and homework – 4 min.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment. (1 minute)

Class organization. Greeting students.

2. Studying new material. (34 minutes)

Teacher: Hello, dear sixth graders. Today you have your first lesson in a biology subject that is new to you. Let's remember what sciences you studied last year?

Students' answer; mathematics, Russian language, literature, natural history.

Teacher: What do you remember from your natural history course?

Students' answer; chemical and physical phenomena, microscope, living organisms, photosynthesis, planets.

Teacher: Well done, you remembered so much! I suggest you play a game called “Encryptor”. The first task is to decipher the word “natural history”.

Students’ answer: the words “Know” and “Nature” will be obtained.

Teacher: “Know” means to know, to possess information. What does the word “nature” mean? Name the objects of nature.

Students' answer; Nature is the reality around us. Objects of nature - tree, river, wind, magnet, lightning, fish, dog, etc.

The teacher writes a list of several objects on the board.

Teacher: In the 6th grade, natural history was divided into biology and geography, and then, in higher grades, you will begin to study physics and chemistry. Of course, there will be many sciences, and I want to help you remember their names. This is a dictionary of ancient Greek and Latin words, try to translate and decipher the names of the sciences that you will study in 6th grade - biology, geography.

The teacher writes the words “biology” and “geography” on the board

Students' answer; Biology is the science of living things, Geography is writing about the earth.

Teacher: Write down the definition in your notebook: “Biology is a science that studies the characteristics and diversity of living nature.” Now let's return to the objects of nature that are written on the board. Select biological objects.

Student answers: Tree, fish, dog.

Teacher: Now let's work on the cards. Look at the groups of words in the first column, try to determine which of them is the third odd one? Write “stranger” in the second column.

Teacher: You correctly identified “outsiders.” Biological objects are so diverse and different from each other that they were divided into 4 kingdoms. Definition in a notebook; “The kingdom unites organisms that have similar characteristics, structure, nutrition, life”

Write the diagram in your notebook.

Teacher: Let's go back to the previous task, (card 2), now determine which kingdom the “stranger” was from.

After work, the students' answers are read out.

Teacher: What kingdom do you think representatives of are the basis of life on earth? Without them, other representatives of living organisms could not exist?

Student answers: Animals or plants.

In a joint discussion, the teacher leads the students to the conclusion that plants are the basis of life.

Teacher: Together with you, we came to a conclusion, which we will write down in our notebook. . “Plants are the basis of life for the entire organic world.” Therefore, we will begin to study biology with the science that studies plants. Let's look at the mini-dictionaries and guess the name of this science.

Students' answer; Botany

Teacher: put it in your notebook “Botany is the science that studies the plant kingdom.”

The teacher draws the students' attention to the educational and methodological apparatus of the textbook.

Teacher: “BOTANE” is translated as greens, grass. This word may seem unusual to you, maybe even funny, but now you will find out what this science was called at the time when Pushkin studied! Read 1 paragraph of text, under the “Green Leaf” sign on page 5.

Students become familiar with the text.

The teacher conducts a frontal conversation on issues;

What were the names of botanical objects during the time of little Sasha Pushkin’s studies? (“The Vegetable Kingdom”)

Why did plants in Rus' have such a name? (The plant is cold, “chilled”)

How long did this plant name exist in Russia? (Already 15 years later, when M.Yu. Lermontov was studying, the word “plant” already appeared in the Russian language.)

Teacher: Man began to use plants in his life a long time ago; since time immemorial, many plants have become of great practical importance for humans. I suggest you play the game “The Importance of Plants in Human Life”, you are given 3 minutes to work, and then we will start making a joint list. There is only one rule, the meaning is protected, not the name of the plants, for example: 1 – used for food (cabbage, potatoes, carrots, etc.) – and although 3 plants are listed, this is protected as one point – “used for food”.

Game “The importance of plants in human life”

1. Use in food
2. Medicinal plants
3. Manufacturing of clothing and footwear (cotton, linen)
4. Manufacturing of dwellings and buildings
5. Making utensils (spoons, barrels, tueski)
6. Home heating (wood)
7. Obtaining rubber
8. Production of chemical reagents (litmus)
9. Making musical instruments
10. Making tools (rakes and pitchforks)
11. Decorativeness
12. Dyes.
13. Poisons. etc.

After 2 minutes, the first student begins to read out his list, the rest add only what has not yet been said, and everyone adds to their list.

Teacher: when you made the list, the first thing that came to your mind was the nutritional value of plants. But long ago, people realized that the plant world is not only food, it is interesting and diverse. They began to study plants, bring strange plants from other countries, and classify them. The ancient Greek scientist Theophrastus did the most in this direction. He is also called the “father of botany.” Why, you will tell me in 3 minutes. To do this, read the information.

Card 3. Theophrastus was the founder of botany as an independent science: along with describing the use of plants in agriculture and medicine, he considered theoretical issues. How are plants different from animals? What organs do plants have? What is the activity of the root, stem, leaves, fruits? Why do plants get sick? What effect do heat and cold, humidity and dryness, soil and climate have on the plant world? Can a plant arise by itself (generate spontaneously)? Can one type of plant change into another? He wrote two books about plants: “The History of Plants” and “Causes of Plants”, which provide the basics of classification and physiology of plants, describing about 500 plant species. Theophrastus, in his “botanical” works, as a true naturalist, assumed that nature acts in accordance with its own plans, and not with the aim of being useful to man.

The teacher conducts a frontal conversation on the material read. The beginning of the conversation begins with the question “What have you learned about Theophrastus?”

Teacher: We find plants of different types almost everywhere - on land, in the sea, from arid deserts to forests where endless tropical rains pour. Plants can be on the animal's body and inside it. Plants include single-celled algae, so tiny they can only be seen with a microscope, and huge trees, such as the giant sequoias that grow in western North America.

In total, the vast and varied plant kingdom contains more than 500,000 species, and if I started naming each one, it would take 150 hours. I want you to get to know the most unusual and amazing plants. Record-breaking plants!

– The teacher divides the class into groups and gives each group pre-prepared cards. Assignment to the group: read and prepare a message for the class. (Cm. Annex 1)

After 3 minutes of preparation, group representatives make a short presentation. Students write a short note about unusual plants in their workbook. (The teacher can prepare a presentation in advance illustrating the students' messages)

Consolidation of the studied material. (6 minutes)

Teacher. Today we got acquainted with a new science that studies plants. Who can tell me what the science that studies plants is called?

Student answers: Botany.

Teacher. What does the word “botany” mean?

Student answers: Greenery, grass.

Teacher, So you need to solve a crossword puzzle, and the word “Green” will help you with this.

Solve the crossword puzzle.

1. The plant with the largest flower.
2. One of the largest trees native to North America.
3. A tall tree whose leaves do not provide shade. Grows in Australia.
4. A plant with large, floating leaves.
5. The science that studies plants.
6. A desert plant with only 2, heavily tattered leaves.

4. Lesson summary and homework (4 minutes)

Mutual checking of the crossword puzzle in pairs.

Teacher: You have completed the task, now let’s summarize the information received a little. Please answer the following questions:

• What was new for you in the lesson?
• What were you interested in?
• What questions do you still have or have?
• Can the knowledge gained be useful in life?

Teacher: Thank you, you did a good job in class today. Write down your homework.

– Optional: select material and prepare a presentation on the topic “Miracles of the plant kingdom.”

Plant Science - Botany

Every person comes into contact with living nature - the organic world. These are various plants, animals, fungi, bacteria. And people themselves are representatives of the organic world.

The characteristics of living nature and its diversity are studied by the science of biology (from the Greek. bios- "life", logo- "teaching").

The first living organisms appeared on Earth a very long time ago, more than 3.5 billion years ago. They had a simple structure and were single small cells. Later, more complex unicellular and then multicellular organisms arose. Since then, their descendants have achieved enormous diversity. Among them there are both large and microscopically small organisms: all kinds of animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and viruses.

All of them are living beings, very different in their properties. That is why they are all divided into large groups, which scientists call kingdoms . Kingdoms unite organisms that are similar to each other in basic properties.

A kingdom is a very large group of organisms that have similar characteristics of structure, nutrition and life in nature.

To preserve living nature in all its diversity, you need to know how different organisms are structured and how they are interconnected in nature; to study the conditions in which representatives of all kingdoms live and develop, how widespread they are on the earth’s surface, what role they play in nature, what is their value for people and by what characteristics they differ from each other. To do this you need to study biology.

Acquaintance with the science of biology at school begins with studying plant kingdoms .

Plants are found all over the globe: on land, in water, forests, swamps, meadows, steppes, gardens, parks. Everywhere you can see a variety of plants - wild and cultivated species. Plants have many common characteristics: almost all of them lead a sedentary lifestyle, have chlorophyll and are capable of forming organic substances in the light. That is why they belong to the same kingdom of living nature - the plant kingdom.

The science that studies the plant kingdom is called botany (from the Greek. nerds– “grass”, “plant”).

Cultivated plants are plants that are specially bred and grown by humans to satisfy their needs. They are very diverse, many of them created by man, but they all come from wild plants (Fig. 4).

Wild plants (see also § 48) are plants that grow, develop and disperse without human help.

Botanical scientists find out the structural features of different plants, study how they grow, feed, reproduce, and what environmental conditions they need. They also find out how such a wide variety of plants appeared on Earth, what the first plants were like, which of the ancient plants have survived to this day, what properties of plants are useful or harmful to humans, and how to preserve the plant world of the Earth.

The study of plants began in the 4th century. BC e. Ancient Greek scientist Theophrastus. He combined his observations with practical knowledge about the use of plants accumulated by farmers and healers, with the judgments of scientists about the plant world and created the first system of botanical concepts. Therefore, in the history of science, Theophrastus is called the father of botany (Fig. 5).

His real name is Tirthamos (Tirtham), and the name Theophrastus, i.e. “divine orator,” was given to him by his teacher Aristotle for his outstanding gift of eloquence.

The history of botany shows how science arose from the generalization of man's practical knowledge of cultivating plants and using them for various purposes, as well as from scientists' observations of wild plants.

Currently, botanists are studying the laws of plant life, their external and internal structure, processes of reproduction and life activity, distribution over the earth's surface, growing conditions, relationships with other living organisms and the environment.

Now plants are spoken of as the basis of life for the entire organic world. In fact, living plants and their dead and fallen parts - leaves, fruits, branches, trunks - provide food not only to humans, but also to animals, fungi and bacteria. It is plants that create the conditions for the existence of all life on Earth.

Botany is a science that studies plants."Botane" means plant in Greek.

Botany belongs to the biological sciences. Biology(from the Greek “bios” - life) studies all living organisms. Cellular organisms living on Earth are divided into four kingdoms - Plants, Animals, Bacteria and Fungi. As already mentioned, botany studies only plants. Zoology studies animals, microbiology studies bacteria, and mycology studies fungi.

Botany arose in antiquity (III century BC) and initially also studied fungi and bacteria. Bacteria and fungi were separated into separate kingdoms in the 20th century, when it was possible to see their enormous differences from plants using powerful magnifying instruments.

The plant kingdom includes about 350 thousand species.

Plants are very diverse and are found throughout the globe in a variety of environments (land, water, warm and cold climates, arid and humid areas). However, all plants have a number of common characteristics, the most important of which are:

• almost sedentary lifestyle,
• ability use energy from sunlight to form organic matter.

Botany emerged as a result of the cultivation and use of plants by people and the observation of wild species.

So what exactly does botany study? She learns plant life processes(how they live: they appear, grow, develop, breathe, what they feed on, what happens to them in winter, etc.), their external and internal structure, reproduction, distribution, relationships with the environment and much more.

Thanks to plants, the vast majority of other organisms exist (the animal world would not be able to exist at all without them). Therefore, it is very important to preserve the planet’s flora and its diversity. Botany allows you to learn how to do this.

Each person closely interacts with the world of living nature and is a part of it. And if in general the laws of existence of the living world are studied by biology, then the plant world is within the scope of botany as its integral part.

Why is the science of plants called botany?

Plants were part of human interests long before the formation of botany as a science, from the most ancient times. The study of flora was directly related to the issue of survival: plants are food, building materials, material for making clothing, medicine and (which should never be forgotten) dangerous poisons. The accumulated knowledge and observations required systematization. Thus, the need for the formation of plant science arose.

In search of an answer to the question of why plant science is called botany, we need to travel back to the depths of centuries, because this teaching is one of the oldest natural sciences in the world. Botany (the science of plants) finally acquired the form of a coherent system of knowledge during the second half of the 17th - early 18th centuries.

The name of science, like many others, has Greek roots. Derived from the ancient Greek "botane". This word had several meanings; in the meaning of “pasture”, “feed” it was used no less often than in the meaning of “plant”, “grass”. It included everything that could be considered a plant: flowers, mushrooms, algae, trees, mosses and lichens. The word "botany" is a derivative of "botane", it meant everything that related to plants. That is, literally: botany is the science of plants. Therefore, asking the question why plant science is called botany, the answer must be sought in the Greek origins of systematizing knowledge about the plant world into the form of science.

The Birth of Botany as a Science

Even Aristotle, in his great work on animals, announced a similar scientific work on plants. It is not known for certain whether it is finished or not. Only some of its fragments have survived to this day. Therefore, Theophrastus is rightfully considered the founding father of botany as a science, the author of two fundamental works that became the basis of botany for the next 1500 years. And in the modern world, the value of the knowledge expressed by Theophrastus in his works is undeniable. This is the answer to the question why the science of plants is called botany. The Greek philosopher could not call it anything else.

But research in the field of botany is not limited only to the achievements of Western civilization. China also made a significant contribution, and there may even have been an exchange of scientific achievements, given the functioning of the Silk Road.

History of botany

The science of botany in its modern sense originated in the era of colonialism as a field of study by farmers of herbs and trees common in the region, as well as plants that people brought with them from distant travels. But man's deep interest in flora begins its history from Neolithic times. People not only tried to determine the medicinal properties of plants, the growing season, edibility, resistance to low-temperature climate conditions, yield and nutritional properties, but also to preserve this knowledge.

Before the advent of botany as a science, man had already studied plants from a scientific point of view. This circumstance explains not only the widespread use by people since ancient times of the medicinal properties of plants grown in the wild. Since the Bronze Age, the practice of growing cultivated plants has been widespread.

A new stage in the development of science - new knowledge

At the end of the 16th century, the microscope was invented, which determined the beginning of a special stage in the development of botany, opening up previously unknown new opportunities in the study of plants, spores and even pollen. Then science stepped even further, lifting the curtain on issues of reproduction and metabolism that were previously closed to humans.

Botany developed in close connection with the development of biology in general. As a result of scientific research, the entire living world was divided into kingdoms:

• bacteria;
• mushrooms;
• plants;
• animals.

Botany studies the kingdom of bacteria, fungi and plants. The development of botany as a science was of enormous importance. But in its early days, people were concerned with plants on their own, and most of the botanical gardens that became particularly common in the Western world were devoted to the classification, labeling and trading of seeds. And only centuries later they became the most important research centers.

plant kingdom

Plants can be found everywhere: on land (meadows, steppes, fields, forests, mountains), in water (in fresh water bodies, lakes and rivers, in swampy areas, in seas and oceans). Almost all plants are characterized by a sedentary lifestyle, the ability to convert solar energy into organic compounds, have rich reserves of chlorophyll, and convert carbon dioxide into oxygen, for which the plant cover of the planet is called the lungs of the Earth.

Unfortunately, due to various circumstances, many plants are among the rare or endangered, and this list is only growing every year. Many representatives paid for their beauty: people, without thinking about the enormous harm they cause to nature, blasphemously destroy plants for the sake of a one-day bouquet. Such a bitter fate befell forest lilies of the valley, water lilies, and dream grass.

To protect rare plant species from extinction, they are included in the Red Book and protected at the legislative level. The science of plants serves as the basis of knowledge for this document. And now this is our common task - to preserve the flora for future generations, so that both our children and grandchildren can see the unique beauty of the plant world that we were lucky enough to see.

1. Botany in the system of modern natural sciences. Subject and tasks of botany. A brief history of the development of science.

Botany is the science of plants, a branch of biology.

This science studies the structure and life of plants in connection with their living conditions; classifies plants and establishes a system of the plant world, reflecting the history of its development; explores the vegetation cover of the earth's surface and the patterns of combination of individual plants in it.

Its task is a comprehensive knowledge of plants: their structure, vital functions, distribution, origin, evolution.

The global problem of our time is food production. The rapid growth of the world's population puts forward the task of maximum intensification of agricultural production: increasing the yield of cultivated crops and the productivity of livestock.

This problem is solved by technological sciences: plant growing and animal husbandry, based on the achievements of fundamental biological disciplines, among which botany occupies the first place. No less important is the role of plants in providing humans with wood, spinning fiber, medicinal raw materials, etc.

Botany studies plants at different levels of their organization. There are several structural and functional levels.

The lower - the most ancient - suborganismal level of molecular structures, where the border between living and nonliving passes. The next level is cellular. The cell, its structure and basic biochemical processes are similar in all organisms. This is followed by the organ level, and then the level of the whole organism.

The inherent properties of organisms are the ability to reproduce, heredity and variability. A more complex level of life organization is population-specific. The highest level is ecosystem, biosphere-biogeocoenotic, at which communities of animal and plant populations together with their habitat form a functional and structural unity.

The basis of the ecosystem is made up of autotrophic green plants - producers (producers) that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. The finished organic matter is used by consumers (consumers) - heterotrophic organisms. Organic remains of producers and consumers are destroyed by heterotrophic decomposers (bacteria, fungi) and converted into mineral compounds that are again available to plants. This is how the cycle of substances and energy takes place in the ecosystem with the participation of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms (Fig. 1).

Autotrophic organisms are able to synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones, using solar energy (green plants) or the energy of chemical reactions - chemosynthesis (some prokaryotes) in the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic plants, according to K.A. Timiryazev, are the source of life on Earth. Every year, photosynthesis accumulates a colossal amount of solar energy (3´1021 kcal). 5.8´1010 tons of organic matter are formed. 11.5´1010 tons of oxygen are released into the atmosphere. Heterotrophic fungi and bacteria are traditionally, like plants, objects of botany.

Botany, like other natural sciences, arose and developed in connection with the practical needs of man, in whose life plants played and continue to play a huge role.

The development of botany began in ancient times with the identification and use of food, medicinal and industrial plants.

Botany is closely related to various aspects of human life and economic activity: agriculture, medicine and various industries.

Plants are widely used by humans as food and animal feed, as a source of raw materials for economic activities (spinning, dyeing, tanning, etc.), as valuable medicines.

Microorganisms, algae and fungi play a diverse role in our lives. Some of them - pathogenic - are harmful, others are widely used in a number of branches of the food industry, in the production of medicines, etc.

Botany as a science was formed more than 2000 years ago. Its founders were figures of the ancient world: Aristotle (384 - 32 BC) and Theophrastus (371 - 286 BC).

They summarized the accumulated information about the diversity of plants and their properties, methods of cultivation, propagation and use, and geographic distribution.

Thus, botany arose as a single science, summing up individual information about plants, but over time, as knowledge accumulated and deepened, it was divided into a number of independent disciplines.

Thus, today botany is a large multidisciplinary science.

Its general task is to study individual plants and their aggregates - plant communities from which meadows, forests, and steppes are formed.

One of the primary tasks of botany is the development of scientific foundations for the protection of natural and plant resources.

Particular attention is paid to the study and protection of rare and endangered plants listed in the Red Book, since the loss of each species not only reduces the diversity of plants, but also disrupts the stability of the plant community, which has been balanced for many millennia.