How to correctly:accountants, oraccountants, turners orturner, contracts oragreement.

In the nominative plural there is difficulty in choosing endings -A (-I ) or -s (-And ) .

Most masculine nouns have a plural ending in the nominative case -s (-And ): factorys , conAnd . However, a number of nouns in this case end in stressed -A (-I ) :addressA , kraI . Nowadays, the growth of forms by -A (-I ) continues intensively. However, the use of some of them in literary speech is non-normative. If available -A(-I) –-s(-And) the former retain a colloquial or even colloquial character.

When choosing one of the options, you need to take into account a number of factors. The main ones are the following.

Word structure and stress: ending -and I) have, as a rule, monosyllabic words and words with singular stress on the first syllable : le s – forestA , evening - eveningA ; towards the end -s(s) polysyllabic (and some trisyllabic) words with stress on the middle syllable tend to be: librarye kar-libliote kari. Forms on -s(-And) they also prefer words with stress on the final syllable: Great DanesO r – dogovO ry (not a contract!), boxinge r-boxe ry.

Origin of the word: words of French origin (with stressed suffixes -er/-er) and words of Latin origin (in -tor), denoting inanimate objects, have in one case -A (-I): director, professor, and in others -s(s):authors, instructors. Forms on -A(-I) are formed from words of widespread use that have lost their bookish character, and forms based on -s(-And) remain in words that retain a bookish tone: doctorA , but lecturers .

Stylistic differentiation: in the presence of doublet forms, it is necessary to delimit the forms that are normative for a modern general literary language, characteristic of bookish, mainly written speech, into – -s(-And), from colloquial, colloquial or professional, sometimes with a touch of obsolescence, forms to -A(-I):accountantA , choiceA , contractA , driverA , coffinA .

Options with ending -and I) are widespread in speech, but it should be remembered that they are often facts of common speech and are unacceptable from the point of view of linguistic norms, for example: accountant, thermos, sentence. Some words with endings -and I are acceptable only in colloquial or professional speech (for example, compressor, contract, report), and in a more formal communication situation, you should use the option with -s/-s (compressors, contracts, reports).

With the accented ending -а (-я) are used:

fan, director, doctor, professor,

boats, clovers, feed, boxes, bodies,

seine, vacations, passports, haystacks,

watchman, outhouse, stable, ramrod,

stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.

With an unstruck ending-s (-And ) are used:

elections, treaties, verdicts, handwriting,

engineers, drivers, accountants, editors,

doctors, lecturers, proofreaders, grooms,

tractors, ports, mines, fronts,valves

Equal options are the words:

mechanics and mechanics, bakers and bakers, workshops and workshops,

inspectors and inspectors, paramedics and paramedics.

They differ in the meaning of the form:

housing(military formations) – buildings(torso);

image(icons) – images(literary and artistic);

reasons(reins) – reasons(motivations);

belts(piece of clothing) – belts(sentinels);

teachers(teachers) – teachers(ideological);

sable(fur) – sables(animals), etc.

Noun endings in the genitive plural

In modern literary language, nouns have the largest number of endings in genitive plural .

1. Masculine nouns of the 2nd declension

How to correctly:box of tomato ora box of tomatoes, three Bulgarians orthree Bulgarians, without shoulder straps orwithout shoulder straps, ten hectares orten hectares

For most masculine nouns of the 2nd declension, the standard endings in this form are -ov/-ev , if the stem ends with a hard non-sibilant consonant or th (orange– oranges, beehive– hives), And -to her , if the stem ends with a soft or sibilant consonant (ruble– rubles, ball– balls).

Some nouns in the genitive plural form have zero ending. These nouns belong to the following semantic groups.

1 . Names of some peoples, nationalities, tribes, inhabitants of the area. Zero-ending forms are normative in the following cases: English– (many who?) British, Armenians– Armenians, Bashkirs– Bashkirs, Bulgarians– Bulgarians, Georgians– Georgians, Lezgins– Lezgins, Moldovans– Moldovans, Ossetians– Ossetians, Romanians– Romanians, Tatars– Tatars, Turks– Turks, Khazars–Khazars, gypsies– Gypsy. Sometimes both endings are correct: Karelians– Karelian And Karelians, Buryats– Buryat And Buryats, Turkmens– Turkmen And Turkmens. In other cases, only the ending should be used -s or -to her : Hungarians– Hungarians, Kalmyks– Kalmyks, Uzbeks– Uzbeks, Tajiks– Tajiks, Yakuts– Yakuts, Chuvashs– Chuvash, Chukchi– Chukchi etc. Names of residents, formed from geographical names and in the nominative plural ending in -but not , in the genitive case it should be used with zero ending: Kyivians– residents of Kiev, Khabarovsk– Khabarovsk residents etc.

Names of some paired items(mainly shoes and clothing items). Remember: boots– (without what?) boot, boots– boots, felt boots– felt boots, moccasins– moccasin, shoulder straps– shoulder straps, boots– boot, stockings– stocking, epaulettes– epaulet. Sometimes both endings are used: bots– bots and acceptable bot;– sneakers and acceptable sneakers– sneakers; And high boots unt -s untov.– In some cases, only the ending is correct– : knee socks

golf socks, clips clips. Names of persons according to military formations. In modern speech, many of the words of this group have passed into the passive vocabulary: midshipman, grenadier, hussar, dragoon, cuirassier, cadet, lancer;.

this also includes forms soldier, submarine, partisan, janissary 4. Names of units of measurement. -ov/-ev Options with a zero ending are acceptable if these words are used in combination with numerals, for example: two hundred volts, ten amperes, five microns etc. In other combinations, it is more literate to use the ending And : consists of amperes, watts calculation, volts calculation etc. For words -s kilograms grams in the genitive plural the preferred ending is(accounting kilograms, grams). Forms with zero endings are acceptable in combination with numerals in colloquial and professional speech(two hundred kilograms, five hundred grams). -s Word

hectares

It is recommended to use only with the ending(hectares).

Declension of nouns is a change in nouns by case.

Declension forms are determined by both the semantic role and the form of the governing member of the sentence. The semantic role can control case and number, and then declension is a semantic element of the language. For example: the cat is walking - the word cat is in the nominative case, singular and means that one cat performs the action; cats are walking - already plural, that means there are several cats; the cat is fed - the cat is in the accusative case, therefore the action is performed on the cat.

Declension (calque from Latin declinatio, “deviation” from the basic form of a word) is an inflection of nominal parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals). Usually the term “declension” means inflection according to the grammatical categories of number and case.

The word “declension” is also used to mean “a certain type of declension paradigm.” They talk about the types of declension of individual parts of speech (for example, in the Russian language they distinguish substantive - the declension of nouns, adjective - the declension of adjectives and pronominal declension) and individual groups of words within one part of speech. Thus, traditionally in the Russian substantive declension there are I (head - heads), II (table - tables) and III (notebook - notebooks) types of declension, as well as special cases: indeclinable words (which have all the same forms in both numbers: metro, kangaroo, beige, etc.) several words with -en- in indirect cases (time - time), two words with -er- in indirect cases (mother - mother, daughter - daughter), special declension Christ - Christ, etc. . n. Other, more economical ways of classifying Russian inflectional paradigms have been proposed, for example, A. A. Zaliznyak combines the traditional I and II declension into the “I substantive type of declension” with endings that differ depending on the morphological gender.

1st declension- all feminine and masculine words ending in -a or -ya (book, mom, dad, biology, physics, mathematics, computer science).
Nouns of the first declension singular in the dative and prepositional cases have the ending -e, for example: to dad, about the book. But if the noun ends in -iya, then the ending -i is written in the same cases, for example: to chemistry, about biology. When writing the endings of proper names in -iya, you must adhere to the same rule, for example: to Ksenia, about Italy:

2nd declension- all other words are masculine and neuter (poppy, stump, bug, slope, biofield, glass).
In the second declension of nouns, the form of the accusative case in most cases coincides with the form of the nominative case (glass, biofield) or the genitive case (slope, stump).
For singular nouns of the 2nd declension, masculine or neuter, the ending -e is written in the prepositional case, for example: about the biofield, about the glass. But if the noun ends in -i or -i, then the ending -i is written in the same case, for example: about consciousness, about trust, about difference:

3rd declension- all other words are feminine (night, fabric).
In the third declension, in most cases the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular coincide.
After sibilant nouns of the feminine gender of the third declension, “b” is written at the end, for example: hush, daughter. And for masculine nouns of the second declension, “b” is not written, for example: rage, kalach, baby.

Publication date: 06/09/2011 09:31 UTC

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1. Nouns belong to one of three childbirth: male, female, average.

The gender of a noun can be determined by agreeing with it the possessive pronoun my:

my son, my governor, my curtain, my little house - masculine;
my wife, my wall, my night - feminine,
my window, my sky, my animal - neuter gender.

In addition, for most nouns denoting people, gender can be determined by gender - my apprentice, my grandfather(masculine); my mother, my sister(feminine gender).

2. Genus unchangeable nouns is defined as follows.

The gender of uninflected nouns that name people is determined by gender.

Brave hidalgo, refined lady.

Nouns denoting professions and occupations are masculine.

Military attaché, night porter.

Unchangeable nouns that name animals are masculine, although when referring to a female they can be used as feminine nouns.

Australian kangaroo, funny chimpanzee, small hummingbird.
The chimpanzee was feeding her babies.

Exceptions: tsetse, iwasi- feminine gender.

Unchangeable inanimate nouns are neuter.

Night taxi, delicious stew, new blinds.

Exceptions: coffee, penalty, sirocco(masculine) avenue, salami(feminine gender).

3. A special group consists of nouns general kind, which can refer to both male and female people.

What a slob you are! What a slob you are!

General nouns characterize a person, usually give an evaluative description of a person, have the endings -а, -я and belong to the 1st declension.

A slob, a ringleader, a singer, a hard worker, a dirty guy, a dude, a drunkard, a sissy, a sleepyhead, a crybaby.

Note!

Some 2nd declension nouns with a zero ending, naming persons by profession ( doctor, professor, associate professor, driver etc.), although they can be used in relation to female persons, are still masculine nouns!

4. The gender of nouns is determined by their singular form. If a noun does not have a singular form, it cannot be classified into any of the three genders.

Manger, pasta, trousers, pitchforks.

B) Number of a noun

1. Most nouns have two numbers - the only thing And plural. In the singular form, a noun denotes one object; in the plural form, it denotes several objects.

Pencil - pencils; doctor - doctors.

2. Only one form(singular or plural) have real, collective, abstract and some concrete nouns.

Only the form singular have:

most material nouns;

Oil, cement, sugar, pearls, sour cream, milk.

most abstract nouns;

Joy, goodness, grief, fun, redness, running, gray hair.

most collective nouns;

Teaching, students, foliage, animals, crows, children.

most proper names.

Voronezh, Caucasus, Caspian Sea, Ural.

Note!

In some cases, nouns that have only a singular form can form plural forms. But such education is necessarily associated with a change in the meaning of the word:

1) at real

a) types, varieties of substance:

wine - dessert wines, oil - technical oils;

b) the value of the large space covered by this substance:

water - ocean waters, sand - Karakum sands;

2) at distracted of nouns the plural form has the meaning:

a) various manifestations of qualities, properties, states:

opportunity - new opportunities, joy - our joys;

b) duration, frequency and degree of manifestation of a sign, condition, action:

frost - prolonged frosts, pain - severe pain, scream - screams.

Only the form plural have:

some real nouns;

Ink, sawdust, cleaning.

some abstract nouns;

Name days, elections, attacks, intrigues, beatings.

• some collective nouns;

  Money, finance, wilds.

some proper names;

Karakum, Carpathians, novel “Demons”.

words denoting paired objects, that is, objects consisting of two parts;

Glasses, trousers, sleds, gates, scissors, pliers.

some names of periods of time.

Twilight, day, weekdays, holidays.

Note!

For nouns that only have a plural form, not only the gender, but also the declension is not determined!

C) Case and declension of nouns

1. There are six in Russian cases:

All cases except the nominative are called indirect.

Note!

1) To correctly determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which the noun depends and ask a question about the noun from this word, and it is better to use both questions at the same time.

Wed: He trusted his friend: he believed[to whom? what?] friend - D. p.

The form I. p. usually has a subject, and such a noun does not depend on other members of the sentence, but is connected with the predicate.

Wed: I have[Who? what?] friend - I. p.

2) It is especially important to ask both questions if the noun is in the nominative, genitive or accusative case, since animate nouns have the same questions in the genitive and accusative cases (who?), and inanimate nouns have the same questions in the nominative and accusative cases (what?).

3) If a noun has a preposition, then the question must be asked using this preposition.

Wed: He looked at the book: he looked[in whom? into what?] in the book.

4) A preposition can be separated from a noun by an adjective or pronoun. Note that a preposition is associated with a noun, not a noun-dependent modifier.

Wed: He was quarreling with his friend: quarreling[with whom? with what?] with a friend.

2. Changing nouns by case and number is called declination.

Immutable nouns ( coat, citro, metro, taxi, kangaroo, UN, traffic police) have no declination! Their number and case can be determined in phrases and sentences on the question.

He was sitting[in whom? what?] V coat - singular, prepositional case; He came[without whom? without which?] without coat - singular, genitive case.

3. The declension of modified nouns is determined by the form nominative singular. Most singular nouns are divided into three types of declension.

The type of declension is determined by the initial form (singular, nominative case):

4. Ten neuter nouns ending in -мя (ending -я): time, burden, stirrup, tribe, flame, banner, crown, seed, name, udder, as well as nouns way, child refer to divergent(they have endings of different declensions).

5. The noun person has different roots in the singular and plural ( person people), therefore has different types Declension in singular and plural:

person (singular) - declined as a 2nd declension noun;
people (plural) - declined as a 3rd declension noun.

6. Substantive adjectives and participles (nouns formed by moving from one part of speech to another: ice cream, dining room, living room, maid etc.) do not belong to any of the three types of declension. They continue to decline, just as adjectives and participles decline!

D) Declension patterns for nouns

1st declension

Note!

Nouns of the 1st declension ending in -iya: army, aria, symphony, Maria and others - in the dative case and prepositional case of the singular they have the ending -i, like nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: to the army, about the aria, to the symphony, about the symphony, to Mary, about Mary.

For nouns ending in -ya: Marya, liar, cell

Wed: to Marya, oh Marya.

2nd declension. Masculine

Note!

Nouns of the 2nd declension ending in -iy (zero ending): cue, radium, proletarian, planetarium and others - in the single prepositional case they have the ending -i, like nouns of the 3rd declension.

Wed: about radium, about the planetarium.

For nouns ending in -ey, -ai (zero ending): edge, sparrow etc. - this rule does not apply (!).

Wed: about the edge, about the sparrow.

2nd declension. Neuter gender

Indeclinable nouns

Note!

In indirect cases, nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- ( time, seed, name).
Exception form the plural forms of the genitive case of nouns seed, stirrup - no seeds, no stirrups.

Lesson summary in 3rd grade according to the L.V. program. Zankova

(textbook by A.V. Polyakova).

Subject: 2nd declension masculine noun with zero ending.

Goals:

Educational:

Teach children to determine the solid and personal declension of masculine nouns.

Introducing a new vocabulary word.

Extension vocabulary and children's horizons.

2. Educational:

Development of the ability and desire to learn based on knowledge of one’s boundaries of knowledge and ignorance.

Development of goal setting skills.

Development of logical thinking based on practicing logical operations:

a) synthesis: when formulating a memo.

b) analysis: when determining the composition of a word.

Development of children's speech when working with vocabulary words and answering questions.

3. Educational:

Cultivating accuracy in penmanship.

Developing the ability to listen to each other.

Ι. Organizing time.

Attention! Check it out, buddy.

Are you ready to start the lesson?

Is everything in place, is everything in order:

A book, pen and notebook?

Ι Ι.Penmanship

Om eat omo

Read it. What do you notice in common? What will be the next connection?

- eme

Write.

ΙΙΙ. Vocabulary and spelling work.

On the board: k A mouth

l O stalemate

With O scrap

A Tue O mobile

h A cat

b O lotto

Read it. Write it off. Fill in the missing letter. What are these words?

Check if everyone succeeded.

ΙV. Setting a learning task.

What groups can these words be divided into?

- By declination.

Updating knowledge about 2 types of declensions and their characteristics.

What declensions are there in words?

1st declension 2nd declension

Painting Car

shovel sunset

straw swamp

By what signs did you know that this is 1st declension?

- feminine nouns, singular with ending - and I.

By what criteria were they determined that this is the 2nd declension?

- masculine nouns with zero ending and neuter nouns with ending –o,-e .

What question do you want to ask me?

So, the topic of the lesson: Nouns of the 2nd declension of the masculine gender with a zero ending.

Let's bow the words.

I.p. sunset car

R.P. sunset car

D.p. sunset car

V.p. sunset car

etc. sunset by car

P.p. about the sunset about the car

What do these words have in common?

- 2 lines, m.r., zero ending

How are they different?

- endings in R.p., D.p., T.p.

What did you notice?

- the endings are different.

What question do you want to ask me?

- Why are the endings different, what does it depend on?(this is a task question)

We will answer this question today.

What influences the writing of endings?

- Nature of the basis.

Select the base. What did you notice? Compare. What is the difference?

- In the word sunset, the stem ends in hard.

In the word car, the stem ends in soft.

Does the nature of the stem influence the choice of ending? (solving a learning problem)

If the base of a masculine noun is 2nd declension singular. h. ending in soft, then the letters e, yu, i are written at the end and belong to the soft type of declension.

If the base of a masculine noun is 2nd declension singular. h. ending in hard, then the letters o, a, y are written at the end and refer to the hard type of declension.

On soft e, yu, i.

On the hard oh, a, y.

What letters are written at the end of a masculine noun of the 2nd declension if the stem ends in a hard/soft stem?

How many types of declination does type 2 have?

Why, if the stem ends in a hard consonant, are the letters a, o, u written?

What determines the choice of letters?

From the nature of the stem, from the case, the type of declension.

V. Drawing up a memo.

What steps need to be taken to write the ending correctly?

I determine the gender.

I determine the number.

I determine the declination.

I determine the case.

I highlight the basis.

I highlight the ending.

VΙ. Practicing the memo.

Now we'll practice.

Ex. 367- rep. control

I affirm that all these words have a firm meaning. basis.

November – mild basis.

VΙΙ. Lesson summary.

What new did you learn in the lesson?

What did you meet?

What types of 2nd declension have we met?

VΙΙΙ. Homework.

Open your diaries and write down the exercise. 366.

Declension of nouns

Declension is the change of words of various parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles) according to cases and numbers. Nouns in Russian have three main types of declension, which are reflected in the table below. If you need numerals, you can read about declension of numerals in another article.

The main types of declension of nouns in Russian

In the plural, there are practically no differences between types of declension, so we can separately talk about the special declension of plural nouns.

On the spelling of case endings of nouns, see: Spelling of unstressed endings of nouns.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in the Russian language. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by the question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be found out by auxiliary questions answered by the circumstances. So, the question is where? assumes the genitive case (from the store, from the camel); question is where? assumes the accusative case (to the forest, to the lecture, to the lesson); question is where? assumes the prepositional case (in the forest, at the lecture, at the lesson).

The following table will present the names of the cases of the Russian language, questions for each case and auxiliary questions.

(3rd grade) - table:

The nominative case is called the direct case, and all other cases are called the indirect cases.

time-ah Variants of endings for the nominative plural of masculine nouns

authors/shores

Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural may have a stressed ending -а (-я) instead of the ending -ы (-и). This is first of all:

1) many monosyllabic nouns such as forest - forests, silk - silk, side - sides, eye - eyes, snow - snow, etc.;

However, it is impossible to find strict patterns in the distribution of nouns according to their ending options, since fluctuations are observed in this part of the language. We list in the table below the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.

The following most common nouns allow a double formation of the nominative plural:

Some nouns with different endings in the nominative plural have different meanings. Here are the most common words:

Variants of genitive plural endings for nouns

In the genitive plural, nouns can have endings - , -ov (-ev), -ey . There are also large fluctuations in this area of ​​the tongue. We present in the table the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.

Indeclinable nouns

The divergent nouns include ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and the masculine noun path. They are called heterodeclinable because in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have the ending of nouns of the 3rd declension -i, and in the instrumental - the ending of nouns of the 2nd declension -em/-em.

Nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- / -yon- in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular and in all plural cases, and the words seed, stirrup, in addition to this suffix, have the suffix -yan in the genitive plural case - (seeds, stirrups).

We show the changes in differently inflected nouns in the following table.

Indeclinable nouns. Gender of indeclinable nouns

In the Russian language there are indeclinable nouns - words that do not change by case. These include foreign language nouns with vowel stems (coat, cafe, taxi, kangaroo, menu, Show, Sochi, Tbilisi), foreign language feminine nouns with a consonant (Miss, Mrs., Madame, George Sand's novel), Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o and -yh / -ih and -ago (visiting the Dolgikhs, Shevchenko’s poem, read about Zhivago, with Durnovo) and compound words like general store, CSKA, Moscow State University, All-Russian Exhibition Center.

The case of an indeclinable noun is determined by the question and by the inflected words dependent on this noun (if any), for example: Take off (what? - accusative) your coat; You will be hot in this (which? in what? - prepositional) coat.

The number of an indeclinable noun is determined by the inflected words dependent on it (if there are any), by the verb (if there is one) or by the context, for example: These (which are the plural) coats are no longer on sale; The coat was (singular) very expensive; Ten coats (plural) were brought to the store.

Indeclinable nouns mainly belong to the neuter gender: popsicle, metro, muffler, cocoa, menu, taxi, sometimes to the masculine gender: coffee, penalty. The gender of many of these nouns can be determined by the following features:

1) the gender of the designated person or animal (for animate nouns): rich / rich rentier, old / old kangaroo;

2) generic (general) concept: wide avenue (avenue is a type of street), delicious kohlrabi (kohlrabi is a type of cabbage), sunny Sukhumi (Sukhumi is a city);

3) the main word underlying the phrase, from which the compound word was formed: a wonderful Youth Theater (theater for young spectators), a new hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

In accordance with your general meaning qualitative adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute - comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree denotes a greater manifestation of a characteristic in one object than in another, for example: This cake is sweeter than the cake (sweeter than the cake). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

The simple comparative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-ee (wise-ey)

sweet - sweeter

low - lower

thin - thinner

Adjectives in the form of the simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by case, or by number. In a sentence they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:

This city is more beautiful than our native one (predicate).

Let's find a more beautiful place (definition).

The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The second word in the form of the compound comparative degree changes according to gender, case and number. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and modifiers, for example:

The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).

Let's give him a bath in warmer water (definition).

The superlative degree denotes the superiority of a given subject compared to others on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest top in the world. The superlative degree, like the comparative degree, can be simple or compound.

The simple superlative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).

wise - wisest

quiet - tish-aysh-y

Adjectives in the simple superlative form vary by gender, case and number. In a sentence they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:

Everest is the highest peak in the world (definition).

This crater is the deepest (predicate).

1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.

In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most, both words change by gender, case and number, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.

In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.

We came to the most beautiful park (definition).

This park is the most beautiful (predicate).

2. The word all is added to the comparative degree of the adjective if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word all if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena or if one of the objects is compared with all.

This house is the tallest in the area.

This house is taller than all the houses in the area.

This boy is taller than everyone else in school.

These forms do not change. In a sentence they are predicates.

How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adjectives, adverbs and condition words

Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers

Numerals denoting whole numbers change by case and for the most part do not have gender or number.

Only the numerals two and one and a half change by gender. They have two forms of gender: one in combination with masculine and neuter nouns, the other in combination with feminine nouns.

two, one and a half bags, sat - two, one and a half cups

The numeral one changes by gender, case and number, like possessive adjectives.

The numerals two, three, four have a special declension.

The numerals from five to twenty and the numeral thirty are declined as third declension nouns.

Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half (one and a half) And one and a half hundred have only two case forms.

The cardinal numerals denoting integers contain many complex words formed by adding stems, for example: fifty from five + ten, six hundred from six + one hundred, four hundred from four + one hundred, etc. In these numerals from fifty to eighty and From two hundred to nine hundred both parts decline. If numerals denoting integers are composite, then all words are declined in them.

Let us summarize what has been said about the declension of complex and composite numerals denoting integers in the following table.

Declension of collective numerals

Collective numbers denote several objects as one whole. Unlike numerals, which denote whole numbers, and from fractional numerals, collective numerals can denote the total number of persons without being combined with nouns: Three entered (it is impossible Three entered or I drew two-thirds).

Collective numerals are formed from cardinal numerals from two up to ten using the suffixes -oi- (two (double-e), three (troy-e) and -er- (four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten). They are combined:

1) with nouns denoting male persons: two friends, five soldiers;

2) with nouns denoting young animals: seven kids, nine piglets;

3) with nouns that have only a plural form, as well as with the words guys, children, people: two days, four children.

Collective numbers vary by case. In oblique cases they have the same endings as plural adjectives.

The collective numeral oba has two forms of gender: the form oba in combination with masculine and neuter nouns (both boys, both villages) and the form oba in combination with feminine nouns (both girls). In oblique cases, this numeral has, respectively, the stems obo- and obo-.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns (my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours) answer the question whose?, in a sentence they are usually a definition and indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (subject).

The 1st person pronouns my, our indicate belonging to the speaker(s): My answer was good; Our teachers went to the concert.

The 2nd person pronouns your, your indicate belonging to the interlocutor(s): Your car has broken down; Your house was built in the last century.

In Russian speech etiquette The pronoun Vash, written with a capital letter, is used as a polite address to one person: Mr. Ivanov, your request has been received.

The 3rd person pronouns his, her, their indicate belonging to an outsider(s): His pen does not write; Her friends went to the seaside; Their child began to cry.

The general person pronoun his indicates belonging to any person: I finished my breakfast - You finished your breakfast - He finished his breakfast.

Possessive pronouns of the 1st, 2nd and general persons (my, ours, yours, yours, yours) change according to gender, case and number and are declined like possessive adjectives. This can be seen from the following table.

The 3rd person possessive pronouns his, her, their do not change. They should be distinguished from the genitive and accusative case forms of the personal pronouns he, she, they by question and by their role in the sentence:

I saw (who?) her (addition) - the accusative case form of the personal pronoun she;

Here (who?) she is not (addition) - the genitive case form of the personal pronoun she;

My friend went to visit (whose?) her sister (definition) - 3rd person possessive pronoun her.

We show in the table how to distinguish personal pronouns his her And their in the genitive and accusative case from possessive pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, theirs.

Verb conjugations. Heterogeneously conjugated verbs and special conjugations

Conjugation is the change of a verb in persons and numbers. Verbs change for persons and numbers in the present tense and in the future perfect tense. There are two different verb conjugations.

The I conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for I conjugation.

II conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for II conjugation.

On the spelling of personal endings of verbs, see: Spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs.

In addition, in the Russian language there are heterogeneously conjugated verbs want, run, honor, dawn, as well as all verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (want, run, honor, dawn, etc.), which have both the endings of the first and and the end of the second conjugation.

Note 1. B literary norm It is also permissible to conjugate the verb to honor as a verb of the second conjugation: honor - honor - honor - honor - honor - honor.

Note 2. The verb I conjugation burn is conjugated as follows:

I burn - I burn,

you burn - you burn,

burns - burns.

Verbs formed from it using prefixes are also conjugated, for example: burn, cauterize, burn. The forms you burn, burn, burn, burn, common in oral speech are not normative.

Special conjugations include the verbs give, create, eat, as well as all verbs formed from them using prefixes (give, recreate, eat, etc.). These verbs have special endings that are not found anywhere else.

Some verbs of the first conjugation can have double forms of the present and future perfect tense: with and without alternations. Here are the most common verbs:

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs in -о / -е, formed from qualitative adjectives, can have degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute: spoke cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully than anyone else. Qualitative adverbs form comparative (more fun) and superlative (more fun) degrees of comparison.

The comparative degree of adverbs denotes a greater (smaller) manifestation of a characteristic, for example: My mother bakes cakes better than yours (better than yours). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

The simple comparative degree is formed from adverbs using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-ee (beautiful-ee)

wisely - wise-ee (wise-ey)

sincerely - sincerely (sincerely)

sweet - sla sch-e

low - neither and-e

thin - thinner

The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the original form of the adverb.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The superlative degree of adverbs denotes the greatest (smallest) degree of manifestation of a characteristic, for example: He jumped the farthest; This village is closest to the forest. The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, is only compound. Forms of simple superlative adverbs have practically disappeared from the language. There are only three outdated words left from the speech etiquette of the past: the lowest, the deepest, the most humble (for example: I humbly ask you, sir, to leave me alone).

The compound superlative is formed in two ways.

1. Words are added to adverbs most, least, For example: beautiful - most beautiful, least beautiful.

2. The word of all is added to the comparative degree of the adverb, if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all objects of a given class.

This light bulb shines brightest (of all things that shine).

This light bulb shines brighter than all (all other light bulbs).

He laughed more fun than anyone (in general, everyone who laughs).

Simple comparative and compound superlative degrees of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category sound and are written the same: quieter, more beautiful; quietest, most beautiful. They should be distinguished from each other by the question and by their role in the sentence.

How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adverbs, adjectives and condition words