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✪ Associate Professor, Professor, Academician, Doctor of Science. What does it mean?

✪ What does a PhD degree give you in life? // Greed of Knowledge

✪ WHY DO WE NEED A CANDIDATE DEGREE? // Greed of Knowledge

✪ PhD or Candidate of Sciences? Is it worth getting a PhD already having a PhD? Oxford University.

✪ A Dagestani became the youngest Doctor of Science

Subtitles

Professional portrait of a candidate of sciences

Candidates of Science are highly qualified specialists with professional experience accumulated for at least three to four years after graduation from a university (master's degree or specialty). Most often they are people a little under thirty, who are prone to research work and must have published scientific works. Most of these specialists are employees of various (academic, industrial) or university teachers.

Typically, an applicant for an academic degree is aimed at a further scientific and pedagogical career. Obtaining a PhD degree (or its foreign equivalent) significantly contributes to job growth both in the Russian Federation and abroad. In Russia, possession of this degree makes it easier to occupy the position of associate professor at a university or senior scientific employee at a research institute, and is also taken into account outside the scientific and educational sphere. Having a degree is absolutely necessary to obtain the academic title of associate professor. A holder of a PhD degree in Russia who continues active research activities may in the future become a Doctor of Science and a professor.

Scientists with a status equivalent to a PhD form the basis of the workforce of many scientific organizations and universities around the world. According to the 2010 census, in Russia there were 595,526 people who had a PhD degree. The largest number of them lived in Moscow (197,897 people).

History of the “candidate” degree in Russia

Immediately after the October Revolution of 1917, all degrees, ranks and titles were abolished. The degree of Candidate of Sciences - already in the modern sense - was established together with other academic degrees and titles of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on January 13, 1934 and was inherited by the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period.

The procedure for awarding the degree of Candidate of Sciences in the Russian Federation

Basic moments

The most important requirement of pre-defense preparation is the availability of scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals from the Higher Attestation Commission list, containing the results of the dissertation research and reflecting the scientific novelty of the research.

The dissertation research is carried out by the applicant under the guidance of a supervisor who has an academic degree of doctor or candidate of science in a given specialty, usually (but not necessarily) while studying in graduate school (adjunct).

The typical length of the text of a candidate's dissertation is about 150 pages, but there are no strict limits.

The dissertation defense procedure

Before defending the degree, the degree applicant must pass a number of exams (the so-called candidate minimum): in the history and philosophy of science, foreign language and specialties.

The applicant publishes an abstract of the dissertation (circulation of about 100 copies), which, a month before the defense, is sent to large scientific libraries and universities in Russia, as well as to members of the dissertation council and specialists in this field of science. In addition, the texts of the dissertation and abstract are posted on the website of the organization under which the dissertation council was created, which accepted the dissertation for defense.

The dissertation itself - also a month in advance - is made freely available to the library of the institution where the defense will take place, and to two official opponents, who write in advance and announce their review on the day of the defense. Opponents cannot be associated with co-authorship or place of work with the applicant; one of them must be a doctor of science.

During the defense, the dissertation author makes a report on the results of the dissertation work, answers questions from members of the dissertation council about his report, dissertation and abstract. Next, reviews from the leading organization are read out, as well as reviews received for the abstract. The applicant responds to the comments contained in these reviews. This is followed by official opponents speaking and answers to questions from opponents’ feedback. The final part of the defense is a free discussion, during which anyone present has the right to speak. Then the applicant answers the questions and comments raised during this discussion, after which they proceed to a secret vote, in which only members of the dissertation council take part.

Approximately the same procedure for awarding degrees existed in the USSR and continues to exist in some CIS countries.

Issuance of degree document

If the voting result is positive, the documents (the so-called “certification file”) are sent to the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, where a decision is made to issue a Candidate of Sciences diploma. Typically, the consideration of a case by the Higher Attestation Commission takes several months.

Persons to whom academic degrees were awarded in violation of the established procedure may be deprived of these degrees by the Higher Attestation Commission, as a rule, on the basis of petitions from dissertation councils, at the meeting of which the defense of dissertations took place.

Types of PhD degrees by branches of science

Depending on the specialty in which the candidate’s dissertation is defended, the applicant in Russia is awarded one of the following academic degrees:

There is, but is not currently awarded, a PhD in Naval Science (awarded from the 1930s until the late 1970s). For some time (in the 1940s), the academic degree of a candidate in art history was called “candidate of art history.” The PhD degree in political science existed in the 1940s, then was abolished in the 1990s. reintroduced.

In the pedagogical sciences, until 1950, a description of the narrow specialization was necessarily added to the name of the academic degree (“... in the methods of history,” “... in physical culture,” etc.). Sporadically, such clarifications were present in the name of a scientific specialty until the end of the 1960s. Academic degrees in psychological sciences began to be awarded in 1968. Before this (since 1953), the academic degree “Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (in psychology)” was awarded.

On September 25, 2015, the Higher Attestation Commission approved the passport of the new scientific specialty “Theology”. Now in this specialty you can defend dissertations and receive academic degrees of candidate and doctor of science.

Many specialties allow applicants to be awarded an academic degree in several branches of science, depending on the predominant subject area of ​​a particular dissertation. For example, in specialty 02.00.04 (physical chemistry), the degree of candidate of physical, mathematical, technical or chemical sciences can be awarded. At the same time, however, the principle of “one dissertation - one branch of science” is observed, regardless of the number of specialties of the dissertation and branches of science of the specialty. Also, a specific dissertation council may be limited in the range of degrees awarded, depending on the industry.

The list of degrees awarded to Ukrainian scientists basically repeats the Russian one, with the following exceptions:

• Geological and mineralogical sciences in the titles of degrees have been replaced by geological sciences;
• The degrees of Candidate of Sciences in physical education and sports, Candidate of Sciences in public administration, a PhD candidate in social communications. The branch of science “National Security” is also distinguished, but it awards degrees of candidates of military, technical, legal and other sciences - there is no degree of candidate of sciences in national security.

International aspects

Analogues of a PhD degree abroad

The most common analogue of the Soviet and Russian degree of Candidate of Sciences is the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). This degree exists in the USA, Canada and other countries.

In Germany, the analogue of the Russian candidate's degree is the doctor's degree (German Doktor), despite its name.

In many European countries previously awarded a degree, the name of which in the local language contained the concept of “candidate”, which was abolished during the Bologna process. In this case, abolition does not mean the elimination of the corresponding level, but the replacement of the name with Ph.D. This happened in a number of CMEA countries - Bulgaria (Bul. PhD in Science, abolished in the mid-1990s), Czechoslovakia (Czech: Kandidát věd, Slovak: Kandidát vied, abolished in the Czech Republic in 1998, in Slovakia in 1996). In 2014, with the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine “On higher education", the degree of Candidate of Sciences was also abolished there and equated to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. A similar degree, preceding the degree of Doctor of Science and called in Latin lat. candidatus/candidata with the addition of the name of the science also existed in Denmark, Norway, and Iceland. In Yugoslavia, the degree of candidate of science corresponded to the degree of master of science (Magister Scientiæ, mr. sci, now abolished), as was the case in Russian Empire in the 19th century.

Germany

The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, which is responsible for academic qualifications, recognizes the German academic qualification “Habilitation” at the level of the Russian academic degree “Doctor of Science”, and the German academic degree “Doktor” at the level of the Russian academic degree “Candidate of Sciences”. In the Federal Republic of Germany, recognition is the responsibility of the state ministries when it comes to authorizing the use of academic degrees in society, and the competence of higher education institutions when it comes to academic activities, including research activities. These bodies recognize the Russian academic degree “Doctor of Science” at the level of the German academic qualification “Habilitation”, and the Russian academic degree “Candidate of Sciences” at the level of the German academic degree “Doktor”.

see also

Notes

1. Candidate of Sciences / M. N. Volkov // Italy - Kvarkush. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. - (Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / chief ed.

Academic degrees

"Candidate of Sciences" is an academic degree. It has existed in Russia and the CIS countries since the times Soviet Union- since 1934. This is an intermediate step on the scientific path from Master to Doctor of Science and is awarded to an applicant who:

• has higher education;
• passed all candidate exams;
• carried out a number of studies on his topic;
• presented and proved the novelty and practical value of scientific ideas;
• passed the procedure in accordance with the requirements established by law.

The Russian academic degree “Candidate of Sciences” is an analogue of the Western PhD (read as pi-eych-di). PhD - Doctor of Philosophy. However, in essence it is not identical to the degree in Russia. The latter assumes an even higher level of results

The degree "PhD" is differentiated depending on the specialty in which the applicant can defend his work. In Russia there are 23 branches for awarding such titles. For example: candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, candidate of philological sciences. But there are a lot of specialties. You can be a candidate in legal, veterinary, biological, military, geological-mineralogical, geographical, historical, pedagogical, political, medical, psychological, sociological, technical, pharmaceutical, philosophical, agricultural, chemical, economic sciences. In addition, there is such a title as candidate of architecture, art history, cultural studies.

The degree "Candidate of Philosophy" should not be confused with the Western interpretation mentioned above - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

Walking along the scientific path, the applicant must understand the goal for which he is ready to go through many difficult stages to obtain a “PhD” degree. It is worth understanding that this title is not a guarantee of great material benefits in the future. At least the return won't be quick. At first, this is an increase of about 10-15% of the salary. It is appropriate and truly significant for further study at a university, participation in a competition for the scientific title of associate professor or professor, or work at the department.

Writing a dissertation is a complex, painstaking, multi-stage process. First of all, it is necessary to create a new, original intellectual product - the result of scientific activity. Next, you should organize the protection process. It usually involves many people: a supervisor, opponents, experts, reviewers, editors, consultants, etc. It is important to note that having decided to engage in science, you need to be prepared to some extent for material investments. We are in no way talking about purchasing and not independently performing specific stages of work.

However, often conducting real large-scale research that would be truly beneficial and have practical significance requires certain resources. For example, conducting experiments, experiments, by their very methodology, can be expensive.

It's no secret that organizational issues related to the defense itself, especially in the final period, may also require some financial investments. However, everything here is very individual, depending on the established traditions of the university, the council, and circumstances.

Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biology. sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. sciences
Doctor of Military Sciences - Doctor of Military Sciences. sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Doctor of Geographical Sciences sciences
Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Doctor of Geological and Mineral Sciences. sciences
Doctor of Art History - Doctor of Art History
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Doctor of History. sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies - Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences - Dr. med. sciences
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Dr. Ped. sciences
Doctor of Political Sciences - Doctor of Political Sciences. sciences
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Doctor of Psychology. sciences
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences sciences
Doctor of Sociological Sciences - Dr. Sociol. sciences
Doctor of Technical Sciences - Doctor of Technical Sciences sciences
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Doctor of Pharmacy. sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. sciences
Doctor of Philological Sciences - Doctor of Philology. sciences
Doctor of Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy. sciences
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Dr. Chem. sciences
Doctor of Economic Sciences - Doctor of Economics. sciences
Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law. sciences
candidate of biological sciences - cand. biol. sciences
Candidate of Veterinary Sciences - Candidate of Veterinary Sciences vet. sciences
candidate of military sciences - cand. military sciences
Candidate of Geographical Sciences - Cand. geogr. sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Cand. geol.-mineral. sciences
candidate of art history - cand. art criticism
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences ist. sciences
Candidate of Cultural Studies - Ph.D. cultural studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Candidate of Medical Sciences honey. sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences ped. sciences
candidate of political sciences - cand. watered sciences
candidate of psychological sciences - cand. psychol. sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Cand. agricultural sciences
Candidate of Sociological Sciences - Ph.D. sociol. sciences
Candidate of Technical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences tech. sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences pharmacist. sciences
candidate of physical and mathematical sciences - cand. physics and mathematics sciences
candidate of philological sciences - cand. Philol. sciences
candidate of philosophical sciences - cand. Philosopher sciences
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Candidate of Sciences chem. sciences
candidate of economic sciences - cand. econ. sciences
candidate of legal sciences - cand. legal sciences

There are also shorter, unofficial abbreviations for academic degrees:

Doctor of Architectural Sciences - Doctor of Architectural Sciences;

Candidate of Architectural Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biological Sciences;

candidate of biological sciences - candidate of biological sciences

Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Doctor of Veterinary Sciences;

Candidate of Veterinary Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Military Sciences - Doctor of Military Sciences;

candidate of military sciences - candidate of military sciences

Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Doctor of Geographical Sciences;

Candidate of Geographical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences;

Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Art History - Doctor of Law;

Candidate of Art History - Ph.D.

Doctor of Historical Sciences - Doctor of Historical Sciences;

candidate of historical sciences - candidate of historical sciences

Doctor of Medical Sciences - MD;

Candidate of Medical Sciences - Candidate of Medical Sciences

Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences;

Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Political Sciences - Doctor of Political Sciences;

Candidate of Political Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Doctor of Psychology;

Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences;

Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Candidate of Agricultural Sciences

Doctor of Sociological Sciences - Doctor of Social Sciences;

candidate of sociological sciences - candidate of social sciences

Doctor of Technical Sciences - Doctor of Technical Sciences;

Candidate of Technical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences;

candidate of pharmaceutical sciences - candidate of pharmaceutical sciences

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences;

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Philology - Doctor of Philology;

Candidate of Philological Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy;

Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Doctor of Chemical Sciences;

Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Economic Sciences - Doctor of Economics;

Candidate of Economic Sciences - Ph.D.

Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law;

Candidate of Legal Sciences - Ph.D.

Instructions

In order to receive a candidate of science degree, the applicant must prepare a qualifying scientific work in the chosen specialty (dissertation) and defend it in a special certification body - the Dissertation Council. Then, at the request of this council, the degree is awarded by the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC). The entire procedure for preparing and defending a candidate's dissertation is strictly formalized and must comply with a certain algorithm.

Before starting to write a dissertation research, the applicant must decide on the form of his activity. Currently, there are several ways to obtain a PhD degree: (full-time and part-time), competition and.

Postgraduate study is a continuation of the educational process after receiving a university degree. To enroll in graduate school, both full-time and part-time, an applicant must submit an application to the university department and pass entrance exams in the chosen specialty, philosophy and foreign language. Full-time postgraduate study lasts 3 years, part-time study lasts 5 years. During this period, the graduate student attends classes in a foreign language and philosophy to prepare for passing the candidate exams, the so-called candidate minimum, and seminars on the main specialty.

At the same time, the young specialist, under the guidance of a supervisor, must choose a topic for his dissertation research and begin working on it. The completed handwritten version of the dissertation must be submitted by the graduate student to the department by the time of graduation from graduate school. This form of training is most suitable for young university graduates who do not yet have serious professional experience and need guidance and assistance from senior colleagues.

The competition is a freer form of preparation for obtaining an academic degree. It does not imply permanent presence at a university or educational institution. The applicant is assigned to a specialized department in his specialty. The academic council of the university approves the chosen topic of the dissertation and the supervisor. The applicant independently prepares for passing candidate exams and writes a dissertation. The application does not imply strict restrictions on preparation time - the deadlines for passing exams and submitting dissertation research are chosen by the applicant himself.

Regardless of the chosen form of preparation (graduate study or competitive research), an applicant for a candidate's degree must, before defending his dissertation, publish a number of articles on the topic under study or one monograph in scientific publications. Moreover, only those articles that are published in the list of publications approved by the Higher Attestation Commission are taken into account. The list of scientific works is added to the set of documents required for consideration of the dissertation by the Dissertation Council.