The work contains examples of true and false patriotism. True patriots are members of the Rostov and Bolkonsky families. They help the country not only in word, but also in deed: Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war, Nikolai and Petya Rostov also serve, Natasha Rostova gives carts to transport the wounded. Pierre Bezukhov can also be called a true patriot. He does everything he can for his country: for example, he remains in Moscow captured by the enemy to kill Napoleon. True patriotism is manifested not in words, but in actions.

Kuragins are also patriots, but only in words. They talk about love for the Motherland only because it is fashionable. In fact, all representatives of the Kuragin family are vile people pursuing only selfish goals. They do nothing significant to save the Fatherland, limiting themselves only to beautiful speeches.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"

Andrei Sokolov's patriotism is expressed in his actions. This man is ready to defend his Motherland to the last, regardless of circumstances. He is loyal to his moral principles and military duty even in captivity of the Germans. Exhausted and exhausted, Andrei Sokolov does not agree to drink to the enemy’s victory, knowing that he will now be shot. He drinks vodka and does not snack, showing the true strength of spirit of a Russian soldier. By this, the hero evokes respect from the enemy: Muller lets him go with bread and lard to boot, seeing in him a real person and a worthy opponent.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin"

Vasily Terkin is a collective image of a real Russian soldier. He fights selflessly, decides to do seemingly crazy things. Vasily Terkin swims across the icy river to deliver the necessary information. It would never have occurred to anyone that he could do such a thing. a common person. To raise the morale of the fighters, the hero plays the accordion. Vasily Terkin agrees to do everything that can bring victory closer. He is a true patriot and a role model. The victory became possible thanks to the efforts of such people.

If you understand that your need is charitable assistance, then pay attention to this article.
Those who, without your participation, may lose an exciting business have turned to you for help.
Many children, boys and girls, dream of becoming pilots on the track.
They attend classes where, under the guidance of an experienced trainer, they learn high-speed driving techniques.
Only constant exercises allow you to overtake correctly, build a trajectory and choose speed.
Winning on the track is based on good qualification. And, of course, a professional kart.
Children who participate in clubs are completely dependent on adults, because lack of money and broken spare parts do not allow them to participate in competitions.
How much pleasure and new sensations children experience when they get behind the wheel and start driving the car.
Maybe it is in such a circle that not only Russian champions grow up, but even future world champions in this sport?!
You can help the children's karting section, which is located in the city of Syzran. We're in a really bad situation right now. Everything rests on the enthusiasm of the leader: Sergei Krasnov.
Read my letter and look at the photos. Pay attention to the passion with which my students work.
They love this developmental sport and really want to continue learning.
I am asking you to help the karting section in the city of Syzran survive.
There used to be TWO stations in the city young technicians, and each had a go-kart section. There was also karting at the Palace of Pioneers. Now there is not a single station in the city, and the circle in the Palace of Pioneers was also destroyed. They closed it - it’s hard to say, they simply destroyed it!
We fought, wrote letters, and everywhere they had the same answer. About five years ago I went to the governor of the Samara region for a reception. He didn’t accept me, but my deputy accepted me.
After that, we were given premises where we were based. We have a lot of children who want to go karting, but very poor material conditions do not allow us to recruit children.
And most of the karts require repairs. This is the situation our circle is in.
We also turned to the mayor of the city of Syzran for help. This is the second year we have been waiting for help. We decided to turn to you via the Internet for help.
Contact me, ADDRESS FOR PACKAGES, 446012 Samara region, Syzran, Novosibirskaya str. 47, PACKAGES CAN BE SENT BY BUSINESS LINES, my details are full there, you can contact me through social networks SERGEY IVANOVICH KRASNOV. or write by email [email protected] And we also have a petition, if you don’t mind signing it. http://chng.it/cPmmdqsk Always, being on the wave of success, you need to do works of mercy, give alms. And if the Lord helps in difficult circumstances, then do not forget about gratitude afterwards. Then He will not forget about your needs.

1) L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”.

The author reveals the problem of true patriotism through the image of Pierre Bezukhov, who wants to share the fate of the country and express his love for it. So he forms a regiment at his own expense. He himself remains in Moscow to kill Napoleon as the main culprit of national disasters. Pierre is not a military man, however, and he, gathering all his spiritual strength, begins to act.

2) Boris Vasiliev “Not on the lists.”

The main character, Nikolai Pluzhnikov, despite the lack of official assumption of duties, selflessly defends the Brest Fortress. The hero goes through a cruel school of maturity and spiritual growth, goes through fear and despair, becoming a hero of his Fatherland.

3) L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

The men Karp and Vlas not only refuse to sell hay to the French, but also burn everything that is left of the population and could be useful to the enemy.

They take up arms and join the partisans.

4) M.Yu Lermontov “Motherland”

The lyrical hero talks about his love for the Fatherland, admiring its rivers, seas and the charm of Russian villages. The hero admits: “...I love why, I don’t know myself...” It can be assumed that his connection with the Motherland is the result of a spiritual relationship with it, closeness to the life of a simple Russian person.

5) S. Yesenin “Go away, my dear Rus'”

Here we see the image of a lyrical hero in love with the nature of his homeland. It is in her that he finds his joy, it is she who helps him to feel a deep and pure love for his native land.

6) A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Pyotr Grinev shows himself to be a brave, courageous young man who passionately loves his Motherland. He risks everything by refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev, he is a true patriot!

1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”. Sentence state system based on injustice and lies, A.I. Solzhenitsyn makes in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them .
The problem of caring for cultural heritage has always remained at the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change political system accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments also distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical city center, churches, and Kremlin is preserved.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a person who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, mankurt (“Stormy stop”). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city whether they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know dates of the start of the war, names of commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history and does not honor his ancestors is the same mankurt. I just want to remind these young people of the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could demonstrate all the properties of a free spirit,” wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story “Gooseberry”. Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he’s gained weight, he’s flabby... - just behold, he’ll grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life...
I. Bunin in the story “The Gentleman from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
5) The meaning of human life. Searching for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama “ former people”, who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, exposer human vices, persistently searches for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “on official business,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are afraid of this road, they run to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to rude flattery, the cause of which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the national philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that his life, as a dying teenager, was saved during a terrible famine by a neighbor who brought him a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It tells the story of the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude towards people.
“People satisfied with themselves,” accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes of Chekhov, “people in cases.” This is Doctor Startsev in “Ionych”, and teacher Belikov in “The Man in the Case”. Let us remember how “chubby, red” Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; There is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. Literary examples there is plenty of that. In Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” one of the heroes exclaims: “There are no brighter bonds than comradeship!” But most often this topic was explored in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasilyev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” both the anti-aircraft gunner girls and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance and responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov’s novel “The Living and the Dead,” Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a “dog’s heart” is not yet a person, because there is no soul in it, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of beauty, morally healthy beauty
village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. Pushkin was one of the first to express this idea, calling the village his office. ON THE. In his poems and poems, Nekrasov drew the reader’s attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are and how hospitable Russian women are. Much is said about the originality of the farm way of life in Sholokhov’s epic novel “ Quiet Don" In Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment from meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of work, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, in a lyrical digression of the poem “Dead Souls,” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus, where are you going?” he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever and indestructibly. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have different effects on nervous system, on human tone. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's seventh symphony is subtitled "Leningrad". But the name “Legendary” suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
15) The problem of anticulture.
This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. As another example, we can recall literature. The theme of “disculturation” is well explored in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature is revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts they became acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also the opposite cases, when a person became addicted to TV and had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use foreign words in the native language is justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the contamination of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to insert foreign words into a Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word- condensation."
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with the clumsy synonym he invented - water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sarotyk, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with another word - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.
18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story “After the Fairy Tale” (“The White Ship”). He showed the destructiveness and hopelessness of the path if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge with degeneration and lack of spirituality. The writer continues this theme in his subsequent works: “And the day lasts longer than a century” (“Stormy Stop”), “The Block”, “Cassandra’s Brand”.
The novel “The Scaffold” produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife due to human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who wins a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky above their heads. We don't want their families to suffer the hardships of war. War! These five letters carry with them a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. People's hearts have always been filled with the pain of loss. From everywhere where the war is going on, you can hear the groans of mothers, the cries of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
Our country has suffered many trials during the war. IN early XIX century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace.” Guerrilla warfare, The Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of war. Tolstoy talks about how for many, war has become the most commonplace thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of ​​war and continue to live, resigning itself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L.N. Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “Sevastopol Stories”. Here the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombing of the city did not stop. More and more fortifications were required. Sailors and soldiers worked in the snow and rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, and enormous patriotism. Their wives, mothers, and children lived with them in this city. They had become so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to shots or explosions. Very often they brought dinners to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloodied to the elbows... busy near the bed, on which, with their eyes open and speaking, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words , lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.” War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: “...you will see war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumming, with waving banners and prancing generals, but you will see war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death...” The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they come to its defense. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to capture native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941 - 1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This hard times It is also characteristic that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds that, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhin ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult position: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind you! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their Motherland.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without ever knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the last rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain...
People become weapons in the hands of power. Dividing into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become strangers forever. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others talk about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry.” The stories of “Cavalry” talk about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of the stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army soldiers, their composure and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but what is more terrible is that they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves it to his reader to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, but war is harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the moans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will cease on earth, when our land will meet a day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the period Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from a skeleton and go with it against a fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their resilience, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for the victory. Y. Bondarev’s novel “Hot Snow” reflects the most tragic moments of the war, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can…” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?
The problem of the moral strength of a common soldier
The bearer of folk morality in war is, for example, Valega, Lieutenant Kerzhentsev’s orderly from V. Nekrasov’s story “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.” He is barely familiar with reading and writing, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety shack in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - with fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And when it comes down to it, he will show these Germans where the crayfish spend the winter.
The expression “national character” most closely matches Valega. He volunteered for the war and quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not all that pleasant. In the breaks between fights he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut hair, shave, mend boots, make a fire in the pouring rain, and darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries and mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant guy, only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is confident that a soldier like Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.
The problem of the heroic everyday life of war
The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoronic metaphor that connects the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. You get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze you with its suddenness. There is such an episode from V. Nekrasov (“In the Trenches of Stalingrad”): a killed soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a still smoking cigarette butt is stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now there was death. And it’s simply unbearable for the hero of the novel to see this...
But even in war, soldiers do not live by “one bullet”: in short hours of rest they sing, write letters and even read. As for the heroes of “In the Trenches of Stalingrad,” Karnaukhov is a fan of Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, some draw, some write poetry. The Volga foams from shells and bombs, but the people on the shore do not change their spiritual passions. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not manage to crush them, throw them beyond the Volga, and dry up their souls and minds.
21) The theme of the Motherland in literature.
Lermontov in the poem “Motherland” says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and for what.
You can't help but start with this greatest monument ancient Russian literature, such as “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” All thoughts and all feelings of the author of “The Lay...” are directed to the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people. He talks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “The Lay...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. These are, first of all, the Russian people. Narrating about Igor's campaign, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsians “for the Russian land.” His warriors are “Rusichs”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Rus', they say goodbye to their Motherland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “Oh Russian land! You’re already over the hill.”
In the friendly message “To Chaadaev” there is a fiery appeal from the poet to the Fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul.”
22) The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.
The modern writer V. Rasputin argued: “To talk about ecology today means to talk not about changing life, but about saving it.” Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the impoverishment of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that “a gradual adaptation to danger occurs,” that is, the person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem associated with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea has become so exposed that the shores from the sea ports are tens of kilometers away. The climate changed very sharply, and animals became extinct. All these troubles greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half its volume and more than a third of its area. The exposed bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral Sea contains millions of tons of toxic salts. This problem cannot but worry people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and studied the materials of these expeditions.
V. Rasputin in the article “In the fate of nature is our destiny” reflects on the relationship between man and environment. “Today there is no need to guess “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” It is the Volga itself that is groaning, dug up length and breadth, spanned by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of humanity.
The problem of the relationship between man and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work “The Scaffold”. He showed how man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.
The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack that lives quietly before the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, without thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was simply difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: “The fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the gunshots, thought that the whole world had gone deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation...” In this tragedy, Akbara’s children die, but this is her grief doesn't end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs died. People, for the sake of their own goals, could “gut the globe like a pumpkin,” not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone wolf is drawn to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned into a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man, in a fit of fear and hatred of the she-wolf’s incomprehensible behavior, shoots at her, but ends up hitting his own son.
This example talks about barbaric attitude people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and good people.
Academician D. Likhachev wrote: “Humanity spends billions not only to avoid suffocation and death, but also to preserve the nature around us.” Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become its master, its protector, and its intelligent transformer. A beloved leisurely river, a birch grove, a restless bird world... We will not harm them, but will try to protect them.
In this century, man is actively interfering with the natural processes of the Earth’s shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forest, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and releasing toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental problems of the century has been water pollution. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect human health, especially in areas with dense populations. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept across the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people’s health for a long time.
Thus, as a result of economic activities, people cause great damage to nature, and at the same time to their health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activities must treat all life on Earth with care, not alienate himself from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.
23) Man and the state.
Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.
The problem of the artist and power
The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked with particular tragedy in the history of twentieth-century literature. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list goes on) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in their work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel “Doctor Zhivago” during a period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the period of struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his novel. The Writers' Union excluded Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is because the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.
Creativity is the only way for the creator to become immortal. “For the power, for the livery, do not bend either your conscience, your thoughts, or your neck” - this is the testament of A.S. Pushkin (“From Pindemonti”) became decisive in the choice of the creative path of true artists.
Emigration problem
There is a feeling of bitterness when people leave their homeland. Some are expelled by force, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets their Fatherland, the house where they were born, their native land. There is, for example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers", written in 1921. This story is about a seemingly insignificant event: Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mowing and singing. But it was precisely in this insignificant moment that Bunin was able to discern something immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the story is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. It is not for nothing that during the reading of “Kostsov” by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the recollections of the writer’s wife, many cried. It was a cry for lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile for most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.
An emigrant of the third wave, S. Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, took with him a single suitcase, “an old, plywood, covered with fabric, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with it to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then in turn a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories-memories about the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of priceless, absurd in their own way, but the only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each is a kind of report on the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.
The problem of the intelligentsia
According to academician D.S. Likhachev, “the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category.” An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly borne by the heroes of B. Pasternak (“Doctor Zhivago”) and Y. Dombrowski (“Faculty of Unnecessary Things”). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any form, be it Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of Y. Trifonov’s story “Exchange” Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law did not work out in the best possible way. At first, Dmitriev is indignant, criticizes his wife for lack of spirituality and philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive furniture: the density of life is increasing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - “Suitcase” by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by journalist S. Dovlatov to America would only cause Dmitriev and his wife a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for Dovlatov’s hero, things have no material value, they are a reminder of his past youth, friends, and creative searches.
24) The problem of fathers and children.
The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I would like to turn to A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both son and daughter openly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, and are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man - his father. His intervention helps to overcome a difficult period in the relationship of children with a loved one.
25) The problem of quarrels. Human enmity.
In Pushkin’s story “Dubrovsky,” a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended with the death of the main characters.
“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” Svyatoslav pronounces the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsians on Russian lands.
26) Caring for the beauty of the native land.
In Vasiliev’s novel “Don’t Shoot White Swans”

We have formulated the most popular problems that are reflected in the texts for essays on the Unified State Exam. The arguments that address these issues are located under the headings listed in the table of contents. You can download all this in table format at the end of the article.

1. Some people like to wonder: is studying necessary at all? Why this education? And they often prefer to achieve more attractive goals. Mitrofanushka, one of the heroes, also thought the same comedy by D. Fonvizin “The Minor”. His famous remark “I don’t want to study, I want to get married,” unfortunately, becomes an incentive for many to postpone their studies, but Fonvizin only emphasizes what an ignoramus the character really is. During the lesson and during the exam, he shows laziness and illiteracy, and even in family relationships he demonstrates his inability and unwillingness to establish contact and understand his interlocutors. The author makes fun of the young man's ignorance to make the reader understand how important education is.
2. Many people simply do not want to learn something new and are fixated only on traditions, although it is important to live in the present at any time. This is precisely the idea that the only “new man” is trying to convey. in A. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit” Alexander Andreevich Chatsky. The hero strives to prove to Famusov's society that life does not stand still; he tries to encourage the characters to learn new trends in the rapidly developing world. Unfortunately, Chatsky is faced only with misunderstanding, and is even declared crazy. However, the author emphasizes precisely his progressive views against rank and serfdom, since changes are long overdue. The rest of the characters simply preferred to live in the past, although the whole subtext of the comedy is that only Chatsky, misunderstood by society, remains right.

Inability to find a use for education

1. Many educated characters stood out in society, but not all were able to find worthy use of their capabilities. The reader meets a hero disappointed and depressed in an existential crisis novel by A. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. The young nobleman immediately impresses the well-read Tatyana Larina precisely because he doesn’t look like the villagers, and moreover, he reminds her of the hero of sentimental novels. Onegin is bored with everything, science does not bring pleasure, and even love could not save the hero. Eugene, a representative of the young noble intelligentsia, was unable to realize his abilities by the end of the work.
2. The “superfluous man” in literature is a hero who can do everything, but wants nothing. This is Grigory Pechorin from the novel “Hero of Our Time” by M. Lermontov. Pechorin is a young officer, a nobleman who was never able to find happiness, despite the fact that the world is full of opportunities. Gregory often analyzes his actions, but still remains disappointed. Pechorin is really smart, but he himself thinks that he was given a high assignment, he just didn’t guess it. Lermontov in his novel raises the problem of the inability to find a worthy use of the “immense powers” ​​with which man is endowed.
3. It happens that even a capable person cannot or simply does not want to realize his potential. Let's turn to Goncharov's novel "Oblomov". The main character is a middle-aged nobleman who prefers to lie on the sofa for a significant part of his life. Ilya Ilyich has a kind soul, an honest heart, and he himself is not a stupid character, but in conditions modern society Oblomov simply does not want to make a career. Only Olga Ilyinskaya prompted the hero to briefly change his lifestyle, but in the end Oblomov returns to his original place, never overcoming his laziness.

Focus on self-development

1. For some, knowledge and the realization of their own abilities are primary, so they are ready to reject spiritual values. IN Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is a future doctor for whom medicine is everything. The main character is a nihilist, and only science remains sacred to him. From his own experience, Evgeniy understands that he is also capable of tender feelings, however, the implementation of medical education for him still comes first. Just as at the beginning of the novel we see Bazarov going to the swamp to get frogs for experiments, so at the end of the work, when the hero has already fallen in love, he does not forget about medical practice, which is what destroys him.
2. Literature often raises actual question search for the meaning of life, and the German poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe is no exception. IN "Fauste" main character- a real genius, a skilled doctor who has mastered philosophy, theology and jurisprudence. However, he still considered himself a fool, and only after joint adventures with the devil Mephistopheles does the hero realize that the meaning of his life lies in self-development. His thirst for knowledge saved his soul, and only in education and knowledge of the world did Faust find true happiness. Neither love, nor beauty, nor wealth could inspire the hero as much as the desire for enlightenment.
3. It is difficult to argue that education is important, and some believe that knowledge of science is above all. Let's remember “Ode on the day of the accession... of Elizabeth” by Mikhail Lomonosov. Having quoted an excerpt from the work, we would like to note that in the 18th century, education was also highly valued. “Sciences nourish the young, give joy to the old, decorate them in a happy life, and protect them in an unfortunate situation” - this is exactly what the great Russian poet says. Indeed, if you look back at Lomonosov’s successes and achievements, it will be difficult to disagree with how important education and the pursuit of knowledge are. A simple man from the outback made a career in the capital, determining the course of Russian scientific thought.

The role of books in human life

1. An educated person is usually smart and well-read. It is difficult to imagine a person striving for knowledge who does not recognize the authority of books and, in principle, does not like to read. We see the great influence of the book on the fate of the character in F. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”. The main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, goes on a murder spree, after which he falls into an eerie state of contemplating his action. He lives in fear of his sin being made public and almost goes crazy, but thanks to Sonya Marmeladova, who reads him an episode from the Bible, he finds salvation. An excerpt from the holy book told about the resurrection of Lazarus, and this was the main key to Raskolnikov’s decision: for the soul to come to rebirth, sincere repentance is necessary. So, thanks to the book - the Bible, the hero embarks on the path of moral resurrection.
2. Many people not only take studying and reading lightly, but actually believe that it is better to do without it in life. We can observe such a situation in Aldous Huxley's novel O Wondrous new world» . The plot quickly unfolds in the dystopian genre, where books are strictly prohibited, moreover, the lower castes are instilled with an aversion to reading. Only the Savage tries to remind society that it is absolutely impossible to live like this, and both science and art should not be prohibited. A hedonistic society is actually an illusion that the hero cannot endure. Due to the non-existent “brave new world”, the author only emphasizes how important the book is for the development of personality.
3. Surprisingly, some recognized geniuses owe their success not so much to education as to their passion for literature. Reading prompted W. Shakespeare to write great tragedies, which even a non-reading student has heard about. But the English poet did not receive higher education, it was his ability to draw relevant and interesting thoughts from books that helped Shakespeare reach such heights. So the German writer Goethe gained literary success thanks to the fact that in his youth he devoted his free time to reading. An educated person, of course, is capable of self-realization, but without reading books it is much more difficult to realize his potential.

Education as a future vocation

1. In A. Chekhov’s story “Ionych” The main character is a young zemstvo doctor. At the beginning of the work, Dmitry Startsev spends time with the Turkin family, which was considered “the most educated and talented.” However, after Ekaterina Ivanovna’s refusal to marry him, he moves away from this house and becomes disillusioned with its inhabitants. Several years passed, and during this time Startsev began to look at many things differently, including his calling. If earlier his medical education inspired him to work, now he is only interested in money. At any time, it is so important to remain passionate about your calling, so that education brings not only income, but also pleasure.
2. Many people need talent to find their calling, but education is also important to develop it. The great Alexander Pushkin studied at the Imperial Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where he also developed his skills as a poet. He also raised the topic of vocation in his work, speaking about poetry. One of the poems about the poet’s purpose is the work “The Prophet,” where the poet, thanks to metamorphoses, is endowed with a divine purpose. Like the lyrical hero, Pushkin worthily embodies his calling, but in real life, education, of course, helped him a lot.