The case of Pavel Chichikov from Dead Souls. Chichikov's service in the state chamber is brief. “Who is he? So, a scoundrel?” (the image of Chichikov in the work “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol). Studying at the school How Chichikov worked at customs dead souls
Composition
Subject: Biography, studies, service and career of Chichikov (Dead Souls)
Biography Chichikova By origin, Chichikov is a nobleman: “...The origins of our hero are dark and modest. His parents were nobles, but they were nobles or private - God knows...” His father is a sick and poor man. We know nothing about the mother: “... the father, a sick man [...] sighed incessantly, walking around the room, and spitting in the sandbox that stood in the corner...” The father and little Pavlusha live in a simple peasant hut: “. .. A small house with small windows that did not open either in winter or in summer..."
Chichikov's studies Chichikov goes with his father to the city to study at the city school. He settles with some old relative: “...He was supposed to stay here and go to classes at the city school every day...” His father leaves back to the village, and Chichikov never sees him again: “... his father broke up with son and dragged himself home again on his forty, and since then he has never seen him again...” At the school, Chichikov is a diligent and diligent student. He has no special talents. But on the other hand, he is a practical and patient child: “... He did not have any special abilities for any science; he distinguished himself more by diligence and neatness...” While still at school, Chichikov begins to earn money: “... he molded it out of wax bullfinch, painted it and sold it very profitably..." "... finally achieved the point that the mouse stood on its hind legs, lay down and stood up according to orders, and then sold it also very profitably..." Chichikov is in good standing at school. He behaves exemplary and diligently. He graduates from the school as an exemplary student: “During his entire stay at the school, he was in excellent standing and upon graduation received full honors in all sciences, a certificate and a book with golden letters for exemplary diligence and trustworthy behavior.” At this time, Chichikov's father dies. He sells the house and land. For them he receives 1000 rubles - his initial capital: "... At this time his father died [...] Chichikov immediately sold the dilapidated little yard with an insignificant plot of land for a thousand rubles..."
Chichikov's service and career: Chichikov is a real careerist, purposeful and persistent. Chichikov does not start a family and does not have children. First, Chichikov wants to provide his “offspring” with a decent future. Read also: “Chichikov’s Service” Chichikov’s career has always been easy and simple. He works hard and tries hard. Chichikov's service has its ups and downs. During his life, he manages to work in different places - and even in different cities. In general, Chichikov begins his service with a simple position in the treasury chamber: “...with great difficulty he decided to join the treasury chamber...” Then Chichikov gets a place in a more profitable place. Here he earns capital from bribes. But it comes new boss and reveals thefts. So Chichikov loses everything that he had acquired dishonestly: “... everything was fluffed up, and Chichikov more than others...” After this, Chichikov serves in another city in some miserable positions. Finally, he gets a place at customs: “... finally moved to the customs service...” At customs, Chichikov receives a promotion, as well as the rank of collegiate adviser: “... He received a rank and promotion...” Having become a boss , Chichikov enters into a conspiracy with a criminal group of smugglers. Chichikov earns hundreds of thousands of rubles from this “unclean” business. But the case is revealed. Chichikov loses his place and his acquired money: “...The officials were put on trial, confiscated, everything they had was described...” So Chichikov is again left with nothing. He has about 10 thousand rubles left, a chaise and two serfs - Selifan and Petrushka. Chichikov again starts his career from scratch. He works as an attorney (self-taught lawyer) in a variety of cases. Then it occurs to him to buy dead serfs for himself in order to get rich.
Chichikov's life goal and career
Gogol worked on the poem “Dead Souls” for about seven years. In the center of the plot of the poem is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. Outwardly this person is pleasant, but in reality he is a terrible, calculating money-grubber. His hypocrisy and cruelty that he shows when achieving his selfish goals are striking. He treated his teacher monstrously. His entire career is a chain of deceptions, bribes, bribes, ruined human destinies. In the bureaucratic world of lies and robbery, bribery and money-grubbing, he is one of his own, he was born into this world.
Chichikov has set himself a specific goal in life and is doing everything to achieve it. He dreams of life with all the pleasures: carriages, a perfectly furnished house, delicious dinners, balls.
Small-scale speculation gave way to large-scale fraud. Chichikov is engaged in such “cases”, “to which the world gives the name not only pure.” Almost all of his affairs end in failure. But here’s what’s paradoxical: Chichikov does not feel remorse and does not lose heart. Having hidden the traces of the crime and avoided punishment, he takes on a new unclean deed with redoubled force. “Hooked, dragged, broke, don’t ask” - this is his motto. New official position - customs officer. “He began his service with extraordinary zeal. It seemed that fate itself had destined him to be a customs official. Such efficiency, insight, and perspicacity have not only been seen, but also heard.” Having gained the trust of his superiors, he became known as an incorruptible and honest worker, and received a promotion. And Chichikov “presented a project to catch all the smugglers, asking for funds to test it himself, to which he received full consent.” Now he has complete freedom of action. Having entered into an alliance with his own kind, Chichikov takes huge bribes from smugglers. Having received about half a million in this case, he goes into hiding again, but is not upset; Having covered up the traces of the crime, he takes on a new business - buying up dead souls.
The transformation of Pavlusha into the respectable, universally revered Pavel Ivanovich in the Russia of that time was impossible in any other way, so Chichikov’s career is typical and deeply natural. Chichikov himself is the personification of the exploitative system.
Corruption in our state is eternal and, it seems, ineradicable. Thus, in “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol there is an excellent description of Chichikov’s career in customs (by the way, the first edition of the first volume of “Dead Souls” turns 180 this year). Read, maybe you will recognize our modern officials:
...but our hero endured everything, endured it strongly, endured it patiently, and finally transferred to the customs service.
It must be said that this service had long been a secret subject of his thoughts. He saw what dandy foreign things the customs officials had, what porcelains and cambrics they sent to gossips, aunts and sisters. More than once, long ago, he said with a sigh: “I wish I could move somewhere: the border is close, and enlightened people, and what thin Dutch shirts you can get!” It should be added that at the same time he was also thinking about a special type of French soap, which imparted extraordinary whiteness to the skin and freshness to the cheeks; God knows what it was called, but, according to his assumptions, it was certainly located on the border.
So, he would have long wanted to go to the customs office, but the current various benefits for the construction commission were withheld, and he reasoned correctly that the customs office, be that as it may, was still nothing more than a pie in the sky, and the commission was already a bird in its hands. Now he decided to get to customs at any cost, and he got there.
He began his service with extraordinary zeal. It seemed that fate itself had destined him to be a customs official. Such efficiency, insight and foresight was not only unseen, but even unheard of. In three or four weeks he had already become so skilled in customs affairs that he knew absolutely everything: he didn’t even weigh or measure, but by the texture he knew how many arshins of cloth or other material there were in a piece; taking the bundle in his hand, he could suddenly tell how many pounds it contained.
As for searches, here, as even his comrades themselves put it, he simply had a dog’s instinct: one could not help but be amazed to see how he had so much patience to feel every button, and all this was done with deadly composure, polite incredibly. And at a time when those being searched were furious, lost their temper and felt an evil urge to beat up his pleasant appearance with clicks, he, without changing either in his face or in his polite actions, said only: “Wouldn’t you like to worry a little and get up?” Or: “Would you like, madam, to be welcomed into another room? there the wife of one of our officials will explain to you.” Or: “Let me, with a knife, I’ll rip open the lining of your overcoat a little,” and, saying this, he would pull out shawls and scarves from there, calmly, as if from his own chest.
Even the authorities explained that it was a devil, not a man: he was looking in wheels, drawbars, horse ears and who knows what places, where no author would ever think of going and where only customs officials are allowed to go. So the poor traveler, who had crossed the border, still could not come to his senses for several minutes and, wiping off the sweat that appeared in small rashes all over his body, only crossed himself and said: “Well, well!” His situation was very similar to that of a schoolboy who ran out of a secret room, where the boss had called him in order to give him some instruction, but instead he was flogged in a completely unexpected way.
For a short time there was no profit from him for the smugglers. This was the storm and despair of all Polish Judaism. His honesty and incorruptibility were irresistible, almost unnatural. He didn’t even make up a small capital for himself from various confiscated goods and selected little things that were not included in the treasury in order to avoid unnecessary correspondence.
Such zealously selfless service could not help but become the subject of general surprise and finally come to the attention of the authorities. He received a rank and promotion, and after that he presented a project to catch all the smugglers, asking only for the means to carry it out himself. He was immediately given the command and the unlimited right to carry out all sorts of searches. That's all he wanted.
At that time, a strong society of smugglers was formed in a deliberate and correct manner; The daring enterprise promised benefits worth millions. He had already had information about him for a long time and even refused to bribe those sent, saying dryly: “It’s not time yet.”
Having received everything at his disposal, he immediately let the public know, saying: “Now it’s time.” The calculation was too correct. Here, in one year, he could receive something that he would not have won in twenty years of the most zealous service. Before, he did not want to enter into any relations with them, because he was nothing more than a simple pawn, therefore, he would not have received much; but now... now it’s a completely different matter: he could offer any conditions he wanted.
To make things go more smoothly, he persuaded another official, his comrade, who could not resist the temptation, despite the fact that he was gray. The terms were concluded, and the society began to act. The action began brilliantly: the reader, no doubt, has heard the so often repeated story of the ingenious journey of the Spanish rams, who, having crossed the border in double sheepskin coats, carried under their sheepskin coats a million worth of Brabant lace. This incident happened precisely when Chichikov was serving at customs. If he himself had not participated in this enterprise, no Jews in the world would have been able to carry out such a task.
After three or four sheep trips across the border, both officials ended up with four hundred thousand in capital. Chichikov, they say, even exceeded five hundred, because he was smarter. God knows to what enormous figure the blessed sums would have increased if some difficult beast had not run across everything...
Gogol worked on the poem “Dead Souls” approximately seven years old In the center of the plot of the poem is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. Externally the same one the person is pleasant, but in reality he is a terrible, calculating money-grubber. His hypocrisy and cruelty that he shows when achieving his selfish goals are striking. He treated his teacher monstrously. His entire career is a chain of deceptions, bribes, bribes, ruined human destinies. In the bureaucratic world of lies and robbery, bribery and money-grubbing, he is one of his own, he was born into this world.
Chichikov set himself a certain assigned task in life and does everything to achieve it. He dreams of life with all the pleasures: carriages, a perfectly furnished house, delicious dinners, balls.
“After leaving school, he did not even want to rest: his desire was so strong to get down to business and service, he got an insignificant place, a salary of thirty or forty rubles. But he decided to conquer and overcome everything.” Chichikov sucks up to his superiors as best he can. Having gained his trust, he receives a promotion in rank. After that, he no longer needed anyone who was friendly with him. He could now make his own way. Chichikov joined the commission for the creation of some kind of government-owned facility. And although nothing was built in six years, the commission members each had a “beautiful house of civil architecture.”
Small-scale speculation gave way to large-scale fraud. Chichikov is engaged in such “cases”, “to which the world gives the name not only pure.” Almost all of his affairs end in failure. But here’s what’s paradoxical: Chichikov does not feel remorse and does not lose heart. Having hidden the traces of the crime and avoided punishment, he takes on a new unclean deed with redoubled force. “Hooked, dragged, broke, don’t ask” - this is his motto. New official position - customs officer. “He began his service with extraordinary zeal. It seemed that fate itself had destined him to be a customs official. Such efficiency, insight, and perspicacity have not only been seen, but also heard.” Having gained the trust of his superiors, he became known as an incorruptible and honest worker, and received a promotion. And Chichikov “presented a project to catch all the smugglers, asking for funds to test it himself, to which he received full consent.” Now he has complete freedom of action. Having entered into an alliance with his own kind, Chichikov takes huge bribes from smugglers. Having received on this matter approximately half a million, he goes into hiding again, but is not upset; Having covered up the traces of the crime, he takes on a new business - buying up dead souls.
The transformation of Pavlusha into the respectable, universally revered Pavel Ivanovich in the then RF impossible in any other way, so Chichikov’s career is typical and deeply natural. Chichikov himself is the personification of the exploitative system.
Tasks:
- Educational:
- to form in students an idea of the hero of Gogol’s work.
- Developmental:
- develop holistic analysis skills work of art;
- develop the ability to competently construct a monologue statement, master the culture of dialogical speech;
- develop the ability to think independently, analyze the circumstances in which the heroes act;
- develop the ability to compare textually studied works, their issues and heroes.
- Educational:
- cultivate interest in moral and universal values;
- bring students to the need for self-improvement through awareness of the contradictions of their own character.
Lesson methodology: the teacher's word, work with reference and literary studies, analytical conversation, textual analysis of individual scenes, commented reading, expressive reading by students, work on individual assignments, work on theses, work with draft manuscripts.
DURING THE CLASSES
Lesson stage 1
Teacher's word (against the background of music).
Again, like in the golden years,
Three worn out flapping harnesses,
And the painted knitting needles knit
Into loose ruts...Russia, poor Russia,
I want your gray huts,
Your songs are windy to me -
Like the first tears of love!I don't know how to feel sorry for you
And I carefully carry my cross...
Which sorcerer do you want?
Give me your robber beauty!Let him lure and deceive, -
You won’t be lost, you won’t perish,
And only care will cloud
Your beautiful features...
- No, these were not the feelings that filled the soul of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov when he drove into the city of N. in his spring carriage. What is our hero concerned about, why does he come to an ordinary Russian town and who is he, Pavel Ivanovich: a scoundrel, a nice man, an acquirer? Is it eternal? Is Chichikovism threatening us today and with what? We will try to understand these problems today.
– So, let’s go for the author and his hero.
Lesson stage 2
Stills from the film “Dead Souls” by M. Schweitzer.
Teacher. And here is our hero. Watch a fragment of the film and compare it with Gogol’s narrative. Which episodes of the first chapter did the director omit, and which ones did he deepen, and why?
Teacher. The first impression of a character is always very important, so let’s turn to the first chapter and try to answer the question: who is he, Chichikov? And what techniques for depicting the image does the author use.
– Find a description of the portrait of Chichikov, what does the author emphasize in the image of the hero? (The phrase is frankly ironic. The description of appearance is given as if so that the reader does not form any impression about the visitor. The construction of the sentence goes back to folk examples: in Russian folk tales We constantly come across expressions like “neither far nor near, neither high nor low.”
A grotesque detail: the visitor blew his nose loudly: “it is not known how he did it, but his nose sounded like a trumpet.” The visiting gentleman behaves with emphasized dignity; there is something exaggerated, contrived in his behavior).
– Gogol – detail master. This is especially evident in the description of Pavel Ivanovich’s luggage. Things help to understand the essence of the hero. What did Chichikov's things tell us? (A spring britzka, “a suitcase made of white leather, somewhat worn out,” “a mahogany chest with individual linings made of Karelian birch, shoe lasts and a fried chicken wrapped in blue paper”; a cap, a rainbow scarf - all objects hint at something in the situation , habits and character of Chichikov. He is apparently not too rich, but wealthy, travels a lot, loves to eat, one can even conclude that he was richer before than now: a suitcase made of white leather and skillfully made. chest - expensive things.)
- We will learn even more about Chichikov if we read the little story with the poster. Find this episode, underline the key words that help you understand the character of Pavel Ivanovich. (It is clear that Chichikov is a businesslike, meticulous man, studying the city as a field of a future battle. No wonder he asked the tavern servant, the watchman, looked at everything carefully, “as if in order to clearly remember the position of the place.” And one more thing is curious: after reading Chichikov “folded the poster neatly and put it in his little chest, where he was in the habit of putting everything he came across.”
– Essential for characterizing his hero speech. How does the speech reveal Chichikov's character? (The author shows from different sides and on different occasions the extraordinary dexterity, decency, and diplomatic evasiveness of Chichikov’s speech. In conversations with the rulers of the city, “he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He somehow hinted to the governor that entering his province was like entering paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere, and that those governments that appoint wise dignitaries deserve greater praise.” At the same time, Chichikov did not express flattering words directly to the governor: this would be a clumsy job, unworthy of such a subtle expert on the rules of behavior. that the governor deserves praise. But those governments “that appoint wise dignitaries...” Chichikov omitted the compliments more rudely (“your excellency even said it wrongly twice”), but apparently he already knew to whom. come up).
- Tell. What do other heroes think and say about Pavel Ivanovich? (They recognized him as their man. If the city fathers felt honesty and virtue in Chichikov, they would recoil from him like the plague. No, they see in him a man of their circle, only gifted with talents for success. And when Chichikov, with “ noticeable modesty,” using “somewhat bookish phrases,” says that he “suffered for the truth,” even the word “truth” does not frighten his listeners. They understand that this is just a catchphrase, but it is said very cleverly and to the point.)
Conclusion.
– So, what kind of person did Chichikov appear to us? How is a cunning traveler similar to those with whom he does his business? (Chichikov can be no less delicate than Manilov, capable of saving more stubbornly than a box, can go on a spree no worse than Nozdryov, and in the ability to “lie down” he will far surpass this chatterbox; he is tight-fisted and businesslike, like Sobakevich, in thriftiness he is not inferior to that Plyushkin times when he was still a wise master, and, of course, in the art of taking bribes he outdid Ivan Antonovich - the “jug’s snout.”)
- But there is a trait in Chichikov’s character that gives all his properties a new meaning and makes him the first person in the gallery of meanness. Which? (Amazing flexibility, tenacity, adaptability to any circumstances. The miracles of mimicry are demonstrated throughout his entire life.)
– From meetings with landowners, we learn about the reason for his arrival: the purchase of dead souls, listed as alive according to the audit tale. For what? What's wrong with that? (Chichikov seeks to profit from the most terrible thing - human death. Buying dead souls, this inhuman mercantilism is a frightening act of the Russian bourgeoisie, they destroy humanity)
– Where does this come from in people? When we ask this question, we turn to people’s past; Chichikov’s whole life is presented in the last 11th chapter.
Lesson stage 3
Teacher. You have been given the task of drawing up a detailed outline of Chichikov’s biography and preparing a creative retelling of the text in order to understand what kind of person he is, what makes him trade in dead souls today.
Story according to plan
A) Difficult picture of early childhood.
B) Chichikov in the city school:
- relationships with friends;
- increment to the half given by the father;
- Chichikov's speculation;
- mouse training;
- attitude towards the teacher;
- “...he imagined a life ahead of him in all comforts, with all sorts of prosperity; carriages, a well-appointed house, delicious dinners.”
B) Service in the treasury chamber:
- an unsuccessful attempt to win over the police officer;
- how Chichikov got himself a position as a police officer;
- order to take bribes initiated by him
D) Chichikov – member of the construction commission:
- failed construction of a government building;
- beautiful houses that appeared for members of the commission, including Chichikov;
- the catastrophe he survived.
D) Chichikov’s service at customs:
- the purpose of joining the customs service;
- Chichikov is the terror of smugglers;
- the path he took to get promoted;
- Chichikov enters into a conspiracy with the smuggling community;
- new disaster.
– What is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov like here? Scoundrel? He also had patience, extraordinary willpower, and prudence. But at the same time, fraud, adventurism, crime. But he himself explains that he did not kill anyone, did not ruin anyone, that most of all he cares about his future home, family, children. What repels us about this hero. (Yes, everything is fine in a bright future. But what path does our hero go? Does the end justify the means? An eternal philosophical question that many generations have yet to solve).
“Is he a scoundrel, why is he a scoundrel, acquisition is the fault of everything... Nowadays we don’t have scoundrels, we have well-intentioned, pleasant people, and there are only two or three of those who would expose their physiognomy to a public slap in the face. people, and even they are now talking about virtue.”
“After all, the author’s main task is to make you and I look inside ourselves and ask: “Is there a Chichikov in me?” And it is imperative to be reborn, as Gogol believed in the rebirth of his hero (it is no coincidence that Chichikov dreams of a three-bird bird, and with it faith, hope and the great word - love).
Stage 4 of the lesson
Reading by heart a passage about Rus' by a student.
Teacher. What lexical and syntactic means created the sublime, solemn intonation of the lyrical digression “Rus”.
Lesson stage 5
The teacher reads against the background of music:
And the impossible is possible
The long road is easy
When the road flashes in the distance
An instant glance from under a scarf,
When it rings with guarded melancholy
The dull song of the coachman.
Today we are considering a criminal case against Pavel Chichikov from Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”. All quotes are taken from the literary source.
For this purpose, he committed abuse of trust (Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) of his immediate superior.
“And before the office had time to look back, things had worked out in such a way that Chichikov moved into his house, became a necessary and indispensable person, bought flour and sugar, treated his daughter like a bride, called the police officer papa and kissed his hand; Everyone in the ward decided that there would be a wedding at the end of February, before Lent..
The stern police officer even began to lobby his superiors for him, and after a while Chichikov himself became a police officer in one of the vacant positions that had opened up.”
Then Chichikov broke the preliminary agreements and secretly took things from the benefactor’s house. In his new position, the defendant was engaged in discrediting the state anti-corruption campaign. He also abused his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and extorted bribes (Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
At the end of his service as a police officer, Chichikov switched to corruption schemes that allowed him to steal on a large scale.
2. Got a job at customs for personal illegal enrichment The goal of these career aspirations of Chichikov was to cause the greatest damage to the state from abuse of his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
3. Committed the famous scam called “Dead Souls”
The investigation insists on bringing to justice not only Chichikov, but also the accomplices of the fraud who knew about the criminal plan and received material benefits from it. We are talking about Sobakevich, Korobochka, Plyushkin. The investigation accuses Nozdryov of bribing Chichikov, which resulted in his attempts to confuse the investigation.
No evidence of Manilov's guilt was found.
Prosecutor: “Chichikov’s goal is to cause the greatest damage to the state”
Lawyer Daniil Markhiev Today the consideration of the criminal case in which Pavel Chichikov is accused of a crime under Article 159 of the Criminal Code ends Russian Federation , namely that he is a professional repeat offender. In different cities, at different places of Chichikov’s service, various fraudulent schemes used by him were discovered. The investigation was able to collect information about how Chichikov honed his fraudulent schemes with school years
. As a prosecutor, I see my main task as substantiating the charge and proving that the crime was committed by the defendant. What is Chichikov accused of?
1. With the help of deceptive actions, Chichikov received the position of police officer. For this purpose, he abused the trust of his immediate superior, having received the position of chief of staff, Chichikov broke the preliminary agreements and secretly took things from the benefactor’s house.
In his new position, the defendant was engaged in discrediting the state anti-corruption campaign, and also abused his official position and extorted bribes.
At the end of his service as a police officer, Chichikov switched to corruption schemes that allowed him to steal on a large scale. In addition to damage to the state budget, Chichikov, by profaning construction orders, caused damage to the urban environment, society and workers who lost their jobs.
The goal of these career aspirations of Chichikov was to cause the greatest damage to the state from abuse of his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). In this position, Chichikov was involved in fraud using corruption schemes on an especially large scale, and also took part in the illegal activities of organized crime and forced his colleagues to enter into a criminal conspiracy (Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
After revealing the activities of the criminal community, Chichikov avoided judicial responsibility by bribing the investigation (Article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
3. The scam called “Dead Souls” requires special consideration. The investigation insists on bringing to justice Chichikov’s accomplices in the fraud, who knew about the criminal plan and received material benefits from it. We are talking about Sobakevich, Korobochka, Plyushkin. The investigation accuses Nozdryov of bribing Chichikov, which resulted in his attempts to confuse the investigation. No evidence of Manilov's guilt was found.
To implement his fraudulent “Dead Souls” scam, Chichikov was forced to pay a bribe. Nozdryov’s probable assistance to Chichikov in evading punishment deserves special consideration.
Nozdryov knowingly gave false testimony to the investigation. Thus, he created difficulties and confused the preliminary investigation, presented the existing charges against Chichikov in an absurd light, mixing them with all the existing rumors, which ruined the case and gave Chichikov time to hide from trial.
I ask the respected court to find Pavel Chichikov guilty of committing a crime and impose a general sentence of real imprisonment for 9 years 6 months.
Defense: “The Chichikov case is not justice, but deliberate persecution”
Lawyer Vladislav Kocherin
Dear court, dear participants in the process!
I am glad that I have the opportunity to defend Pavel Chichikov, since the latter’s accusation of committing crimes under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is a blatant example of how they are trying to bring to justice an innocent person engaged in his professional business. I responsibly declare that Pavel Chichikov is not a criminal, but only an enterprising person.
So, for example, Pavel Chichikov is accused of “abusing the trust (Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) of his immediate superior in order to obtain the position of a police officer. At the same time, Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation actually provides for liability for causing property damage to the owner or other possessor of property through deception or abuse of trust in the absence of signs of theft. However, Pavel Chichikov did not cause any property damage to his immediate superior, or to anyone else.
Having read the text of the indictment regarding P. Chichikov’s acquisition of “Dead Souls,” I was sincerely amazed - what is my client accused of? In fact, he is accused only of making transactions at a loss to himself, buying non-existent peasants and paying real money for it, paying taxes for them, doing all this from his own pocket. At the same time, Art. 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for theft of someone else’s property through deception and abuse of trust, but P. Chichikov’s goal was only the acquisition of dead souls through paid civil transactions, which he directly stated to potential sellers of souls when they were committed. That is, when purchasing souls, P. Chichikov did not deceive anyone, except himself, since he suffered direct losses from this, paying a clearly inflated purchase price for the souls, as well as taxes and taxes. In addition, it should be noted that the “dead souls” were formally considered alive, which made it possible to carry out any civil transactions with them, which was in accordance with the legislation in force at that time. P. Chichikov did not receive any property benefits from such transactions, therefore his accusation under Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not have any legal basis and must be rejected.
Thus, the actions of P. Chichikov represented the implementation of ordinary activities, as a result of which no material damage was caused to anyone except himself. You could say that he simply collected “dead souls,” which is not prohibited by law.
Thus, from all of the above, only one obvious conclusion can be drawn: my client Pavel Chichikov is innocent of all charges.
The accusation is based solely on assumptions and conjectures; there is no evidence of the circumstances presented by the prosecution; they are trying to impute to P. Chichikov not just crimes that he did not commit, but also those for which sentences have already been passed and the perpetrators have been identified.
All this may not indicate the implementation of justice, but only the deliberate persecution of Pavel Chichikov, who is a respectable citizen and has brought considerable benefit to society and the state, regardless of what this enterprising person does.
The position of accusing my client of committing economic crimes does not stand up to any criticism and is based only on personal hostility towards my client and the desire to see him behind bars, where he can no longer be useful to society and may become a participant in the criminal environment, while he has significant services to society both during the period of service in government agencies, and when ridding Russian landowners of material and bureaucratic burdens in the form of “dead souls”.
I ask that my client be acquitted of all charges against him.
The verdict in the case of Pavel Chichikov
The verdict is read by Associate Professor of the Department of Administrative Law of the Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafina (MSAL)
Maxim Mikhailovich Polyakov.
Having considered the criminal case against Pavel Chichikov, having heard the prosecution and defense, as well as the evidence presented in the case under consideration, the court makes the following decision:
1. Convict of abuse of power
2. Under the article “Causing property damage by deception or abuse of trust,” the defendant is acquitted
The arguments of the defense can be considered quite justified that no property damage was caused to the immediate superior of P. Chichikov, thanks to whom he received the position of chief of staff. The actions that he performed while in the boss’s house (courteous attitude, purchasing food for household needs, showing attention to his daughter) are not illegal and do not form a crime under the incriminated article.
3. Convicted of fraud in the purchase of “dead souls”
The court considers at least three episodes of fraudulent activity by citizen Chichikov to be proven, involving the purchase of so-called “dead souls” from citizens Sobakevich, Korobochka and Plyushkin. The court took into account, first of all, the fact that dead souls were bought under the guise of living ones, which is confirmed by the documents provided by the investigation on the facts of purchase and sale.
Proof of citizen Chichikov’s guilt is the petitions confiscated from him for a large plot of land and the resulting subsidies from the state in the amount of 200 rubles in gold. The court found that the main criterion for receiving such preferences is that a person has at least 500 souls.
During the consideration of the criminal case, the court especially took into account the personality of Pavel Chichikov, which can be described as extremely negative. During the court hearing, citizen Chichikov in every possible way interfered with the progress of the trial, changed his testimony, and made every effort to delay the court’s decision.
Based on the above, the court sentenced:
Find Pavel Chichikov guilty of committing crimes under Art. 159 and art. 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Based on Art. 69 part 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, by partial addition of punishments, assign Pavel Chichikov a punishment of
4 years of imprisonment, to be served in a general regime correctional colony.
All case materials can be viewed.
We learn about Chichikov’s biography in “Dead Souls” from chapter 11 of the poem. It does not fit a little into the overall composition of the work, but is a necessity, as it reveals the story of the life and formation of the personality of the main character. His image is completely unique for Russian literature, this is the genius of the author’s idea.
We learn that Chichikov has no bright, joyful memories from childhood. He was born into an impoverished noble family, had no friends, did not know simple fun, and was withdrawn and unsociable. Pavlusha's father never showed his feelings. The parent forced his son to practice literacy for days and painfully grabbed his ear when the child began to get distracted. The author does not mention anything about the mother. The house in which the boy grew up did not see sunlight, the windows did not open either in winter or in summer. Not knowing parental love, from childhood Pavlusha understood one important thing - the love and respect of others can be earned by having a lot of money. They are the key to universal recognition.
One day, the father collected his son’s things and took the boy to a distant relative in the city where Pavlusha was to go to school. The boy was so fascinated by the city views that the desire to live in luxury and prosperity became the most important thing in his life.
School and first earned money
Before parting, the father ordered his son to save money, make friends with those who were richer, and not treat anyone at his own expense. His words sank into the child’s soul, and years later, Pavel realized that the parent was right.
Chichikov no longer saw his father, was not sad about him, and never remembered home. Pavlusha learned to deny himself everything, behaved in such a way that others would treat him and never spent a penny on friends.
The desire to make money came to the main character early, he became a very inventive “entrepreneur”. The boy sold pies and gingerbread to hungry classmates, and from this he earned his first capital. Chichikov's ingenuity knew no bounds: he trained a mouse and sold it to a friend very profitably. The child sewed his savings into bags so as not to spend them. At school, Pavlusha quickly realized that no one was interested in his academic success; it was important to be obedient, quiet and diligent. It was thanks to his diligence that Chichikov completed his studies with diplomas and an excellent certificate.
The ability to please superiors has become the most sought-after skill that Chichikov mastered over the years of study.
The ups and downs of the search for “quick capital”
After graduating from college, Pavel Ivanovich persistently began to look for a good place where he could quickly build a career. The young college graduate did not disdain simple work, understanding its necessity at the beginning of his journey.
Having found a job in the government department with difficulty, he tried his best to stand out: he was especially neat, clean, did not drink alcohol, and pleased his superiors. However, this did not give the desired results. Then Chichikov found out where he could meet the boss’s daughter and, despite her unattractive appearance, began to court the girl. Things went smoothly, conversations began about a wedding, and the girl’s father secured a significant raise for his future son-in-law.
Since Chichikov took up his new position, he stopped visiting former boss and visit his daughter. The hero easily learned to cross moral principles, he was not tormented by his conscience - the desire to get rich at any cost defeated all morality and virtue.
Chichikov did not intend to start a family without solid capital. However, having received Good work and having decent money, he realized that social life, entertainment and pleasure were not at all alien to him. Expensive clothes, a good carriage, habits typical of rich people - he liked all this. He did not spare money on himself, and was not stingy in what gave him pleasure.
Zealously throwing himself into a new activity, Chichikov built a special work scheme, the uniqueness of which was that, while fighting bribery, he enriched himself in precisely this way. After some time, the management changed and all the bribe takers, including Pavel Ivanovich, were fired. He lost almost everything he “earned.”
The need to build a career with clean slate did not frighten the hero, he took up the work from scratch with renewed vigor, not paying attention to the lesson that the past gave him. Having quickly achieved success in a new place, Chichikov got a job at customs. It was there that he always strived to get there, anticipating the possibility of making good money. His “talent” during searches at the border (delicacy, special tact and amazing flair) became known to the highest authorities, and Pavel Ivanovich achieved almost unlimited freedom of action in the fight against smugglers. It was they who became the “gold mine” for creating new capital for our hero. Like the last time, Chichikov’s career as a customs worker ended suddenly with dismissal and the loss of everything he had “acquired” during his service.
Fate again decreed that Pavel Ivanovich was forced to start his career again, having small savings and two serfs, which he inherited from his father. It was during this period that Chichikov came up with the idea of buying for pennies from the landowners those peasants who died but were still on the lists and selling them. This brilliant idea became a new promising occupation for Pavel Ivanovich, and he, with his characteristic delicacy and tenacity, set about buying up “dead souls.”
Our article briefly describes the life story of Chichikov, the central character of N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls.” The author quite subtly shows how difficult the life of the main character was and why he became a charlatan and a fraudster. This material will be a good help for writing essays or other creative works based on the work.
Work test
Tasks:
- Educational:
- to form in students an idea of the hero of Gogol’s work.
- Developmental:
- develop skills in holistic analysis of a work of art;
- develop the ability to competently construct a monologue statement, master the culture of dialogical speech;
- develop the ability to think independently, analyze the circumstances in which the heroes act;
- develop the ability to compare textually studied works, their issues and heroes.
- Educational:
- cultivate interest in moral and universal values;
- bring students to the need for self-improvement through awareness of the contradictions of their own character.
Lesson methodology: the teacher's word, work with reference and literary studies, analytical conversation, textual analysis of individual scenes, commented reading, expressive reading by students, work on individual assignments, work on theses, work with draft manuscripts.
DURING THE CLASSES
Lesson stage 1
Teacher's word (against the background of music).
Again, like in the golden years,
Three worn out flapping harnesses,
And the painted knitting needles knit
Into loose ruts...Russia, poor Russia,
I want your gray huts,
Your songs are windy to me -
Like the first tears of love!I don't know how to feel sorry for you
And I carefully carry my cross...
Which sorcerer do you want?
Give me your robber beauty!Let him lure and deceive, -
You won’t be lost, you won’t perish,
And only care will cloud
Your beautiful features...
- No, these were not the feelings that filled the soul of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov when he drove into the city of N. in his spring carriage. What is our hero concerned about, why does he come to an ordinary Russian town and who is he, Pavel Ivanovich: a scoundrel, a nice man, an acquirer? Is it eternal? Is Chichikovism threatening us today and with what? We will try to understand these problems today.
– So, let’s go for the author and his hero.
Lesson stage 2
Stills from the film “Dead Souls” by M. Schweitzer.
Teacher. And here is our hero. Watch a fragment of the film and compare it with Gogol’s narrative. Which episodes of the first chapter did the director omit, and which ones did he deepen, and why?
Teacher. The first impression of a character is always very important, so let’s turn to the first chapter and try to answer the question: who is he, Chichikov? And what techniques for depicting the image does the author use.
– Find a description of the portrait of Chichikov, what does the author emphasize in the image of the hero? (The phrase is frankly ironic. The description of appearance is given as if so that the reader does not form any impression about the visitor. The construction of the sentence goes back to folk examples: in Russian folk tales we constantly encounter expressions like “neither far, nor close, nor high , not low."
A grotesque detail: the visitor blew his nose loudly: “it is not known how he did it, but his nose sounded like a trumpet.” The visiting gentleman behaves with emphasized dignity; there is something exaggerated, contrived in his behavior).
– Gogol – detail master. This is especially evident in the description of Pavel Ivanovich’s luggage. Things help to understand the essence of the hero. What did Chichikov's things tell us? (A spring britzka, “a suitcase made of white leather, somewhat worn out,” “a mahogany chest with individual linings made of Karelian birch, shoe lasts and a fried chicken wrapped in blue paper”; a cap, a rainbow scarf - all objects hint at something in the situation , habits and character of Chichikov. He is apparently not too rich, but wealthy, travels a lot, loves to eat, one can even conclude that he was richer before than now: a suitcase made of white leather and skillfully made. chest - expensive things.)
- We will learn even more about Chichikov if we read the little story with the poster. Find this episode, underline the key words that help you understand the character of Pavel Ivanovich. (It is clear that Chichikov is a businesslike, meticulous man, studying the city as a field of a future battle. No wonder he asked the tavern servant, the watchman, looked at everything carefully, “as if in order to clearly remember the position of the place.” And one more thing is curious: after reading Chichikov “folded the poster neatly and put it in his little chest, where he was in the habit of putting everything he came across.”
– Essential for characterizing his hero speech. How does the speech reveal Chichikov's character? (The author shows from different sides and on different occasions the extraordinary dexterity, decency, and diplomatic evasiveness of Chichikov’s speech. In conversations with the rulers of the city, “he very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone. He somehow hinted to the governor that entering his province was like entering paradise, the roads are velvet everywhere, and that those governments that appoint wise dignitaries deserve greater praise.” At the same time, Chichikov did not express flattering words directly to the governor: this would be a clumsy job, unworthy of such a subtle expert on the rules of behavior. that the governor deserves praise. But those governments “that appoint wise dignitaries...” Chichikov omitted the compliments more rudely (“your excellency even said it wrongly twice”), but apparently he already knew to whom. come up).
- Tell. What do other heroes think and say about Pavel Ivanovich? (They recognized him as their man. If the city fathers felt honesty and virtue in Chichikov, they would recoil from him like the plague. No, they see in him a man of their circle, only gifted with talents for success. And when Chichikov, with “ noticeable modesty,” using “somewhat bookish phrases,” says that he “suffered for the truth,” even the word “truth” does not frighten his listeners. They understand that this is just a catchphrase, but it is said very cleverly and to the point.)
Conclusion.
– So, what kind of person did Chichikov appear to us? How is a cunning traveler similar to those with whom he does his business? (Chichikov can be no less delicate than Manilov, capable of saving more stubbornly than a box, can go on a spree no worse than Nozdryov, and in the ability to “lie down” he will far surpass this chatterbox; he is tight-fisted and businesslike, like Sobakevich, in thriftiness he is not inferior to that Plyushkin times when he was still a wise master, and, of course, in the art of taking bribes he outdid Ivan Antonovich - the “jug’s snout.”)
- But there is a trait in Chichikov’s character that gives all his properties a new meaning and makes him the first person in the gallery of meanness. Which? (Amazing flexibility, tenacity, adaptability to any circumstances. The miracles of mimicry are demonstrated throughout his entire life.)
– From meetings with landowners, we learn about the reason for his arrival: the purchase of dead souls, listed as alive according to the audit tale. For what? What's wrong with that? (Chichikov seeks to profit from the most terrible thing - human death. Buying dead souls, this inhuman mercantilism is a frightening act of the Russian bourgeoisie, they destroy humanity)
– Where does this come from in people? When we ask this question, we turn to people’s past; Chichikov’s whole life is presented in the last 11th chapter.
Lesson stage 3
Teacher. You have been given the task of drawing up a detailed outline of Chichikov’s biography and preparing a creative retelling of the text in order to understand what kind of person he is, what makes him trade in dead souls today.
Story according to plan
A) Difficult picture of early childhood.
B) Chichikov in the city school:
- relationships with friends;
- increment to the half given by the father;
- Chichikov's speculation;
- mouse training;
- attitude towards the teacher;
- “...he imagined a life ahead of him in all comforts, with all sorts of prosperity; carriages, a well-appointed house, delicious dinners.”
B) Service in the treasury chamber:
- an unsuccessful attempt to win over the police officer;
- how Chichikov got himself a position as a police officer;
- order to take bribes initiated by him
D) Chichikov – member of the construction commission:
- failed construction of a government building;
- beautiful houses that appeared for members of the commission, including Chichikov;
- the catastrophe he survived.
D) Chichikov’s service at customs:
- the purpose of joining the customs service;
- Chichikov is the terror of smugglers;
- the path he took to get promoted;
- Chichikov enters into a conspiracy with the smuggling community;
- new disaster.
– What is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov like here? Scoundrel? He also had patience, extraordinary willpower, and prudence. But at the same time, fraud, adventurism, crime. But he himself explains that he did not kill anyone, did not ruin anyone, that most of all he cares about his future home, family, children. What repels us about this hero. (Yes, everything is fine in a bright future. But what path does our hero go? Does the end justify the means? An eternal philosophical question that many generations have yet to solve).
“Is he a scoundrel, why is he a scoundrel, acquisition is the fault of everything... Nowadays we don’t have scoundrels, we have well-intentioned, pleasant people, and there are only two or three of those who would expose their physiognomy to a public slap in the face. people, and even they are now talking about virtue.”
“After all, the author’s main task is to make you and I look inside ourselves and ask: “Is there a Chichikov in me?” And it is imperative to be reborn, as Gogol believed in the rebirth of his hero (it is no coincidence that Chichikov dreams of a three-bird bird, and with it faith, hope and the great word - love).
Stage 4 of the lesson
Reading by heart a passage about Rus' by a student.
Teacher. What lexical and syntactic means created the sublime, solemn intonation of the lyrical digression “Rus”.
Lesson stage 5
The teacher reads against the background of music:
And the impossible is possible
The long road is easy
When the road flashes in the distance
An instant glance from under a scarf,
When it rings with guarded melancholy
The dull song of the coachman.
“Dismissal from military service” - Important: Administration of Baikonur. The following categories have the right to receive social benefits: Citizens subject to resettlement from the Baikonur complex. Citizens who participated in the liquidation of consequences at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the period 1986-1987. federal executive authorities of the Russian Federation.
“Military service” - On conscription for alternative civilian service. Chairman of the relevant education authority. Special duties. Citizens are exempt from conscription for military service: Arrest with detention in a guardhouse for up to 10 days. On exemption from conscription for military service. Deputy head of local government – chairman of the commission.
“Internet Services” - FTP Service. The network service determines the data format. Examples: A list of popular irc servers can be obtained on the Internet. Website. Web service. Programs: ProShare (Intel); NetMeeting (Microsoft). Email. Example of a Web site. Internet services.
“Psychological service” - There are 64 PPMS Centers in Moscow: Basic and specialized packages of psychological services. Two-level system of providing psychological assistance. Creation of mechanisms for examining psychological instruments and updating the register. The diversity of models complicates coordination and forecasting activities.
“Exhibits from the Armory” - Decorated with gold, turquoise and gems. The Armory is located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, at the Borovitsky Gate. Ancient handwritten liturgical books are richly represented. A little history. Our excursion has come to an end. The throne was brought by the Persian ambassador to Tsar Boris Godunov. Are there similar museums in your homeland?
“Legal basis of military service” - The President of the Russian Federation is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Hostage taking. Legal basis military service. Hague Conventions. Department of military-patriotic and civil education of the CDT "Shield". The Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that the defense of the Fatherland is the duty and responsibility of a citizen of the Russian Federation.
Today we are considering a criminal case against Pavel Chichikov from Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls”. All quotes are taken from the literary source.
For this purpose, he committed abuse of trust (Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) of his immediate superior.
“And before the office had time to look back, things had worked out in such a way that Chichikov moved into his house, became a necessary and indispensable person, bought flour and sugar, treated his daughter like a bride, called the police officer papa and kissed his hand; Everyone in the ward decided that there would be a wedding at the end of February, before Lent..
The stern police officer even began to lobby his superiors for him, and after a while Chichikov himself became a police officer in one of the vacant positions that had opened up.”
Then Chichikov broke the preliminary agreements and secretly took things from the benefactor’s house. In his new position, the defendant was engaged in discrediting the state anti-corruption campaign. He also abused his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and extorted bribes (Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
At the end of his service as a police officer, Chichikov switched to corruption schemes that allowed him to steal on a large scale.
2. Got a job at customs for personal illegal enrichment The goal of these career aspirations of Chichikov was to cause the greatest damage to the state from abuse of his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
3. Committed the famous scam called “Dead Souls”
The investigation insists on bringing to justice not only Chichikov, but also the accomplices of the fraud who knew about the criminal plan and received material benefits from it. We are talking about Sobakevich, Korobochka, Plyushkin. The investigation accuses Nozdryov of bribing Chichikov, which resulted in his attempts to confuse the investigation.
No evidence of Manilov's guilt was found.
Prosecutor: “Chichikov’s goal is to cause the greatest damage to the state”
Today, the consideration of a criminal case in which Pavel Chichikov is accused of a crime under Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, namely that he is a professional repeat offender, is being completed. In different cities, at different places of Chichikov’s service, various fraudulent schemes used by him were discovered. The investigation was able to collect information about how Chichikov honed his fraudulent schemes since his school years. As a prosecutor, I see my main task as substantiating the charge and proving that the crime was committed by the defendant. What is Chichikov accused of?
. As a prosecutor, I see my main task as substantiating the charge and proving that the crime was committed by the defendant. What is Chichikov accused of?
1. With the help of deceptive actions, Chichikov received the position of police officer. For this purpose, he abused the trust of his immediate superior, having received the position of chief of staff, Chichikov broke the preliminary agreements and secretly took things from the benefactor’s house.
In his new position, the defendant was engaged in discrediting the state anti-corruption campaign, and also abused his official position and extorted bribes.
At the end of his service as a police officer, Chichikov switched to corruption schemes that allowed him to steal on a large scale. In addition to damage to the state budget, Chichikov, by profaning construction orders, caused damage to the urban environment, society and workers who lost their jobs.
The goal of these career aspirations of Chichikov was to cause the greatest damage to the state from abuse of his official position (Article 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). In this position, Chichikov was involved in fraud using corruption schemes on an especially large scale, and also took part in the illegal activities of organized crime and forced his colleagues to enter into a criminal conspiracy (Article 210 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
After revealing the activities of the criminal community, Chichikov avoided judicial responsibility by bribing the investigation (Article 291 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
3. The scam called “Dead Souls” requires special consideration. The investigation insists on bringing to justice Chichikov’s accomplices in the fraud, who knew about the criminal plan and received material benefits from it. We are talking about Sobakevich, Korobochka, Plyushkin. The investigation accuses Nozdryov of bribing Chichikov, which resulted in his attempts to confuse the investigation. No evidence of Manilov's guilt was found.
To implement his fraudulent “Dead Souls” scam, Chichikov was forced to pay a bribe. Nozdryov’s probable assistance to Chichikov in evading punishment deserves special consideration.
Nozdryov knowingly gave false testimony to the investigation. Thus, he created difficulties and confused the preliminary investigation, presented the existing charges against Chichikov in an absurd light, mixing them with all the existing rumors, which ruined the case and gave Chichikov time to hide from trial.
I ask the respected court to find Pavel Chichikov guilty of committing a crime and impose a general sentence of real imprisonment for 9 years 6 months.
Defense: “The Chichikov case is not justice, but deliberate persecution”
Lawyer Vladislav Kocherin
Dear court, dear participants in the process!
I am glad that I have the opportunity to defend Pavel Chichikov, since the latter’s accusation of committing crimes under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is a blatant example of how they are trying to bring to justice an innocent person engaged in his professional business. I responsibly declare that Pavel Chichikov is not a criminal, but only an enterprising person.
So, for example, Pavel Chichikov is accused of “abusing the trust (Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) of his immediate superior in order to obtain the position of a police officer. At the same time, Article 165 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation actually provides for liability for causing property damage to the owner or other possessor of property through deception or abuse of trust in the absence of signs of theft. However, Pavel Chichikov did not cause any property damage to his immediate superior, or to anyone else.
Having read the text of the indictment regarding P. Chichikov’s acquisition of “Dead Souls,” I was sincerely amazed - what is my client accused of? In fact, he is accused only of making transactions at a loss to himself, buying non-existent peasants and paying real money for it, paying taxes for them, doing all this from his own pocket. At the same time, Art. 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for theft of someone else’s property through deception and abuse of trust, but P. Chichikov’s goal was only the acquisition of dead souls through paid civil transactions, which he directly stated to potential sellers of souls when they were committed. That is, when purchasing souls, P. Chichikov did not deceive anyone, except himself, since he suffered direct losses from this, paying a clearly inflated purchase price for the souls, as well as taxes and taxes. In addition, it should be noted that the “dead souls” were formally considered alive, which made it possible to carry out any civil transactions with them, which was in accordance with the legislation in force at that time. P. Chichikov did not receive any property benefits from such transactions, therefore his accusation under Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not have any legal basis and must be rejected.
Thus, the actions of P. Chichikov represented the implementation of ordinary activities, as a result of which no material damage was caused to anyone except himself. You could say that he simply collected “dead souls,” which is not prohibited by law.
Thus, from all of the above, only one obvious conclusion can be drawn: my client Pavel Chichikov is innocent of all charges.
The accusation is based solely on assumptions and conjectures; there is no evidence of the circumstances presented by the prosecution; they are trying to impute to P. Chichikov not just crimes that he did not commit, but also those for which sentences have already been passed and the perpetrators have been identified.
All this may not indicate the implementation of justice, but only the deliberate persecution of Pavel Chichikov, who is a respectable citizen and has brought considerable benefit to society and the state, regardless of what this enterprising person does.
The position of accusing my client of committing economic crimes does not stand up to any criticism and is based only on personal hostility towards my client and the desire to see him behind bars, where he can no longer be useful to society and may become a participant in the criminal environment, while he has significant merits to society both during the period of service in government bodies and in ridding Russian landowners of material and bureaucratic burdens in the form of “dead souls”.
I ask that my client be acquitted of all charges against him.
The verdict in the case of Pavel Chichikov
The verdict is read by Associate Professor of the Department of Administrative Law of the Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafina (MSAL)
Maxim Mikhailovich Polyakov.
Having considered the criminal case against Pavel Chichikov, having heard the prosecution and defense, as well as the evidence presented in the case under consideration, the court makes the following decision:
1. Convict of abuse of power
2. Under the article “Causing property damage by deception or abuse of trust,” the defendant is acquitted
The arguments of the defense can be considered quite justified that no property damage was caused to the immediate superior of P. Chichikov, thanks to whom he received the position of chief of staff. The actions that he performed while in the boss’s house (courteous attitude, purchasing food for household needs, showing attention to his daughter) are not illegal and do not form a crime under the incriminated article.
3. Convicted of fraud in the purchase of “dead souls”
The court considers at least three episodes of fraudulent activity by citizen Chichikov to be proven, involving the purchase of so-called “dead souls” from citizens Sobakevich, Korobochka and Plyushkin. The court took into account, first of all, the fact that dead souls were bought under the guise of living ones, which is confirmed by the documents provided by the investigation on the facts of purchase and sale.
Proof of citizen Chichikov’s guilt is the petitions confiscated from him for a large plot of land and the resulting subsidies from the state in the amount of 200 rubles in gold. The court found that the main criterion for receiving such preferences is that a person has at least 500 souls.
During the consideration of the criminal case, the court especially took into account the personality of Pavel Chichikov, which can be described as extremely negative. During the court hearing, citizen Chichikov in every possible way interfered with the progress of the trial, changed his testimony, and made every effort to delay the court’s decision.
Based on the above, the court sentenced:
Find Pavel Chichikov guilty of committing crimes under Art. 159 and art. 285 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Based on Art. 69 part 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, by partial addition of punishments, assign Pavel Chichikov a punishment of
All case materials can be viewed.
Corruption in our state is eternal and, it seems, ineradicable. Thus, in “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol there is an excellent description of Chichikov’s career in customs (by the way, the first edition of the first volume of “Dead Souls” turns 180 this year). Read, maybe you will recognize our modern officials:
...but our hero endured everything, endured it strongly, endured it patiently, and finally transferred to the customs service.
It must be said that this service had long been a secret subject of his thoughts. He saw what dandy foreign things the customs officials had, what porcelains and cambrics they sent to gossips, aunts and sisters. More than once, long ago, he said with a sigh: “I wish I could move somewhere: the border is close, and enlightened people, and what thin Dutch shirts you can get!” It should be added that at the same time he was also thinking about a special type of French soap, which imparted extraordinary whiteness to the skin and freshness to the cheeks; God knows what it was called, but, according to his assumptions, it was certainly located on the border.
So, he would have long wanted to go to the customs office, but the current various benefits for the construction commission were withheld, and he reasoned correctly that the customs office, be that as it may, was still nothing more than a pie in the sky, and the commission was already a bird in its hands. Now he decided to get to customs at any cost, and he got there.
He began his service with extraordinary zeal. It seemed that fate itself had destined him to be a customs official. Such efficiency, insight and foresight was not only unseen, but even unheard of. In three or four weeks he had already become so skilled in customs affairs that he knew absolutely everything: he didn’t even weigh or measure, but by the texture he knew how many arshins of cloth or other material there were in a piece; taking the bundle in his hand, he could suddenly tell how many pounds it contained.
As for searches, here, as even his comrades themselves put it, he simply had a dog’s instinct: one could not help but be amazed to see how he had so much patience to feel every button, and all this was done with deadly composure, polite incredibly. And at a time when those being searched were furious, lost their temper and felt an evil urge to beat up his pleasant appearance with clicks, he, without changing either in his face or in his polite actions, said only: “Wouldn’t you like to worry a little and get up?” Or: “Would you like, madam, to be welcomed into another room? there the wife of one of our officials will explain to you.” Or: “Let me, with a knife, I’ll rip open the lining of your overcoat a little,” and, saying this, he would pull out shawls and scarves from there, calmly, as if from his own chest.
Even the authorities explained that it was a devil, not a man: he was looking in wheels, drawbars, horse ears and who knows what places, where no author would ever think of going and where only customs officials are allowed to go. So the poor traveler, who had crossed the border, still could not come to his senses for several minutes and, wiping off the sweat that appeared in small rashes all over his body, only crossed himself and said: “Well, well!” His situation was very similar to that of a schoolboy who ran out of a secret room, where the boss had called him in order to give him some instruction, but instead he was flogged in a completely unexpected way.
For a short time there was no profit from him for the smugglers. This was the storm and despair of all Polish Judaism. His honesty and incorruptibility were irresistible, almost unnatural. He didn’t even make up a small capital for himself from various confiscated goods and selected little things that were not included in the treasury in order to avoid unnecessary correspondence.
Such zealously selfless service could not help but become the subject of general surprise and finally come to the attention of the authorities. He received a rank and promotion, and after that he presented a project to catch all the smugglers, asking only for the means to carry it out himself. He was immediately given the command and the unlimited right to carry out all sorts of searches. That's all he wanted.
At that time, a strong society of smugglers was formed in a deliberate and correct manner; The daring enterprise promised benefits worth millions. He had already had information about him for a long time and even refused to bribe those sent, saying dryly: “It’s not time yet.”
Having received everything at his disposal, he immediately let the public know, saying: “Now it’s time.” The calculation was too correct. Here, in one year, he could receive something that he would not have won in twenty years of the most zealous service. Before, he did not want to enter into any relations with them, because he was nothing more than a simple pawn, therefore, he would not have received much; but now... now it’s a completely different matter: he could offer any conditions he wanted.
To make things go more smoothly, he persuaded another official, his comrade, who could not resist the temptation, despite the fact that he was gray. The terms were concluded, and the society began to act. The action began brilliantly: the reader, no doubt, has heard the so often repeated story of the ingenious journey of the Spanish rams, who, having crossed the border in double sheepskin coats, carried under their sheepskin coats a million worth of Brabant lace. This incident happened precisely when Chichikov was serving at customs. If he himself had not participated in this enterprise, no Jews in the world would have been able to carry out such a task.
After three or four sheep trips across the border, both officials ended up with four hundred thousand in capital. Chichikov, they say, even exceeded five hundred, because he was smarter. God knows to what enormous figure the blessed sums would have increased if some difficult beast had not run across everything...
The biography of the main character Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov is moved by the author to the end of the poem. The reader learns about all the adventures of the landowner in the city of NN, but still does not know how such thoughts could appear in the man’s head, where the strange idea of buying “dead souls” came from.
Origin of the hero
Pavlusha Chichikov was born into the family of an impoverished nobleman. It is not known what origin the parents were: pillar nobles or personal ones. According to Gogol, the origins of the enterprising man were “dark and modest.” It is surprising that the classic says nothing about Pavel’s mother. This has a deep meaning. It is difficult to imagine the character of a mother who could create such a soulless and secretive creature. One can speculate why a woman could die so early in life, why she did not leave holiness and respect for the afterlife in her soul.
The father is a poor and sick man. The family does not have the usual noble mansion. The hero lives in an old peasant house. Everything in it is small: windows, rooms (burner). The wretchedness of the interior is easy to imagine: the windows were not opened either in summer or in winter. How and when did the family become poor? The closest thing is the image of Manilov. Idleness may have led to the loss of the estate.
Ivan Chichikov sighed constantly, walked around the room and spat in the sandbox that stood in the corner. There are no other descriptions of the house where Pavlush spent his childhood. The relationship between father and son was tense. The sick old man did not know how to be affectionate. He behaves strictly and harshly, perhaps the reason for this was illness, or perhaps resentment at fate and lack of funds.
Years of study
As befits noblemen, at a certain age the father sent his son to the city school. This means that my father still had some finances. Paul gets the opportunity to escape poverty by getting an education. The father left his son with a relative and went to the village; they never saw each other again. Living with relatives, albeit distant ones, allowed the boy to learn economy and frugality.
Pavel studies diligently. He does not have the talent and genius of an excellent student, but he does have diligence, patience and practicality. Boy's special skills:
- Sitting quietly on the bench.
- Shows no wit.
- Skillfully maintains silence.
- Doesn't move his eyes, doesn't move his eyebrows, even when pinched.
- Gives the treuk to the teacher.
- He bows to the teacher, getting in his way several times.
Chichikov starts earning money. First he sculpts a bullfinch from wax, then sells it. Pavel trains a mouse and also sells it.
The ability to curry favor with teachers helps to successfully graduate from college.
The character of the young man could be discerned already here. When the strict teacher was kicked out, the students collected some money for him. Pavel gave a nickel of silver, which his comrades refused. The teacher, having learned about this, uttered the phrase:
“I cheated, I cheated a lot...”
It is on deception and the search for profit that the life of the hero of the poem will be built. Pavel Chichikov receives an excellent certificate, which states in golden letters that the student is trustworthy in behavior and exemplary in diligence. It is interesting that the young man has no friends either in his father’s house or at school. Chichikov is selling his inherited house. The proceeds of a thousand rubles became the initial capital.
Chichikov's career
Pavel sets a goal to earn enough money for a decent future for his family. He goes through ups and downs:
Treasury chamber. The position was obtained with difficulty, but these were the first steps of the bureaucratic service. The boss here was an old military officer, to whom no one could find an approach. The young man moved into his house and managed to please his daughter. The father believed and won a favorable position for the “future son-in-law.” As soon as “the matter was successful,” Chichikov moved away from the man whom he had already called “daddy,” and he did it secretly and quickly. The deceived man said the same phrase as the teacher:
“He cheated, he cheated, you damn son!”
"Bread place." This is where the opportunity to take bribes arises. A change of boss leads to a decline in career.
Minor positions in another city. Chichikov tries to show himself as selfless and hardworking. This attitude towards service was noticed by the authorities.
Place at customs. Chichikov receives the rank of collegiate adviser for his diligence. Having gained power, he gets involved with a criminal group involved in smuggling. The dirty deed brought excellent income, but the result is disastrous. Chichikov loses his position and place in customs, and the money is confiscated.
After losing hundreds of thousands of rubles, Pavel Ivanovich starts his career again. He had 10 thousand rubles left, a servant Petrushka, a coachman Selifan and a chaise. New service – legal assistance on various issues. During this period, the idea of buying “dead souls” came to him.
"Dark and humble origins..."
The hero of the poem "Dead Souls". He made the desire to please the basis of his relationships with people. “Save a penny” is a rule of life. Pavel goes towards his goal, but fate tests the young man. Shortsightedness and the desire to get rich quickly lead to losses. Dishonest deeds and adventures are born in the head after every fall. The classic shows how a businessman with a terrible and vile soul appeared, capable of buying people who have left the world of the living. The enterprising Chichikovs replace the landowners presented by the writer in the poem.
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