The importance of the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication in the modern world. Russian language as a means of interethnic communication Russian language as a means of interethnic communication briefly
N.G. Samsonov, L.N. Samsonova
LANGUAGE OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
Language is a phenomenal invention of mankind, capable of preserving the past, reflecting the present, and capturing the gradually opening boundlessness of the world.
Currently, there are from 2500 to 5000 languages on the globe (the exact number is impossible to establish, because the difference between different languages and dialects of one language conditionally). From a social point of view, languages perform different functions: some operate within the framework of only their national territory, others connect many peoples and countries. Any multinational state cannot do without a single means of communication, i.e. without an intermediary language.
In its historical development, the Russian language has become interethnic and interstate, being a “member of the club of world languages”, it has become a connecting thread between many peoples in time and space.
Russia is a unique country in terms of the number and diversity of languages. Even countries as large in population as China and India do not have such a wide variety of languages belonging to different systems and families (East Slavic, almost all Finno-Ugric, most Turkic, Caucasian, Tungus-Manchu, Paleo-Asian, etc. .). In this diversity of languages in Russia, the Russian language has become an intermediary language connecting these languages and peoples.
The Russian language is necessary for the CIS countries, because... economic, political, and cultural contacts between these states are conducted in Russian. Consequently, the Russian language is as necessary as the market economy itself, and the Union of Sovereign States itself. According to B.C. Tishkov, director of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, “national-Russian bilingualism, including official bilingualism, is the option that can become the most powerful means in favor of cultural pluralism and avoiding ethnic conflicts. Directors of enterprises in Adjara and Khakassia will still negotiate with each other on supplies in one language - Russian.
This is a really existing means of interstate and human communication, which is now not connected with the imperial center, and it is impossible and irrational to dismantle it.”
Why did the Russian language become an intermediary language, a connecting thread in the former Soviet Union and now in Russia?
Without an intermediary language, not a single multinational state or even any multinational collective can function normally. It is clear to everyone that every citizen of a multinational country cannot know all the languages of the peoples inhabiting it.
The most authoritative language, the most advantageous from the point of view of objective historical, economic and political-cultural conditions, is put forward to the role of intermediary language. The Russian language turned out to be such a language in the former Soviet Union and in Russia. His special role was also due to the fact that he had no competitor claiming to be an interethnic mediator of the peoples of the former Soviet Union.
The Russian language has become an intermediary language due to the following objective historical reasons:
1. Russian is the native language of the majority of the country's population. According to the 1989 census, there were 145,162 thousand Russians in the Soviet Union, and in Russian Federation they made up 81.5% of the population. If we include those who considered Russian their native language, this figure rises to 90%. And according to the latest Russian population census of 2002, there are 115,868 thousand Russians in Russia, which is 79.8% of the population. At the same time, the Russian language is closely related to two other East Slavic languages - Ukrainian and Belarusian, united by a common origin.
2. Russians are widely spread throughout the country. They are in contact with all other peoples of the former Soviet Union.
3. Due to historical conditions, the Russian language became quite widespread among non-Russian peoples even before the revolution, and a significant part of the non-Russian population of the country speaks it. No other language is as widespread among the non-Russian peoples of the Russian Federation and the former republics of the Soviet Union as Russian.
4. The Russian language is characterized by internal homogeneity: territorial dialects, colloquial and literary form Russian language, the pronunciation of words and their spelling are relatively close.
5. Russian language is one of the developed languages of the world. Many authorities, and by no means only those for whom Russian is a native language, noted its originality and beauty, richness of vocabulary, flexibility of grammar, expressive power and euphony.
6. The Russian language is the language of the richest Russian literature.
7. Despite the colonial policy of tsarism, long before the revolution, the Russian language became a kind of “window” to Europe, to world culture. It is not for nothing that many pre-revolutionary leaders of the peoples of Russia themselves had a good command of the Russian language and encouraged others to learn it as best as possible. One of the pre-revolutionary Yakut legends directly conveys the idea that only a good knowledge of the Russian language can lead to the rise of the Yakut people.
One of the founders of Yakut literature, poet and scientist A.E. Kulakovsky persistently pointed out that the Russian language is the only means of introducing the Yakut people to advanced culture, that the Yakuts perceive advanced European culture only through the Russian language.
Another Yakut writer, poet and playwright A.I. Sofronov mastered the Russian language so well that he began his literary activity in this language. In Russian, he wrote the poems “Dream”, “Separation”, “To the Fighter”, and the stories “ Modern look", "Witty Yakut", "Dying delirium", etc.
The Russian language connects peoples through translation activities. Thanks to translations into Russian of the works of the Kurilov brothers, the world learned about the existence in the Far North of such a small people as the Yukaghirs. According to Vladimir Soloukhin, he was lucky enough to translate the poems of Alexei Kulakovsky into Russian. “Working on them, I became so fused with your literature, culture and customs that I myself became a little bit of a Yakut.”
Thanks to the Russian language, books by writers and poets of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) have crossed the borders of our Motherland. The Russian language made the Yakut heroic epic “Nyurgun Bootur the Swift” a cultural heritage of the peoples of the former Soviet Union and France. In 2005, UNESCO recognized the Yakut epic Olonkho as a masterpiece of the oral intangible cultural heritage of humanity.
It is clear that the tendency to rely only on one’s own nation, one’s republic, only on one’s native, national language cannot lead to anything other than artificial and harmful isolation - to conditions when the achievements of world culture, science, technology, and his own will remain only within the framework of the national republic. And the use of an intermediary language is clearly in the interests of every people.
The dignity of a people lies not in ethnic self-isolation, but in spiritual freedom, in mutual cooperation of peoples, in joint equal historical creativity.
The intermediary language does not substitute or replace the languages of ethnic communities - national languages, but, serving the peoples of Russia, functions in interaction with them. In the life of every nation, both languages - national and Russian - perform different, but equally important functions: one is an indispensable means of intra-national communication of people, the other - their inter-ethnic communication. They are both vital.
Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is the language through which the language barrier is overcome between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state.
The emergence of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of interethnic status is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole complex of linguistic and social factors.
The beginning of the spread of Russian language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and chronicle information, with the development of new territories by the ancestors of Russians; This process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion. state, when the Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity.
In Russia, Russian was the state language.
Reliable statistical data on the knowledge of the Russian language by the non-Russian population of the country as a whole and the breadth of its use in interethnic communication in Russia is conclusive. 19 – beginning 20th centuries No.
However, the ratio of the volume of functional load Russian. language as a state language language and other national languages in various fields, data on the study of Russian. language in Russian-native (according to the then accepted terminology) schools and other educational institutions in certain regions of the state, written evidence from contemporaries and some other materials confirm the use of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication, although the level of proficiency in most cases was low.
The second period is characterized by features that are caused by changes in national language policy in the USSR at different stages of its existence. After 1917, compulsory state registration was abolished in the country. language.
In 1919, the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR “On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR” was adopted.
in accordance with the Crimea, “the entire population... aged from 8 to 50 years, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native language or Russian at will.”
Originally Russian. language was not a compulsory subject in schools with the national language of instruction: its spread as a language of interethnic communication was objectively facilitated by cultural, educational, economic and socio-political transformations in the country.
However, those that existed in the 20-30s. rate of spread of Russian language among non-Russians. The population of the country did not satisfy the needs of the centralized state for a common language of interethnic communication for all citizens.
In 1938, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the compulsory study of the Russian language in schools of national republics and regions.”
Since 1970, materials from the All-Union Population Censuses have contained data on the number of non-Russians. nationalities fluent in Russian. language as a second (non-native) language.
Between 1970 and 1989 this number increased from 41.9 to 68.8 million people; in 1989 in the USSR as a whole the number of non-Russians. nationalities fluent in Russian. language, amounted to 87.5 million people.
From ser. 80s, when Russian. the language continued to perform the function of a language of interethnic communication, attitude towards Russian. the language in this capacity began to change. Some politicians began to call the Russian language “the imperial language”, “the language of totalitarianism”, “the language of the occupiers”; in the resolutions of certain conferences on national-linguistic problems (for example, in Ukraine, 1989) national-Russian. bilingualism has been described as "politically harmful" and "scientifically untenable".
During this period, in the former union and autonomous republics, an officially prescribed narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication began, a significant reduction in the number of hours allocated to studying the Russian language in national schools, and even the exclusion of the subject “Russian language” from school and university curricula.
Conducted in the early 90s. Sociolinguistic studies in a number of CIS countries indicate recognition by most of society of the fact that in modern times. At this stage, it is impossible to solve the problem of interethnic communication without the Russian language.
A feature of the third period is the functioning of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication not only in the Russian Federation. but also in a group of sovereign states. The Russian language, as the state language of the Russian Federation, performs numerous and varied functions in society, which determines the social need for its study by the entire population of Russia.
In the 21st century, the Russian language retains its position as a language of interethnic communication in the CIS countries due to the historically established traditions of its use by the population of these countries.
Linguistic aspects of studying Russian. languages as a means of interethnic communication are characterized by certain specifics. Expanding the ethnic base of Russian users. language as a non-native language, the functioning of Russian. language in a foreign language environment leads to the appearance of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features in it.
R – RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION
2012-11-25T21:16:49+06:00 Culture of the peoples of BashkortostanEthnic studies and ethnography Russians RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is the language through which the language barrier is overcome between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The emergence of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of interethnic status is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole complex of linguistic and social factors. Start...CULTURE OF THE PEOPLES OF BASHKORTOSTAN Dictionary-reference bookLanguages of interethnic communication include languages that perform broader functions than national ones and are used in a multinational multiethnic state as an intermediary language. This role can be played by the language of the most numerous nation in a given state or the language of the metropolis in former colonial countries. Thus, in Tsarist Russia and the USSR, the language of interethnic communication was Russian (it largely retains this function to this day throughout the CIS). In some cases, the language of international communication coincides with the official language. So, in India the official English language At the same time it also serves as a language of interethnic communication. Portuguese has official status in Angola and is also the language of international communication.
Usually, the functions of a language of interethnic communication are performed by one of the national languages, and this role is formed historically, due to the objective properties of a given language. In some countries, the actual role of the language of interethnic communication is legally established. Thus, in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, the Russian language is legally recognized as a language of interethnic communication.
In the USSR, the Russian language became a common language, performing the functions of a language of interethnic communication throughout the country. This was not the result of some political or legal privileges of the Russian language, someone’s sympathy for it or the use of coercive measures, but the result of the objective state of affairs and the action of relevant factors. First of all, the role played by the fact that the Russians Russian state, and then in the USSR they represented more than half of the country's population.
The transformation of the Russian language into a language of interethnic communication is also due to the fact that it is very close in its grammar and vocabulary to the languages of the Ukrainian and Belarusian peoples, who together with the Russians make up more than three-quarters of the population of the USSR. Naturally, the three Slavic peoples can communicate with each other in Russian relatively easily.
In the transformation of the Russian language into a language of interethnic communication, other objective aspects and factors also played a role: its generally recognized richness and expressiveness, certain internal features of this language, associated, in particular, with its relatively high internal homogeneity, with the closeness of its colloquial and literary -written forms, with a great coincidence in the pronunciation of words and their spelling, etc.
According to the 1989 population census in the USSR, 86% of the population spoke Russian fluently.
In the Russian Federation, Russian is the state language, but at the same time it serves as a language of interethnic communication.
According to the 1989 census, 16,406 thousand people from among non-Russian peoples declared that they were fluent in Russian as a second language, i.e., a language of interethnic communication (in 1970 - 14,191 thousand and in 1979 - 13,989 thousand). Thus, of the non-Russian peoples of Russia, 88.0% know the Russian language well, including 27.6% who consider it their native language and 60.4% who speak it fluently. Of the large nations (over 100 thousand people), more than 95% of their representatives know Russian well - Karelians, Jews, Belarusians, Koreans, Germans, Mordovians, Ukrainians, more than 90% - Kalmyks, Moldavians, Georgians, Armenians, Komi, Udmurts, more 85% are Kazakhs, Gypsies, Ossetians, Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, Bashkirs, Adygeis, Uzbeks and, on average, all the peoples of the North. The lowest rates are among Tuvans (60.5%), Avars (65.9%), Dargins (69.5%), and Yakuts (70.9%).
Thus, in Russia in 1989, 143,712 thousand people were fluent in Russian, or 97.7% of the total population of the country. This means that in Russia the Russian language as a language of interethnic communication has quite widespread. However, the use of the Russian language by a person of non-Russian nationality in different spheres of communication does not mean a rejection of his native language, on the contrary, it contributes to a deeper understanding of its features. Knowledge of the Russian language, as research shows, does not lead to the oblivion of the native (national) language among non-Russian peoples and does not interfere with its study and assimilation. There is a growing trend towards bilingualism all over the world. more people speak two or more languages V. Therefore, the statements of those who believe that mastering the Russian language can displace the national language from communication are absolutely groundless.
The state of simultaneous mastery of two or more languages is called bilingualism, or polylingualism.. Bilingualism is a common phenomenon in multinational states, where national minorities, in addition to their native language, usually also use the language of the most numerous and dominant nation. Significant groups of bilingual populations are forming in the young states of Asia and Africa, where, along with local languages, official state languages are becoming increasingly widespread (in India - Hindi, in Pakistan - Urdu, in Indonesia - Bahasa Indonesia, in the Philippines - Pilipino), and in some African countries - foreign languages English or French. Bilingualism is often common along ethnic boundaries. It is also typical for countries with massive immigrant populations.
IN Lately bilingualism is increasingly developing, which is significantly influenced by urbanization, increased contacts between different groups of the population, and a general rise in educational and cultural levels. Under these conditions, some part of the people or even an entire people constantly use two languages in everyday life. Thus, Alsatians are almost completely bilingual (German and French). A significant part of the population of multinational states such as Belgium and Switzerland is bilingual or even trilingual.
Test questions and assignments
1. Why is language perceived as the main ethno-distinctive feature and ethnic value?
2. Analyze the role of language as a consolidating ethnic factor.
3. Expand the ethnosocial functions of language.
4. Trace the relationship between ethnicity and language.
5. What is considered a native language and what is its role in life?
person?
6. What are the significance and functions of the national language in the formation and development of nations?
7. What is the legal status and functions of the state language?
8. How are interlingual problems solved in multinational, multiethnic states?
9. What are the role and functions of the language of interethnic communication?
10. Analyze the relationship between the general federal state language and the state languages of the republics in the Russian Federation.
11. What is the ethno-linguistic policy in the Russian Federation?
12. Based on census data, analyze ethnolinguistic processes in the Russian Federation.
Literature
1. Arutyunyan Yu.V., Drobizheva L.M., Susokolov A.A. Ethnosociology. - M., 1999.
2. Bromley Y., Podolny R. Humanity is peoples. - M., 1990.
3. Civil service of the Russian Federation and interethnic relations. - M., 1995.
4. Guboglo M.N. Modern ethnolinguistic processes in the USSR. - M.,
1984.
5. Peoples of the world. Historical and ethnographic reference book. - M., 1988.
6. Peoples of Russia. Encyclopedia. - M., 1994.
7. Tavadov G.T. Ethnology. Dictionary-reference book. - M., 1998.
8. What you need to know about the peoples of Russia. - M., 1999.
9. Yuriev S.S. Legal status of national minorities. - M., 2000.
Traditionally, the language of interethnic communication is the language through which the language barrier is overcome between representatives of different ethnic groups within one multinational state. The emergence of any language beyond the boundaries of its ethnic group and its acquisition of interethnic status is a complex and multifaceted process, including the interaction of a whole complex of linguistic and social factors. When considering the process of formation of a language of interethnic communication, priority is usually given to social factors, since the functions of language also depend on the characteristics of the development of society. However, social factors alone, no matter how favorable they may be, are not capable of promoting one or another language as an interethnic language if it lacks the necessary linguistic means. Rus. the language, which is one of the widely spoken languages of the world (see Russian language in international communication), satisfies the linguistic needs of not only Russians, but also people of other ethnic origins living both in Russia and abroad. It is one of the most developed world languages. It has a rich vocabulary and terminology in all branches of science and technology, expressive brevity and clarity of lexical and grammatical means, a developed system functional styles, the ability to reflect all the diversity of the surrounding world. Rus. language can be used in all spheres of social life, a wide variety of information is transmitted through a second language, and the subtlest shades of thought are expressed; in Russian The language has created a world-recognized artistic, scientific and technical literature.
Maximum completeness of public functions, relative monolithic Russian. language (obligatory compliance with the norms of the literary language for all its speakers), writing containing both original works and translations of everything valuable that was created by world culture and science (in the 80s of the 20th century, about a third was published in Russian artistic, scientific and technical literature from the total amount of printed matter in the world) - all this provided a high degree of communicative and informational value of Russian. language. Its role in the transformation of Russian. Ethno-linguistic factors also played a role in the language as a means of interethnic communication. From the beginning of its formation it grew. Statehood, the Russians were the largest nation, the language of which was widespread to one degree or another throughout the entire state. According to the data of the 1st All-Russia. population census 1897, out of 128.9 million inhabitants of Russia. empires in Russian the language was spoken by two-thirds, or approx. 86 million people According to the 1989 All-Union Population Census, in the USSR, out of 285.7 million people, approx. 145 million - Russians, Rus. 232.4 million people spoke the language. Linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social factors, taken separately, are not sufficient to promote a particular language as a means of interethnic communication. They only indicate the readiness and ability of the language to perform this function, as well as the presence of favorable conditions for the spread of the language throughout the state. Only the combination of all factors - linguistic, ethnolinguistic and social - leads to the formation of a language of interethnic communication.
In any multinational state, there is an objective need to choose one of the most developed and widespread languages to overcome the language barrier between citizens, to maintain the normal functioning of the state and all its institutions, to create favorable conditions for the joint activities of representatives of all nations and nationalities, for the development of the economy, culture, science and art. A common language of interethnic communication provides every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, with the opportunity for constant and varied contact with representatives of other ethnic groups. Promotion, formation and functioning of Russian. languages as a means of interethnic communication took place in different historical conditions and at different stages of social development. Use of Russian language as a non-native language to overcome the language barrier between representatives of different sthocods goes back more than one century, therefore in the history of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication, we can conditionally distinguish three periods, each of which is characterized by its own specific features: the first period - until the beginning. 20th century in Russia and Russia empires; second period - until the end. 80s in USSR; third period - from the beginning 90s in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries. 11beginning of the spread of Russian. language among representatives of other ethnic groups coincides, judging by the data of comparative historical linguistics and chronicle information, with the development of new territories by the ancestors of Russians; This process developed more intensively in the 16th-19th centuries. during the period of formation and expansion. state, when the Russians entered into various economic, cultural and political contacts with the local population of a different ethnicity. In Russia Russian Empire the language was the state language. tongue.
Reliable statistical data on knowledge of Russian. non-Russian language population of the country as a whole and the breadth of its use in interethnic communication in Russia con. 19 - beginning 20th century no. However, the ratio of the volume of functional load Russian. language as a state language language and other national languages in various fields, data on the study of Russian. language in Russian-native (according to the then accepted terminology) schools and other educational institutions in certain regions of the state, written evidence from contemporaries and certain other materials confirm the use of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication, although the level of proficiency in most cases was low. The second period is characterized by features that are caused by changes in national language policy in the USSR at different stages of its existence. After 1917, compulsory state registration was abolished in the country. language. In 1919, the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR “On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR” was adopted, in accordance with the Crimea, “the entire population... between the ages of 8 and 50, who cannot read and write, is obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language optional".
Originally Russian. language was not a compulsory subject in schools with the national language of instruction: its spread as a language of interethnic communication was objectively facilitated by cultural, educational, economic and socio-political transformations in the country. However, those that existed in the 20-30s. rate of spread of Russian language among non-Russians. The population of the country did not satisfy the needs of the centralized state for a common language of interethnic communication for all citizens. In 1938, a resolution was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the compulsory study of the Russian language in schools of national republics and regions.” The resolution does not contain direct references to the privileged position of Russians. language, but with its practical implementation in the regions, restrictions gradually began on the spheres of functioning of certain native languages of citizens of the USSR. Since 1970, materials from the All-Union Population Censuses have contained data on the number of non-Russians. nationalities fluent in Russian. language as a second (non-native) language. Between 1970 and 1989 this number increased from 41.9 to 68.8 million people; in 1989 in the USSR as a whole the number of non-Russians. nationalities fluent in Russian. language, amounted to 87.5 million people.
From ser. 80s, when Russian. the language continued to perform the function of a language of interethnic communication, attitude towards Russian. language in this capacity began to change, which was a natural result of the costs of the national language policy pursued in the USSR from the end. 30s, as well as a consequence of certain socio-political processes in the country. Rus. Some politicians began to call the language “the imperial language”, “the language of totalitarianism”, “the language of the occupiers”; in the resolutions of certain conferences on national-linguistic problems (for example, in Ukraine, 1989) national-Russian. bilingualism has been described as "politically harmful" and "scientifically untenable". During this period, in the former union and autonomous republics, an officially prescribed narrowing of the spheres of functioning of the Russian Federation began. language as a means of interethnic communication, a significant reduction in the number of hours devoted to studying Russian. language in national schools, and even the exclusion of the subject “Russian”. language" from school and university programs. However, carried out in the beginning. 90s sociolinguistic research in Russia republics and a number of CIS countries indicate recognition by most of society of the fact that in modern times. stage to solve the problem of interethnic communication without Russian. language is difficult.
A feature of the third period is the functioning of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication not only in the Russian Federation. but also in a group of sovereign states. In the Russian Federation, according to the 1989 census, out of 147 million people, approx. 120 million people are Russian, more than 50% are non-Russian. The country's population is fluent in Russian. language as a second one. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993) | and the “Law on the Languages of the Peoples of the RSFSR” (1991)] Rus. language is the state language language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory. The Constitution stipulates that the functioning of the Russian language as a state and international language should not hinder the development of other languages of the peoples of Russia. Areas of application Russian languages as a state and international language are subject to legal regulation; At the same time, no legal norms for the use of Russian are established. language in interpersonal informal relationships, as well as in the activities of public and religious associations and organizations. Rus. language as a state language The language of the Russian Federation performs numerous and varied functions in society, which determines the social need for its study by the entire population of Russia. All R. 90s 20th century rus. the language retains its position as a language of interethnic communication in the CIS countries due to a number of objective circumstances, as well as due to the historically established traditions of its use by the population of these countries. The 1989 census materials indicate that 63.8 million people are non-Russian. the population of the former union republics of the USSR (except the RSFSR) speak Russian. language as a mother tongue or as a second language. Linguistic aspects of studying Russian. languages as a means of interethnic communication are characterized by certain specifics. Expanding the ethnic base of Russian users. language as a non-native language, the functioning of Russian. language in a foreign language environment leads to the appearance of phonetic, grammatical, lexical and semantic features in it. According to some scientists (N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova), the totality of such features, which are not the same in different regions of Russian existence. language as a means of interethnic communication, contributes to the formation of national (in other terminology - regional) variants of Russian. language.
Other scientists (V.V. Ivanov, N.G. Mikhailovskaya) believe that meeting the needs of interethnic communication is one of the functions of Russian. lit. language, violation of the norms of which by foreign-language users is due to interference (see). There is also a point of view (T. Yu. Poznyakova), according to which the language of interethnic communication is a functional variety of Russian. language, distinctive feature which is a specialization of grammatical and lexical means adapted to the conditions of interethnic communication in Russian. lit. language: an increase in the number of analytical constructions for expressing grammatical meanings, the frequency and stability of the use of syntactic models for expressing gender categories, etc. In the language of interethnic communication, there is a selection and consolidation of morphological forms and syntactic constructions, lexical units, assessed primarily as communicatively significant and sufficient. Studying Russian language in conditions various types national-Russian bilingualism confirms the presence of a number of common specific features in the language of interethnic communication, regardless of the region of its existence. At the same time, in Russian In the language of non-Russian linguists, such features have also been noted, which are characterized as purely regional, not represented in other foreign-language regions. On this basis, a conclusion is made about the regional variation of non-original Rus. speech (non-primordial Russian speech is a set of texts, both written and oral, produced by people for whom Russian is not their native language). However, the maximum permissible qualitative and quantitative levels of regional variation remain unknown, allowing one to qualify the language of interethnic communication as Russian. a language, and not some kind of pidgin, is a mixed language that arises as a result of the interaction of languages (a pidgin often represents the grammar of one language and the vocabulary of another). Identification of essential linguistic characteristics of Russian. language as a means of interethnic communication is associated with the study of its different levels, the study of the results and forms of interlingual contacts, consideration of the processes of interaction between the language of interethnic communication and national languages in the conditions of specific types of bi- and multilingualism, the areal characteristics of Russian. speech of non-Russians in relation to Russians. lit. language. The results of such studies are important for practical actions to optimize the Russian learning process. language as a non-native language to the extent that ensures the communicative competence of users.
An international language is a language that can be used for communication by a significant number of people around the world. The term language of global significance is also used to denote this concept. IN modern world There are from 7 to 10 international languages.
Languages considered international have the following characteristics:
A large number of people consider this language their native language.
Among those for whom this language is not native, there are a large number of people who speak it as a foreign or second language.
The language is spoken in many countries, on several continents and in different cultural circles.
In many countries, this language is studied at school as a foreign language.
This language is used as an official language by international organizations, at international conferences and in large international firms.
Classification of artificial languages
There are:
Programming languages and computer languages-- languages for automatic processing of information using a computer.
Information languages are languages used in various information processing systems.
Formalized languages of science are languages intended for symbolic recording of facts and theories of mathematics, logic, chemistry and other sciences.
Languages of non-existent peoples created for fictional or entertainment purposes. The most famous are: the Elvish language, invented by J. Tolkien, and the Klingon language from the science fiction series “Star Trek”
International auxiliary languages are languages created from elements of natural languages and offered as an auxiliary means of international communication.
Almost all theorists of modern interlinguistics divide artificial languages into two types - “a priori” and “a posteriori”; the criterion for division is the lexical composition of the artificial language - respectively, “artificial” or borrowed.
Richard Harrison makes the following classification:
Artificial languages of the a posteriori type (Interlingua, Occidental, Lingwa de Planeta, etc.).
Modified natural language
Modified artificial language
System of interacting artificial languages
A language combined from natural languages close in origin
A language combined from heterogeneous natural languages.
Artificial languages of a priori type (ifkuil, rho (language), solresol, mantis, chengli, loglan and lojban, elyundi);
Implying the process of speech activity
brain teaser
Not implying the process of speech activity
pasigraphs (symbol languages)
languages of numbers or notes
pazimologies (sign languages)
In addition to the classification of artificial languages by lexical composition, the purpose of their creation and structural composition are often taken into account.
M. Rosenfelder divides languages using the criteria of structure and purpose:
By structure:
European type
non-European type
By purpose:
brain teaser
auxiliary
experimental
Occidental
Occidental is an international artificial language. Proposed in 1922 by Edgar de Waal (Estonia). The language is based on international vocabulary common to the main Western European languages.
Planned language created in 1921-1922. E. de (von) Valem (1867-1948) in the city of Reval (now Tallinn). In 1949, the language adopted the name Interlingue.
Occidental is an a posteriori system of a naturalistic type. The vocabulary is borrowed from living European languages, mainly Romance; the design of many words reveals influence French. Word formation is modeled on natural languages, but at the same time it is ordered according to the so-called de Wahl's rule (the present stem is formed from the infinitive by omitting the ending -(e)r. The supine stem is formed from the present stem: if the present stem ends in a vowel, -t is added to it; if it ends in d or r, then this consonant is replaced by s; in all other cases, the bases of present and supine are the same). The spelling is traditional with positional reading of some letters (for example, s is read as [c] before e, i, y, in other cases - as [k]). The grammar is mainly analytical. The meanings of cases in nouns are conveyed by word order, plural is expressed by the indicator -(e)s, adjectives do not agree with nouns, pronouns distinguish between subjective and objective forms (uo - te I - me; tu - te you - you), verbs have endings: -r (infinitive), zero (adv. vr. will express, incl.), -t (past tense and strad, adverb), -(e)nt (action, adverb); the future tense and the subjunctive mood are expressed by the analytical indicators va, vell with the infinitive of the semantic verb; There are also other analytical forms, namely degrees of comparison of adjectives, perfect tenses and passive voice of verbs. Homonymy is avoided whenever possible, polysemy and synonymy are considered acceptable.
Groups of Occidental supporters were formed mainly from among Idoists who left Ido in search of a more natural language. In 1928, the International Union of Occidentalists (Occidental-Union; since J949 the name Interlingue-Union) and the Academy of this language were formed. After the publication of Interlingua-IALA in 1951, many Occidentalists adopted the language. Currently, there are separate groups of Occidentalists in Switzerland, Czechoslovakia and a number of other countries. Occidental had limited use in literature, but the theoretical journals “Kosmoglott” (1922-1926), “Cosmoglotta” (1927-1985) and others published in Occidental are among the most important interlinguistic publications.
Ithkuil is an artificial language that combines absolute logic, accuracy, high expressiveness and efficiency. These qualities are achieved by the complexity of the grammar and the wide range of phonemes, which makes the language very difficult to learn. Ithkuil combines a priori philosophical language with logical language, employing a lexicon of 3,600 semantic roots developed through a complex, matrix-like grammar designed to convey meaning as accurately and efficiently as possible. What Robert Heinlein proposed for morpho-phonology in his “tongue-twister”, Ithkuil achieves in addition for morphology, lexico-morphology and lexico-semantics. There are two parts of speech in the language: word-forming parts and adjuncts (defining ones), where the latter are inclined into 22 morphological categories. Ithkuil writing uses a unique morpho-phonological principle to also “shrink” written words.
Ithkuil word formation uses a number of principles from cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics, such as prototype theory, radial categorization, fuzzy logic, and semantic mutual exclusion. Lexico-semantic reduction is achieved by lexing only the original meaning of the concept, which in other languages combines related words(that is, by reducing “sight”, “view”, “glance”, “stare”, “panorama”, “eye”, “gaze”, “visualization”, etc. to one semantic root “vision”) , and by applying a vast array of regular, predictable, and universally usable modifications at the morphological (i.e., grammatical) rather than lexical level to form words far beyond the lexical limit of most other languages.
Loglan (from the English Logical language “logical language”) is an artificial language developed as a means of linguistic research, in particular, for experimental testing of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity. Loglan's creator, James Cooke Brown, began work on his project around 1955.
The most complete description of language and related ideas is contained in J. C. Brown's 600-page book, Loglan 1: a logical language (published by the Loglan Institute in 1989).
Since 1987, a similar project, which broke away from Loglan, has been developing in parallel - Lojban.
Due to its clear structure and the use of special logical constructions, Loglan is especially easy to study by people with a technical mindset who do not have a predisposition to natural languages. The base words (there are about 800 of them), from which all other words are created, are designed to be 50% guessable by people who have never heard them.
Another advantage of Loglan is accuracy. There are no homonyms, syntactic or other ambiguities in it. Thanks to this, according to some of its supporters, it can lay claim to the status of a language of science, intended for writing scientific works that currently suffer from the ambiguities of natural languages. The accuracy of Loglan and the possibility of unambiguous machine decomposition of phrases into a dependency tree, it is believed, could make Loglan the first human language understandable by a computer (this idea is described in R. Heinlein’s science fiction story “The Moon is a Harsh Mistress”).
In the post-Soviet space, translation of English documentation on Loglan was carried out by enthusiasts from 1999 to 2001. Their translations and original articles are available on the website loglan.euro.ru.
Eljundi is an international artificial language developed by A.V. Kolegov. The language is intended both for international communication and for use in machine systems for processing and translating multilingual information.
The grammar was created on the basis of the grammar of Esperanto, but in terms of word formation, Eljundi is closer to eastern languages (Chinese, Japanese). The language was created on a digital basis, where numbers are replaced by new signs - aglyphs. The phonetic system is syllabic. The stress is on the penultimate syllable. The root base consists of 77 semantic elements, which combinatorially form 1756 roots and then the entire vocabulary. For self-study language, school general linguistic knowledge is sufficient.
The Eljundi alphabet consists of 16 graphemes: ten main ones (aglyphs) and six additional ones (additional signs). In addition, well-known auxiliary signs are used: plus, minus, equal sign, period, comma, colon and others.
Solresol
In 1817, the first sketches of a unique project for a universally understood language - the musical language Solresol - appeared. Its author, the Frenchman Jean François Sudre (Sudre, 1787 - 1862), originally from Albi, composed all the words, in addition to seven monosyllables, from various combinations of seven musical notes: there are 49 two-syllable words, 336 three-syllable words, 2268 four-syllable words and 9072 five-syllable words. For example, "I" is pronounced dore; “you, you” - domi; "my" - redo; doredo - “time”, doremi - “day”, dorefa - “week”, doresol - “month”, sollasi - “raise”, silyasol - “lower”; “I love” - dore milyasi. The place of stress in a word determines the category of the part of speech. Solresol's words can:
write in letters
the first seven Arabic numerals,
spoken or sung
be performed on any musical instrument that has a scale,
be signaled by flags,
reproduced in the seven colors of the rainbow - in general have seven different forms of expression.
Sudra's project earned repeated approval from various commissions of the Paris Academy of Sciences and numerous scientific societies, received a prize of 10 thousand francs at the international exhibition of 1851 in Paris and an honorary medal at the international exhibition in 1862 in London, and met the recognition of many outstanding contemporaries, including including Victor Hugo, Lamartine, Alexander Humboldt.
One of the many brochures of the late 19th century dedicated to the promotion of a universal language said: “The ideal of a universal language has been in the air for more than 200 years, and the need for it has been felt by all peoples.”
Indeed, the public consciousness of many countries lived in anticipation of an intermediary language, which was thought of as a harmonious, simple and at the same time more perfect language than any of the ethnic languages. The “Iron” Age, with its intensive contacts between peoples, with its great discoveries, which immediately “stepped over” the borders of countries and became the property of all mankind, raised the question of unifying systems of measures, weights, and classification of knowledge. Comparative-historical linguistics with its search for a proto-language as a source of related languages has created rich soil for the belief that a universal language can be built on the basis common words and forms, however, not going “down”, not into the depths of centuries, but, on the contrary, moving “up”, towards modernity. Experience in forming a common literary language the entire nation in a number of European countries also showed that it was created consciously on the basis of processing different dialectal material. Interlinguistic thought also moved in this direction: the search for common elements that developed in the most common languages of Europe as a result of cultural, scientific and other contacts.
