The answer to the question - how does the Sea of ​​Azov differ from the Black Sea - is obvious. The same way that all seas differ from each other:

• geographical location;
• size;
• depth;
• water salinity level;
• the magnitude of the tides;
• flora;
• fauna and several dozen other features.

But let’s try to make a comparative analysis of them, because these are not some distant seas, but ours, our dear ones, which every Russian has visited at least once in his life.

Physical and geographical characteristics

The area of ​​the Black Sea is 422 thousand km2, the Sea of ​​Azov is much smaller - about 39 thousand. The maximum depth of the Black Sea is more than 2 kilometers. And Azovskoye takes first place in this indicator. Only not on the list of the deepest, but on the list of the shallowest seas on our planet, its maximum depth is only 13.5 meters. Only a four-story house can be hidden at the bottom of the Azov Sea, and even then the television antennas will stick out above the surface.

The difference between the Sea of ​​Azov and the Black Sea is the salinity of the water. The salinity of the Black Sea is about 18 ppm, while in the Azov Sea this figure is only 11 (in the past, before the creation of the Tsimlyansky hydroelectric complex on the Don, this figure was even lower). Geographically, the Sea of ​​Azov is the northeastern Black Bay. But historically it so happened that, despite its relatively small size and depth, it bears the proud name “sea,” while many sea or ocean bays, which have much larger “dimensions” in all respects, are not awarded this title. For example, the Great Australian Bight.

According to the most common hypothesis, in relatively recent times (about 5.5 thousand years BC), the Black Sea in the modern sense did not exist. In its place there was a huge freshwater lake, which had no connection with the Mediterranean Sea, and the water level in it was about 100 meters lower than it is today. The Sea of ​​Azov did not exist, not only in the “modern understanding”, it did not exist at all, and the Don River did not flow into the current Taganrog Bay, but directly into this lake approximately in the area of ​​​​the current Kerch Strait. This situation is due to the fact that during the Ice Age, gigantic masses of water were concentrated in blocks of ice that covered vast territories. Then the climate changed, glaciers melted, and the level of the World Ocean rose.

Through the resulting Bosphorus Strait, masses of salt water rushed into the freshwater lake. The level of the newly created sea became equal to the ocean level, and in place of a shallow depression in the lower reaches of the Don, the modern Sea of ​​Azov was formed. That is, it is not only the shallowest, but also the youngest sea in the world. Vast territories (including those developed by people) were flooded. Perhaps the memory of this cataclysm was preserved for centuries and became the basis of the legend of the “World Flood.”

Comparison

The differences are not only in size, depth and salinity level. Although these bodies of water are nearby, the Black Sea coast is interesting because it includes zones with different climates. If the Azov Sea lies entirely in the temperate climate region, then the Black Sea, due to the presence of mountains on the coast, in some places has a subtropical climate. This is the southern coast of Crimea (sheltered from northern winds Crimean mountains), the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and northeast Turkey. It is interesting that most of the Turkish coast (this is the southern coast of the Black Sea) belongs to a temperate climate, while some areas much further north are subtropical.

And finally, the main difference is the presence in the depths of the Black Sea of ​​a hydrogen sulfide layer (a compound of sulfur and hydrogen dissolved in sea water). It begins at a depth of about 150-200 meters, and the entire volume of water below this mark is not suitable for the existence of any living organisms, except for some anaerobic bacteria. According to estimates, there are about 3.1 billion tons of hydrogen sulfide in the sea. There is no consensus on the reasons for the formation of the hydrogen sulfide layer. According to recent studies, the depths of the Black Sea contain not only huge reserves of hydrogen sulfide, but also methane, but nothing similar is observed in the Sea of ​​​​Azov.

Flora and fauna

What is the difference between the Azov and Black Seas in terms of the distribution of living organisms? Yes, almost none. At the same time, their common animal and vegetable world very different from the Mediterranean. This is due to the fact that both seas are generally located north of the Mediterranean and have lower salinity. And the presence of a hydrogen sulfide layer makes its own adjustments to the distribution of plants and fish migration.

There are significantly fewer species in the Black and Azov Sea basin sea ​​creatures than in the Mediterranean Sea. There are no corals, starfish, sea ​​urchins, octopus, squid and cuttlefish. The Black Sea katran (a subspecies of a small shark) lives only in the Black Sea, only occasionally entering the southern regions of the Sea of ​​​​Azov. However, the Sea of ​​Azov, due to its shallow waters (after all, the entire sea is one large shelf, which most commercial fish love so much), has record levels of fish productivity. The Caspian Sea, which occupies the second position in the ranking, lags behind the Azov Sea by 6.5 times, the Black Sea by 40 times (affected by the presence of a hydrogen sulfide layer), and the Mediterranean by 160 times!

Table

Our Russia is washed by seas and oceans on all sides, it has seventeen access to large waters, which makes it simply a unique world power. Some seas are located in the southern part of the country and belong to the resort area, while northern Russian waters abound with fish and other commercial species of marine life. Most often, our compatriots visit the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov, which we will compare today.

Sea of ​​Azov: brief description

The Sea of ​​Azov is located in the southern part of Russia, it is a semi-enclosed type of sea and is related to the Atlantic Ocean basin. The sea is connected to the ocean by a chain of straits and various seas. The salinity of the water is ensured by the influx water masses from the Black Sea, but most of them are diluted by river runoff. IN last years people are active on the sea coast, so the influx of fresh water has decreased significantly. This fact affected the population of marine life.

Black Sea: briefly about the main thing

The Black Sea is an inland sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean and is connected to the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas by various straits. The water area has long been inhabited by people; now Russia, Turkey, Georgia and Bulgaria have access to the waters of the Black Sea.

One of the features of the water area is the impossibility of life existing at great depths. This is due to the release of hydrogen sulfide at a depth of more than one hundred and fifty meters, in addition this feature does not allow different layers of water to mix with each other. Therefore, large temperature differences are observed at shallow depths in the Black Sea.

Where did the Sea of ​​Azov come from?

In ancient times, the Sea of ​​Azov did not exist; this territory was swampy. Scientists believe that the water area was formed approximately five thousand six hundred years BC as a result of the Black Sea flood. This version was expressed by ancient philosophers and is supported by modern hydrologists and oceanologists.

During its existence, the Sea of ​​Azov changed its name many times. Using them, you can even trace the history of the development of the reservoir itself, because the ancient Greeks classified it as lakes, and the Romans as swamps. Although the Scythians already used the word “sea” in their name for the water area.

Scientists have counted more than fifty different names. Every nation that chose the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov sought to give it a new name. It was only in the eighteenth century that the familiar word “Azov” became established in the Russian language. Although back in the first century AD, some Greek scientists mentioned a name that sounded close to the modern pronunciation.

History of the Black Sea

Hydrologists believe that a fresh lake has always existed on the site of today's Black Sea. It is worth noting that at that time it was the largest in the world; the filling of the water area with sea water occurred as a result of the same Black Sea flood, thanks to which the Sea of ​​Azov was formed. A large flow of salt water caused a massive death of freshwater inhabitants of the lake, which became the source of the release of hydrogen sulfide from the depths of the sea.

I would like to note that the Black Sea almost always had names close to today’s. It is believed that the Scythian tribes who lived on the coast called the sea “dark”. The Greeks, in turn, changed the name and began to call the water area the “Inhospitable Sea.” This is associated with frequent storms and difficulties in passing the fairway. Some hydrologists have put forward a hypothesis according to which sailors since ancient times have noticed that anchors, when lifted from the depths, acquire a deep black color. This served as the prerequisite for the name of the sea.

Where are the Black and Azov Seas located: coordinates and dimensions

The Black Sea has an area of ​​more than four hundred thousand square kilometers, the length of the surface between the two most distant points is approximately five hundred and eighty kilometers. The volume of water in the water area is equal to five hundred and fifty cubic kilometers. The coordinates of the Black Sea lie between forty-six degrees thirty-three minutes and forty degrees fifty-six minutes north latitude and between twenty-seven degrees twenty-seven minutes and forty-one degrees forty-two minutes east longitude.

The area of ​​the Sea of ​​Azov is thirty-seven square kilometers, the length between the most distant points is equal to three hundred and eighty kilometers. The sea coordinates lie between 45°12′30″ and 47°17′30″ north latitude and between 33°38′ and 39°18′ east longitude.

Depth

The Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov differ significantly from each other. First of all to an ordinary person The differences in depth are striking. The fact is that the depth of the Azov Sea is constantly changing. Scientists are seriously concerned about the trend towards shallowing of the Azov waters. At the moment, the sea is one of the smallest in the world, and the process of shallowing is gaining momentum and becoming more active every year. According to the latest data, the average depth of the Sea of ​​Azov is only seven meters, the deepest place in the entire water area is thirteen and a half meters.

The Black Sea has a heterogeneous bottom topography. Therefore, the depth in different areas differs significantly. The maximum depth reaches two thousand meters. In the Yalta area, the average depth is five hundred meters, and this mark is reached already several kilometers from the coast.

It's amazing how interconnected everything is in our world. This also applies to the seas. Every schoolchild knows that the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov are connected to each other. It is a narrow strip of water, not exceeding four kilometers in width. The average depth of the strait is five meters.

Those who often visited the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov in Soviet times know that there is an absolutely unique place where you can see the contact of the two seas. If you come to Tuslova Spit, then on one side of you there will be the Sea of ​​Azov, and on the other - the Black Sea. Tourists claim that this spit is an unusually good place to relax. There are practically no people here, and the opportunity to swim in both seas at once cannot but delight unspoiled vacationers.

It is worth noting that in comparison with the Sea of ​​Azov, the waters of the Black Sea look lighter. Scientists find it difficult to say what this is connected with.

What does the sea coast look like?

The coasts of the Black and Azov Seas are significantly different from each other. Azov is represented by flat beaches with slightly indented relief. Most of the beaches are covered with sand; the Russian part is two hundred and fifty kilometers of coastal strip. A special feature of the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov are the alluvial spits; they usually protrude deeply into the water area and do not exceed five kilometers in width.

The length of the Russian part of the Black Sea coast is four hundred and fifty-seven kilometers. The coastal strip is slightly indented and is represented mainly by pebble beaches, which in some places are more than three hundred meters wide. The Black Sea is distinguished by a large number of islands, chaotically scattered throughout the water area.

Transparency and color of water masses

The Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov have different water compositions, which affects their color. If you look at the Black Sea on a sunny day, you will see how the water takes on a deep cobalt hue. This is due to the absorption of red and orange spectrum rays from the sun. The Black Sea is not one of the most transparent, but nevertheless, visibility on a clear day here reaches more than seventy meters.

The waters of the Azov Sea in calm weather have a greenish color, but the slightest wind immediately turns the water into a dirty yellow substance. This is explained by the large amount of phytoplankton that has filled the sea area. The fact is that shallow water with heated water is ideal for its development, which corresponds to the indicators of the Sea of ​​​​Azov. It is shallow depths that affect the transparency of the water; it is almost always cloudy with low visibility.

Flora and fauna of the seas

Hydrologists and oceanologists often compare the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov in terms of the richness of flora and fauna. This indicator reveals significant differences between the two water areas.

At one time, the Sea of ​​Azov had no competitors in terms of the quantity of fish; several fish were caught large companies. In recent years, the population of marine species has declined significantly. According to oceanologists, more than one hundred and three species of fish live in the Sea of ​​Azov. Almost all of them are commercial:

• herring;
• stellate sturgeon;
• sprat;
• flounder and so on.

The Black Sea is considered relatively poor in terms of marine life, because at depth, due to hydrogen sulfide emissions, life is simply impossible. The sea is home to about one hundred and sixty species of fish and five hundred species of crustaceans. But phytoplankton is represented by six dozen species, as opposed to two species in the Azov Sea.

Despite the fact that the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov are located nearby and even have a common border, they differ significantly from each other. Some of these differences can only be determined by scientists, while some are clearly visible even to ordinary vacationers, who often prefer the coast of these seas to foreign resorts.

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Introduction

The problem of the introduction of alien species into ecology is not new. In recent years, interest in this problem has increased sharply, especially in the ecology of freshwater bodies and coastal zones of the seas, which is caused by the enormous costs of combating the consequences of invasions of new species.

The purpose of the work is to consider the situation with invasive species in the Black and Azov Seas. This is important because these seas have repeatedly served as transit reservoirs during the spread of new species to the Caspian and Aral Seas.

A number of environmental explosions associated with invaders have already occurred in the Black Sea. The last and most famous example is Mnemiopsisleidyi (Ctenophora). The successful development of the Black and Azov Seas by invaders is not accidental. Like most partially saline seas, the Black Sea is characterized by reduced biodiversity and, consequently, less resistance to invasion by alien species. The huge specific catchment area of ​​the Black Sea (it is almost 5 times the area of ​​the sea), the high population density in the catchment area, together with the intensive use of natural resources, lead to accelerated destabilization of the sea ecosystem, which also, in turn, contributes to the success of invaders. The intensity of shipping in the Black Sea is growing: for example, in 1938, 4,500 ships passed through the Bosphorus Strait (average tonnage of a vessel 7,500 tons), in 1985 - 24,100 (105,500 tons), in 1996 - 49,952 (156,057 tons).

Today, the study of invasive species of the Azov-Black Sea basin is important for scientists, because only by thoroughly studying this phenomenon can the situation be stabilized, native species preserved and fish species of commercial importance acclimatized.

Characteristics of the Black and Azov Seas

The Black and Azov Seas play a major role in the economic life of Crimea. The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. The temperature of sea water (on the surface) off the South Coast is lowest in February - March, from 6 to 8 °; in July - September it averages above 20°. The water temperature in the summer, especially in the coastal zone, fluctuates depending on the winds due to the wind driving away the warm surface layer and the rise of the deeper, colder layers of water.

The salinity of the Black Sea, desalinated by powerful rivers (Danube, Dnieper and other less significant ones), is relatively low: in the upper layers it is 17-18‰. The water of the Mediterranean Sea has a salinity of up to 39‰. The lighter (due to lower salinity) upper layers of the Black Sea flow through narrow straits - the Bosporus and Dardanelles - into the Mediterranean Sea. The deeper, heavier waters of the Sea of ​​Marmara move in the opposite direction.

The Black Sea is the deepest of the seas in the European part of our country. In the central part of the basin, depths reach more than 2200 meters. Oxygen almost does not penetrate to a depth of 200 m and below, and there the water is highly saturated with hydrogen sulfide.

The presence in the Black Sea (deeper than 200 m) of a huge layer of denser and saltier water, saturated with hydrogen sulfide, until recently led to “the idea of ​​the poverty of organic life in the Black Sea and, as a result, low value even the surface layer in commercial terms. Hydrological studies by Soviet scientists have refuted this misconception about the Black Sea1. It turned out that it is not only not poor in nutrients and plankton, but is even much richer than the Mediterranean Sea. Studying the marine fauna, Soviet biologists showed that some fish that were considered rare for the Black Sea are widespread here. These include sprat (small herring fish), bonito (from the mackerel family) and huge tuna fish. Although bonito and tuna go to the Mediterranean Sea for the winter, they also reproduce abundantly in the Black Sea. Sprat is common in the open waters of the Black Sea and serves as the main food for dolphins.

The fish resources of the open waters of the Black Sea are extremely large, but are still far from sufficiently developed.

Commercial fish include beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, herring, gobies, sprat, anchovy (Black Sea anchovy), Azov anchovy, mullet, mackerel, red mullet, flounder, mackerel, bonito, garfish, sea bass, stingray, silverside, sea crucian, etc. In addition, there are some species of fish that have no commercial significance.

The main role in the fisheries of Crimea is played by anchovy, Azov anchovy, mullet, horse mackerel, beluga, flounder, mackerel, herring, bonito.

Compared to the Azov Sea, the Black Sea is poorer in food, so fish come here mainly in winter to warm themselves in its warm waters. In the spring, huge schools of fish - anchovy, herring, silverside, red mullet, mullet, mackerel, etc. - quickly move to spawn through the Kerch Strait into the Sea of ​​Azov. Here they remain in the rich “fish pasture” until autumn, and for the winter they return to the Black Sea waters. Fish passes through the Kerch Strait from September to November. The autumn fishing season is longer than the spring one, since the fish do not quickly leave the Sea of ​​Azov - its main food base.

During the fishing season, several times more fish are caught in the Kerch Strait than in all fishing areas of Crimea combined. The main commercial fish in the Kerch Strait are anchovy and herring.

In the Black Sea, dolphins are also of commercial importance. Of these, the most common dolphins here are the white-sided dolphin and the bottlenose dolphin. The herd of dolphins in the Black Sea numbers more than half a million.

The Sea of ​​Azov is the smallest and shallowest of our seas (depth does not exceed 15 m); the water in it is highly desalinated by the Don and other rivers. In winter, the sea is covered with ice.

In summer, the water of the Azov Sea, due to its shallowness, mixes well and warms up greatly, reaching 29-31° on the surface in July. These conditions are favorable for the development of organic life. The Azov Sea is one of the first places in the world in terms of its productivity and richness in flora and fauna. It is unusually rich in plankton, mollusks and algae. The development of planktonic algae in the summer during the flowering period reaches such proportions that the sea literally “blooms” and the water turns greenish or greenish-brown. The amount of algae at this time is about 270 g per 1 m3 of water. The bottom fauna of the sea is also abundant, reaching an average of 400 g per 1 m2 in autumn.

The richness of organic matter (which serves as food for fish) contributes to the enormous distribution of fish in the Sea of ​​​​Azov. Over 100 species of fish live here. Of commercial importance in the Sea of ​​Azov, the mouths of the Kuban and Don, are mainly pike perch, bream, carp, stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, and herring. Sea fish are also common - mullet, flounder, anchovy and others.

The Black and Azov Seas play a large role in the economic life of Crimea, not only due to their natural resources, but also as important routes of communication with other areas of the Azov-Black Sea basin.

What is the difference between the Sea of ​​Azov and the Black Sea? The differences between them are cardinal. It’s easier to say what the similarities between these bodies of water are. Perhaps only in one: Azov and Black Sea, connected by the Kerch Strait, form a single Black Sea-Azov basin, which in turn is an internal basin of the Atlantic Ocean.

Geographical position

The Sea of ​​Azov had quite a few names, the most famous are Blue ocean And Russian Sea. The current name, Azov, comes from the city of Azov, located on the east coast. The reservoir is located in the northeastern part of the Black Sea region.

Due to the fact that only the small Kerch Peninsula separates it from the Black Sea, some scientists are inclined to consider the Sea of ​​Azov as a kind of Black Sea gulf, its area is 37600 km2. The largest dimensions in length and width are 343x231 km, respectively.

This sea is the shallowest in the world. On average, the depth fluctuates at the level 5-7 meters, maximum depths do not exceed 15 meters. This is due to the extremely small volume of water - about 256 km3. The sea has 16 bays and estuaries, among them the largest are Taganrog- in the eastern part and Sivash Bay - in the western part. A characteristic feature of the Sea of ​​Azov is a fairly large number of coastal spits. There are no islands, only shallows. Only two countries are washed by the waters of the Sea of ​​Azov - Russia and Ukraine.

The maritime boundaries have not yet been determined. The sea is entirely located in the steppe zone, on flat terrain. Volcanic rocks on the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov do not reach the surface, which is why the coast along almost its entire length is muddy or sandy. There are small outcrops of limestone on the coast of the Taman and Kerch Peninsulas. The river flow is formed by two large rivers - the Don and the Kuban, as well as many small rivers.

The Black Sea is approximately larger than the Sea of ​​Azov 11 times, it is called Black because of the high content of hydrogen sulfide at a depth of more than 120 meters. Metal objects, falling to this depth become black. In the northern part of the sea is the Crimean Peninsula, and, being part of the Crimean Peninsula, the Kerch Peninsula. The water surface area is 422000 km2.

Length from west to east – 1130 km, from North to South - 600 km. This body of water is one of the deepest in the world's oceans. The average depth is 1270 m, the maximum reaches 2245 m, volume - 547000 km3. There are more than 40 bays in the sea. The largest bays are Tamansky, Sinopsky, Odessky, Karkinitsky and Kalanitsky. There is only one relatively large island in the sea - Zmeiny. The Black Sea washes the coasts of 6 states.

In the northwestern part - this is mainly the coast of Ukraine and Romania, the sea has gently sloping shores and sandy beaches. The shores are composed of sedimentary rocks. The western coast, which borders Bulgaria, along with gently sloping shores, also has rocky areas, due to the Balkan Mountains. The Turkish coast in the south is almost entirely rocky, as it is backed by the Pontic Mountains. The Caucasus Range is located on the southeastern and eastern coasts, which is why the shores here are also rocky. The river flow is formed by the Danube, Southern Bug and Dnieper. In addition, there are a large number of small rivers.

In the southwestern part, the sea is connected through the Bosphorus Strait to the Sea of ​​Marmara. This strait passes through Turkish territory.

Salinity

Due to the small volume of the Sea of ​​Azov, the composition of its water largely depends on river flow. In essence, the water of the Azov Sea is black sea ​​water, mixed with water from flowing rivers. On average, salinity is low - in the central part it is about 13 ppm. In the Taganrog Bay, the water is absolutely fresh, since it is into this bay that the Don flows, in addition, the Taganrog Bay is located at a considerable distance from the Black Sea. As you approach the Kerch Strait, salinity increases, reaching 17 ppm.

The Black Sea is characterized by a higher level of salt content - 18 ppm on the surface and 22 ppm at a depth of more than 500 meters, but still, in comparison with other bodies of water in the world's oceans, the level of salt content in the Black Sea is low. The composition of the water is influenced by the Sea of ​​Marmara, but since the salinity of the Sea of ​​Marmara is higher, its waters are heavier and go deeper.

Fish stocks

The fishing value of the Azov Sea is incredibly high. Until the 50s of the 20th century, it was the most productive body of water in the world in terms of fish stocks. Azov sturgeon and sterlet were unique in taste, but the hydraulic construction that began in the 50s on the Don and Kuban had a detrimental effect on the reproduction of fish. The presence of dams has blocked access to spawning grounds, and poaching also causes terrible damage to fish stocks.

However, the water world of the Azov Sea contains about 80 species of fish- These are both marine and freshwater fish. Today, annual production is about 30,000 tons.

The Black Sea is characterized by rather small fish stocks. Salt water is unsuitable for freshwater fish. As for marine fish, the situation is the opposite - marine fish do not tolerate the rather low salt content in Black Sea water. In addition, due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, at a depth of more than 100 meters there is no fauna at all. More than 180 species of fish have been recorded in the Black Sea, but no more than 30 of them are commercially available. Unlike the Azov Sea, mammals live in the Black Sea - 3 species of dolphins. In addition to fish, mussels and algae are also of commercial importance.

Ports and resort areas

The Sea of ​​Azov does not have convenient bays necessary for navigation, but its main disadvantage is shallow water. Azov ports are located in the cities of Berdyansk, Mariupol, Taganrog, Rostov-on-Don, Yeysk, Temryuk. For the above reasons, large ocean-going ships cannot enter the ports of the Azov Sea - this determines the small cargo turnover of the ports and their poor development.

The popularity of the Azov Sea resorts is also low. The reasons are the opacity of the water and the monotony of the coastal landscape. Hence the poor development of resort infrastructure.

Due to the deep water, the ports of the Black Sea are characterized by large cargo turnover. The Black Sea coast of all countries has 43 ports. The largest ports are Novorossiysk, Odessa, Constanta, Varna, Trabzon, Batumi.

The mild climate, natural beauty and clear sea water make the Black Sea resorts very popular. The infrastructure of the resorts is relatively developed - this attracts a significant number of vacationers.