Over time, everything secret becomes clear, and the origin of Russian words gradually becomes accessible not only to the priesthood, but also to all those who begin to take an interest in their history. The depth and simplicity of the meaning of Russian words is amazing. We are accustomed to our words as something ordinary, natural and have completely stopped noticing the true meaning inherent in them.

Or maybe it’s not hidden at all, it lies on the surface, it’s just as if dust is lying on our consciousness, we don’t see what is obvious, and when suddenly something blows this dust away from our consciousness, then such amazing things are revealed as recently the meaning of the word “ Dinosaur».

This is how various dictionaries interpret this word “ An extinct reptile of the Mesozoic era that reached enormous sizes" Or Ushakov’s dictionary makes an attempt to understand where this word comes from. This is what they propose to believe - (from Greek. den- long ago and saura- lizard (paleon.)). An extinct reptile of enormous size.

Compare with what came to my mind and tell me whose version is more plausible?
Dinosaur– a wonderful saurus – a wonderful beast! And somehow it got by without the Latin alphabet. Why am I sure that my version is correct, because traces of humans and dinosaurs were found long ago in the same archaeological layer, this suggests that our ancestors saw dinosaurs and lived with them side by side. Accordingly, they could well call it that.

Read the origin of Russian words and be amazed

This is where the words psalter come from - carries psalms, monastery - a place where monks serve.

The prefix “so” generally plays a huge role in the word formation of Russian words. Co is a designation for something together, that’s how it was born

Sun God Ra and the Slavs

With the word "Ar"We figured out that this is the earth, but there is an equally magical syllable - the word " Ra" Co school years we were told that in Egypt there was such a sun god, Ra.

It turns out that not only in Egypt. In scientific circles, although with difficulty, it is almost universally recognized that “Ra” means sunlight and the Slavs, no less than the Egyptians, revered the Sun God, or more precisely, the Sun God, that is, the Sun is one of the names of God, who was revered and which the Slavs worshiped.

The word “Ra” permeates Russia in many very important words for us, the meaning of which we do not hear in everyday life. Read now with new knowledge the long-known words:

What about the word Ra do not remember the origin of the word Russia. It turns out that the Volga River, which starts from the Valdai and Central Russian Uplands in the North and descends into the Caspian Sea in the South of Russia, was originally called Ra! A huge river practically divides the entire European part of Russia in half. It is no wonder that the Russians have a huge layer of history associated with this river.

According to information from Wikipedia, the first known name of the Volga sounds like “Ra,” Herodotus wrote about this. The habitat (note, again “ar”), that is, the nearby lands around the river, this was called Ra-seya, that is, the radiance of light, the radiance of ra, the solar land.
About the fact that "ra" ig ra What plays a huge role in our lives is how many significant words this syllable has, and in all these words the meaning of this syllable is clearly visible - light.
For example,
Faith- trust the light. Rather, even in this context, “ra” means the Almighty, that is, I believe in God. Remember what the bible says “If you have faith the size of a mustard seed and say to this mountain, “Move from here to there,” and it will move; and nothing will be impossible for you" (Mt 17:20).

Despite the extremely negative attitude of many Slavophiles towards the Bible, I do not hesitate to quote from, because everywhere you can find the reasonable and eternal. And I don’t think it’s constructive to deny everything indiscriminately.
Let's continue

Let's remember the lighting devices, surprisingly, there are plenty of " ra»
Chandelier, sconce, ramp, headlight. Whether it's a coincidence or not, it's a fact!

A less obvious light is visible in the words literature, literacy, satire, truth, era, paradise, aura, chakra, Kama Sutra.

Alexey from July 28, 2015 11:15 from July 28, 2015 11:29 Alexey from July 28, 2015 12:48 from July 28, 2015 21:25 Alexey from July 28, 2015 21:37 from July 28, 2015 21:40 Alexey from July 28, 2015 21:50 Dmitry from October 23, 2015 23:52 Valentina from November 7, 2015 23:42 Russian order. from November 8, 2015 00:19 from November 8, 2015 08:29 Nikolay from November 20, 2015 20:50 Andrey from January 15, 2016 15:00 from January 15, 2016 15:02 Andrey from January 15, 2016 18:28 Andrey from January 15, 2016 18:35 Andrey from January 16, 2016 11:58 Woodpecker-Gnawed-Duplo-In-the-Galaxy from October 1, 2016 00:05 from October 1, 2016 07:13 Mikhail from October 24, 2016 13:40 from October 24, 2016 21:46 Putilov from October 25, 2016 07:48 Etymologist from October 27, 2016 18:51 Alexey from October 28, 2016 10:14 from October 28, 2016 22:20 Georgy Novorossiysk from December 8, 2016 15:50 Georgy Novorossiysk from December 8, 2016 15:57 from 8 December 2016 20:41 Dmitry from December 9, 2016 07:44 from December 9, 2016 09:21 Dmitry from December 9, 2016 14:16 Dmitry from December 9, 2016 14:20 Dmitry from December 9, 2016 14:24 Dmitry from December 9, 2016 14 :28 from December 9, 2016 14:43 Georgy Novorossiysk from December 11, 2016 11:50 from December 11, 2016 14:55 Dmitry from December 12, 2016 07:20 Rostislav from December 15, 2016 13:29 rafail from December 28, 2016 16:08 Putilov from December 29, 2016 07:12 from December 29, 2016 09:28 rafail from December 29, 2016 20:16 rafail from December 29, 2016 20:21 rafail from December 29, 2016 20:25 Evgeniy from January 26, 2017 19:49 Ragaved from May 16 2017 01:24 Andrey Vorsov from May 18, 2017 06:29 Pavel from June 2, 2017 10:55 from June 2, 2017 11:32 Mikhail from June 2, 2017 11:43 Alexey from June 2, 2017 18:55

People have always wanted to know where everything in the world came from. How did our Earth, Moon, and stars originate? When did the first plants and animals appear? And people have always been interested in learning how the words of our language originated. Even a special science was born that began to study the history of the origin of words. It's called etymology.

Topic: Vocabulary. Phraseology

Lesson: Etymology of Russian words

Etymology is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words.

It turns out that the words are historically related thimble, ring, gloves. They highlight an ancient root associated with an obsolete word finger, that is finger. We put a thimble on our finger, a ring serves as a decoration for our finger, and gloves help us warm our fingers.

Nowadays, special etymological dictionaries are being created. The dictionary entry of such a dictionary provides the following information:

Originally Russian word or borrowed;

The source language from which the borrowed word came;

From what source word or phrase and using what method is it formed;

Which related words exist for this word at the present time;

What sound and semantic changes have occurred in the word.

The etymology of the numeral is interesting fourty. This word was originally a noun and served as the name of a bag. It was customary among the Eastern Slavs to sell sable skins for 40 pieces (this is how many skins were needed to sew a fur coat). These 40 skins were placed in a bag called fourty. Over time, the name was transferred: first fourty- it’s just a “bag”, then fourty- a bag containing 40 sable skins, and then - fourty like four dozen of any objects! This is how a numeral was formed from a noun.

Knowing the etymology of some words helps us avoid mistakes when writing them. Spelling words valley And overcome can explain their etymological “relatives” - words dol, that is, the bottom, and hem- bottom edge of the dress. A valley is a lowland between mountains. We say: mountains and valleys. To defeat an enemy or a horseman originally meant to defeat him, to throw him into the valley, that is, down. That's why we write words valley And overcome with the letter O at the root, checking them with a word dol(or hem).

Etymology of words peer And peer also helps to spell them correctly. Peer- this is the one who has lived the same number of springs with you; your same age, born in the same spring. Word peer- a person of the same age as you - goes back to the common Slavic root verst in meaning age, and later a measure of length. The following rhyme helps you remember the spelling of these vocabulary words:

The peer will grow a mile away. The same age grew all spring.

In a word temple the letter I is written, since in origin it is associated with the verb hang (hang) and originally meant a hanging strand of hair.

Etymological scientists studying the history of the origin of words have discovered some ancient suffixes, which in our time are not distinguished as significant parts of a word during morphemic parsing.

Words fat, feast were once formed from verbs live, drink using an ancient suffix -R; Using the old suffix - og from the word feast the word was formed pie, and from the verb create(with the primary meaning of “knead, stir”) - cottage cheese.

Now we do not highlight in the word window, whose origin is associated with the word eye, that is eye, suffix - n-. However, we do not single out the suffix - ts- in a word ring, which is historically derived from the word colo- circle.

Etymology is loved by both adults and children. And who wouldn’t want, for example, to find out why a witch is called a witch, a bear is called a bear, and an ignoramus is called an ignoramus.

It turns out that all these words come from the same verb know, that is, to know. Witch - “knowledgeable, healer.” Once upon a time this word did not have a disapproving meaning. The witch knew healing herbs, knew how to help sick people. And when fairy tales about evil witches appeared, the word changed its meaning. Ignorant - "little knowledgeable person" This word is usually used to describe people who not only know little, but also do not want to know more and are hostile to knowledge. The bear is an animal that knows. That is, he knows and loves honey. Why was this name assigned to the bear? Superstitious hunters considered it dangerous to name the animals they were going to hunt, and gave them new names, “mask” names. Name bear replaced the previous name, which in Latin sounded like this: “ursus”.

Homework

Task No. 1

Using an etymological dictionary, tell about the origin of 5-6 words.

Task No. 2

Try to create your own story about the origin of a word, then compare your version with the explanation in an etymological dictionary.

1. Etymology of “school” words ().

Literature

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.

2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.

3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

Build.
Where is the root in the word “build”?
It seems that everything is clear - “build(th)”. That's how it is.
But there is a not immediately noticeable prefix in this word - “s”. And without this prefix, all that remains is three.
In ancient times they learned to build huts and tents. First of all, you need to place or stick several poles into the ground at an angle and tie or otherwise secure several poles. At least three perches. Two will not hold. They will fall. And you won’t get a hut or a tent. But tie three together, cover them with branches - a hut, stretch the skin over three poles - a tent. Protection from rain and cold. But, first of all, you need to connect three poles together, s-triple!
So in the word “build” the ancient root is “tr(i)”
***

Shoes.
The verb "about-at-vit". Two prefixes “ob-” and “y-”. Attached to the verb "vit". And in the verbal noun “ob-u-v” only “v” remains from this root. After all, what kind of shoes did most people have in the old days? Rarely did anyone wear leather shoes in summer in everyday life, and more often only bast shoes. They were made from the bark of suitable trees or from something else. Perhaps in ancient times they did not twist bast shoes separately, but rather something like windings made of leather, strips of fabric, or tree bark were wound directly onto the leg. Wrap your legs with something, and that’s okay. Still not with bare feet. On your feet Ob-u-v! And if you think deeper, is it the same in the verb “vit” - the first letter “v” is very similar to a prefix, and the very ancient root of this verb is “it”?
***
Cloud.
Clouds cover the sky. First there was a cloud. But it was simplified to “cloud”.
***

Thimble. Confidant.
The first word is quite clear. On the finger, i.e. puts on the finger. But a confidant is a close friend, confidant, who is trusted with innermost thoughts and secrets. Confidant - from the ancient word “persi”, which in Old Church Slavonic and ancient Russian meant breast. The confidant is close to the heart, and the heart is in the chest. A confidant is someone who is warmed on the chest.
I remember once we were traveling as a group on a bus to Sergiev Posad, then called Zagorsk. Among us there was one who liked to boast of his knowledge of old words. Yes, I got it a little mixed up. We are approaching Zagorsk. An expert on old words proclaims to the whole bus: “Prepare Percy. They will have a lot of work to do." He meant that the fingers (fingers) should be folded and the three fingers should be crossed many times near churches and icons. But he believed that fingers and persies were the same thing. But percy is breasts. There were also women among us. Of the men, only honored priests aggravate the Persians, who can be awarded a pectoral, that is, a pectoral cross. Old words must be handled with care. To avoid getting into trouble.
***

Goof.
Experts are almost unanimous regarding the etymology of the expression “get into trouble.” When ropes were twisted on a special installation, get the edge of your clothing into the “hole”, i.e. it was very dangerous to go to that place where many ropes are first combed with a huge comb, and sweats are woven together into a thick rope or rope with a rotating wheel. They came up with another explanation. Like, the guys were teased like that. Probably a hoax? And then it would have been written with two “es”.
***

Disappear.
In ancient times the word "path" was often used. This was the name for any path, road, path.
A pedestrian was walking or a horseman was riding along the road, along the path. And another person follows him along the same path. A man looks - the one moving ahead is not visible, he is no longer on the path. Perhaps he turned somewhere. But he disappeared from the path, “out of the path”, later it turned into “disappeared”.
***

In a hurry.
One experienced person said:
- Yes, everything has happened in life. Once on the road, all of us men spent the night in the same hut. It's calm and quiet all around. The hut is heated and hot. Strip down to your underwear. Well, out of caution, I put the sword, helmet and shield next to me, as always. You never know. I sleep peacefully. But suddenly, in the middle of the night, somewhere in the village they shout: “Tartare!!!” Some huts are already on fire. You can hear the Russians trying to defend themselves from the Tatars. Apparently, there are not so many attackers. There was no time to get dressed. I just managed to put the mantle on my head, grabbed a shield and a sword, and in the clothes I slept in, I ran out of the hut in a hurry to fight off the Tatars.
In the old days in Rus', underpants were called popykha. Why were they called popykhas? Is it because they shoved their feet into them?
***
Stun.
Yes, if they hit him hard, even with a flail, or even with a sword, on the helmet (on the helmet), even if the helmet can withstand the blow, then they will seriously stun the person.
***

Since ancient times, there was an Indo-European root “jar” or “jer”, which had the meaning “year” (German “Jahr” - “year”). In the Proto-Slavic language, the root “yar” was also found with the meaning “spring”, “spring”, “hot”; from this root "yar" - our words "spring" ("spring sowing"), "yaritsa" ("wheat sown in spring"), "yarka", "yarochka" - a young lamb of spring droppings, according to some etymologists, such , as a “lark” (“yaro-voronok” - “spring bird”).
And then there are three lines of meaning for the root “yar”:
“bright” - “light”, “very light”;
“rage” - “anger”, “ardor”, ancient Russian God Yarilo (sun), name Yaroslav;
“ardent” – not only “ardent”, but also “spring”; “spring” – not only “ardent”, but also “spring”; “Vernalization” is a technology that processes winter wheat into “spring” wheat.
From the same root the word “fair” came from the German language (German “Jahrmarkt” - “annual, annual market”).
In Ukrainian, “yar” is a ravine (ravines arise in the spring from flows of melting water)
***
Dire wolf
The name of one of the Western Slavic tribes is Lyutich. The Slavic name for the month of February, when wolf packs were especially angry, is lute. This name for February remains today in Ukraine and Belarus. The wolf was called fierce. But the word “wolf” still continued to be used, perhaps this word wolf is also an allegory of the real, already forgotten name of this dangerous animal. Maybe the word "wolf" is related to the word "volok"? Is a wolf the one who “drags and drags away” its prey? In German, the name for wolf became "wolf".
***
Bear.
The ancient Slavic hunters worshiped totem animals, whose names were forbidden to be pronounced. The Old Slavonic name for a bear is “ber”, which meant brown. Perhaps “brown” is also an allegorical name for a dangerous or totemic animal. But the name of this beast - “ber” - disappeared from the languages ​​of the Eastern Slavs. It was a beast that cannot be called by its real name. If you call the animal by its real name, it will hear and understand that the conversation is about it. He immediately appeared, deciding that he had been called. What a horror! Dangerous! Therefore, this dangerous beast was called allegorically in conversation - “the one who eats honey”, “knows honey”, “bear”. All that remains from the ancient nickname of the bear “ber” is “den” - the lair of the bear. This is the only word in the Russian language that is now reminiscent of the old name for the bear.
***

Beef.
The Russian word "ark" is very transparent: kov, gov - this is both a bull and a cow, in a word, any individual of cattle; cheg - pile, palisade, log for slaughtering. In essence, the ark is a fenced-in corral, a barnyard, a shelter for livestock.
Pig meat is pork, sheep meat is lamb. But the meat of a bull or cow is not beef or beef, but beef. The old name for cattle “gov”, “beef” remained in the name of the meat of cattle - bull, ox, cow - “gov-poison”, food made from animal meat called “gov”. Bull, cow, ox are widely used words. But cattle are so familiar to Russians that it was important to know specifically the characteristics of this type of domestic animal. The general name of this beast has been forgotten. Pigs can be boars, horses can be mares and stallions, cats gathered together - they are also cats, they are also cats, and dogs, otherwise dogs, can also be of different sexes. But when we count cows, bulls, oxen - all together without analyzing gender and other characteristics - then we use a complex generalizing concept - so many heads of cattle!
And so the word “gov” was preserved in the name of meat, food from an animal called “gov” - beef-poison, beef! Or maybe in the word “fast”? Everyone will remember one more modern Russian word that retains the root “gov”. And once upon a time this word was simply a synonym for the adjective “cow”.

***
Absurdity, absurdity, red, ore, ore, chervonets
There was such a word in the languages ​​of the Eastern Slavs - “blindness”. Since there is “absurdity,” it means that the word “absurdity” once existed. Indeed, the words “beauty” and “beauty” meant the concept that we now call “beauty.” The Russians called “lepoe” both “beautiful” and “red”. Red maiden, red sun, they are not red, but simply beautiful. And Red Square in Moscow was so named in ancient times because it is beautiful and ceremonial.
The color red was first called "ore". For the Czechs even now the Red Army is the “Ore Armada”. But for Russians now ore is only a synonym for the word red. Blood, since it is red in color, was first called “ore”. When the mineral - brown iron ore - became important, its veins in the ground were considered the blood vessels of the earth and began to be called “ore”, i.e. blood. Then this name spread to ores of other metals.
The Russians liked everything that was red so much that they began to call everything “sculpted” “beautiful.” And the Ukrainians still say: “What is licorice, what is good, what is red, what is garne.” Red paint was made in ancient times from scale insects. The scale insect is such a special insect. Chevets were collected at the height of summer. That’s why Ukrainians call this summer month of July “cherven.” And the red variety of high-grade gold began to be called red gold. Coins made from such gold were called chervonets.

***
To enchant - with a witch's spell (diminutive - charka) to circle a person and intoxicate him, to bewitch him.
A sorcerer is one who acts with a witchcraft spell (diminutive - charka).
Enchantment – plural from the word chara (diminutive - charka), the effect on a person of a witch's glass
***

Dragonfly.
Everyone knows the insect “Dragonfly”. But how can we understand the conversation between the Ant and the Dragonfly in Krylov’s fable:
“- Gossip, this is strange to me!
Did you work during the summer?
- I sang everything!
- Did you sing everything? This business!
So go and dance!”
Have you heard a dragonfly sing? Dragonflies don't sing. And the flight of dragonflies hardly resembles a dance.
The fact is that in this fable Krylov did not write about the insect that in our time we call a dragonfly. In the times of Krylov and Lermontov, a grasshopper was called a dragonfly. It’s logical - the grasshopper chirps. That's why it was called a dragonfly. The grasshopper makes trills, and its jumps are graceful and dance-like. Only the dragonfly, which was actually a grasshopper, could sing and dance. That’s why Lermontov wrote the words in his poem “Mtsyri”: “And dragonflies lively trill.” Of course, this is not the trill of the current dragonfly, but of the insect that we now call the grasshopper.
***
In Russian, the word “pencil” is a clear Turkic word: KARA – black, DASH – stone.
Indeed, inside the wooden “packaging” of a modern pencil there is a “black stone”, a rod made of hard graphite.
In German, a pencil is a bleishtip - a lead rod.
In Ukrainian, a pencil is olivets, but it is not tin; in the old Ukrainian language the word “olivo” used to mean lead, and the old Ukrainian word “tsina” (German das Zinn) corresponded to the Russian and modern Ukrainian word “tin”.
***
Old Russian “conversation” is a borrowing from the Old Church Slavonic language, going back to the Common Slavic beseda, formed from bez(s) and sed-a, which roughly means “long, lengthy conversation.” Presumably the prefix bez(s) means “outside the house”, “outside” (i.e. originally “conversation” - “a long conversation in the open air”). In my opinion, the word “conversation” comes from the expression “without sitting,” which meant a conversation while standing, “without sitting.”
***
Dumplings.
I found the etymology of the word “dumplings” on the website www.site - on the page of the author Viktor Prokhorkin “Mother-in-law’s dumplings”:
PELMENI – distorted from the Permyak “pelnyani” (pel - ear and nyan - dough: dough ear).
Dumplings came to Russian cuisine at the end of the 14th century - beginning of the 15th century from the Urals. Other nations also have dumplings, or rather, dumpling-like dishes, which have a different name and differ from real dumplings in the nature and composition of the filling, size and shape. These are Russian kundyums, Iranian and Azerbaijani dushpara, Lithuanian koltunai, Georgian khinkali, Uzbek manti, Mari podkogylyo, Ukrainian dumplings with meat, Turkmen Ogurjali balyk-berek, Italian ravioli, German maultaschen (maul - mouth, throat, + taschen - bags = bags for the mouth), Chinese Jiaozi, etc.

***
DARKNESS - darkness, darkness: “Complete darkness has come.”
DARKNESS is an Old Slavonic word. Acquired the meaning of “many”, “so much that it became dark.” Similar words are found in many Slavic and Baltic languages.
DARKNESS - in ancient Russian counting there are 10 thousand.
DARKNESS - (historical) military unit of 10 thousand people.
TEMNIK - (historical) commander of a military unit of 10 thousand people.
DARKNESS - a lot: “There were a darkness of people there.”
DARKNESS DARKNESS - (colloquial) countless numbers.

***
Jumble - disorder, turmoil, confusion, disordered mixture of something; outdated meaning - a mixture of different types of sugar dry jam, different types of sweets, nuts; antique card game, close to whist and preference.
The Mongols stopped killing or turning into slaves all the inhabitants of the conquered lands. It is more profitable to impose a tax on them, which can be claimed many times. But the population must be kept submissive. Mongol warriors were not used to living in houses. Their troops spent the night in tents near Russian villages. In the evenings, the Mongols sat around the fires, ate meat, drank intoxicating drinks and sang their ritual songs, which they called “erols”. Erols generally sounded out of tune, and even more so when drunken warriors sang them. Russian peasants, hearing these discordant songs of the Mongols, said to each other, shaking their heads: “The chaos begins again!”
***

Railway station.
Railways in Russia began to be built under Nicholas I. Naturally, the first railway was supposed to connect St. Petersburg with Tsarskoye Selo, where the royal palace was located. Nicholas I once visited England, and he liked the railway. So he decided to first build a small railway from St. Petersburg to his country residence. But some close associates began to convince the king that sparks from the chimney of the locomotive could be the cause of the fire. Therefore, when determining the location of the future Tsarskoye Selo railway station, the tsar decided to locate it away from the royal palace.
The construction of the railway was led by Professor of the Vienna Polytechnic Institute Franz Anton von Gerstner (1796 -1840), a Czech by nationality. He was the builder of the first public railway in Europe. Therefore, it was Gerstner who was given the privilege to build the Tsarskoye Selo railway.
In those days, the chief designer not only developed the project, but also commanded the construction process and was financially responsible for what was built. In case of commercial success of his brainchild, he received a considerable share of the profit. And if the railway station is located far from Tsarskoye Selo and its parks, then only royal guests and local residents will come. It’s just that St. Petersburg residents won’t travel back and forth to relax – they have to walk too far. Revenue from the operation of the railway depends on the number of passengers.
For this reason, the railway was extended to Pavlovsk, and a concert hall was built near the final station. Passengers could not only purchase a train ticket, but also pay for attending the concert, arrive in advance, and take a walk in Pavlovsky Park. The king did not mind. Not far from London, he visited a small park and entertainment center called Vauxhall, where people also arrived by rail. Therefore Pavlovskaya railway station and called it the Station. And it sounds like “vocal hall”. The construction of this first railway in Russia was completed in 1836, the carriages were already there, but the steam locomotive was delivered from England only the next year. Still, we decided to test the trailers. They were pulled along the rails by horses. This sample was most likely seen by Alexander Pushkin. He was interested in railroads and had articles on the subject.
Trains began traveling on the first railway in Russia in 1837. In the summer of 1838, the first concert season opened. The calculation was justified: the whole of secular St. Petersburg went to concerts in Pavlovsk in the summer. The railway, combined with a visit to the concert hall and walks in Pavlovsk Park, brought monetary success. Famous musicians and artists performed in this concert hall. Let's remember the film about Johann Strauss's tour "Farewell to St. Petersburg." The name "vokzal" subsequently became a common Russian word to designate any large railway station.
***

In 1842, it was decided to build a railway between St. Petersburg and Moscow. This railway was completed in 1851 and named Nikolaevskaya in honor of Nicholas I. The railway between St. Petersburg and Moscow is built in a straight line, but in one place it deviates from the straight line, forming a small arc. This deviation from a straight line is dictated by the features of the relief. A direct railway line was first built at this location. But the locomotive had to overcome a very steep climb. Sometimes the locomotives even skidded. We had to build a detour. But people claimed that Nicholas I was asked how to build this road. The king applied a ruler and drew a straight line on the map, but in the place where he pressed the ruler with his finger, the pencil circled the king's finger. railway laid along the route indicated by the king. When Nicholas I was told this anecdote, the Tsar laughed and replied: “Don’t dissuade me!” Nicholas I received a wonderful comprehensive education, including engineering. He knew how to draw.
***
Coin.
The word "coin" comes from one of the names of the Roman goddess Juno. Juno is the wife of the main god Jupiter, the goddess of birth, marriage, care, and also the patroness of the city of Rome. Her sacred geese were kept in the Temple of Juno on the Capitoline Hill. After these geese, with their loud cackling in the middle of a quiet night, saved Rome from attacking enemies, Juno received another nickname - “Coin,” which means “Warning One.” Since Juno was also the patroness of the Roman mint, the word “coin” began to refer to the mint and metal coins.
***
Cream, sour cream, reverse.
When fresh milk sits in the cellar for a while, a layer appears on its surface containing more fat than the rest of the milk below. I poured this fattier layer into another vessel - here you have delicious fresh cream! Later they began to separate the fattier part of the milk using centrifugal force. But they continue to call it cream. And the skim milk is poured through the return pipes of the centrifuge into tanks - this is return milk.
If you wait until the milk sours, then you won’t be able to salt the fatty top layer. I had to sweep this layer off the sour milk using something like a clean broom. Smel - here you have delicious fatty sour cream, as it is swept from whole sour milk!

***
Marriage, spouses - husband and wife.
Matrimony - from an ancient word meaning “joint harness.” Spouses - husband and wife, are “jointly harnessed”, i.e. bound by common obligations and concerns, common joy and common sadness.

***
Daughter-in-law - son's wife, daughter-in-law.
And the word “daughter-in-law” comes from the word “son”. At first they said “son”, i.e. son, son of Ovya, and then simplified - daughter-in-law.

***
The bride is the future wife,
Daughter-in-law - son's wife
Both words have the original meaning of unknown, unknown, alien. Unknown to her future husband and his loved ones.
***

Fist.
All Russians know this word. A fist is a clenched hand, a fist is convenient for striking in a fight. Kulak is a rich peasant, greedy, he wants to squeeze everything in his fist, that’s why he was nicknamed kulak.
But here’s what’s strange: the word “fist” is also in the Turkic languages ​​(in the Turkish language, in the Tatar language). But in these languages ​​the word "fist" means "ear"!
Didn’t this word come into Russian from Turkish or Tatar?
There were times when the Tatars and Russians were enemies. There was even Tatar yoke, when the Mongols and Tatars dominated a significant part of Rus'. This is the picture that appears. The Tatar stands in front of the Russian, demands something and threatens: if you don’t do it, then I’ll hit you in the ear. For greater persuasiveness, the Tatar brings his hand, clenched in a certain way, to the Russian’s head. Not fully understanding the Tatar language, the Russian sees a clenched hand in front of his face and hears the word “fist” repeated with emphasis. No, I don’t want this fist, the Russian thinks. We don’t know what the Russian did, whether he delivered a pre-emptive strike, or fulfilled the enemy’s demand, or simply ran away. But he firmly remembered the word “fist”. He was convinced that a fist is something that can hit you.

***
Fool.
All Russians know this word too. A fool is a stupid person. The word "fool" also exists in the Turkic languages ​​(in the Turkish language, in the Tatar language). But in these languages ​​the word "fool" means "Stop!" or simply "stop".
This is the picture that appears. A Tatar chases a Russian and shouts to him in Tatar: “Fool! Fool!”, i.e. “Stop! Stop!” Rusich runs away from his pursuer, either on his own two feet, or on horseback, and thinks: “I’m not a fool! The one who stops is the fool!”

Prophetic
"How is it going now? prophetic Oleg
Take revenge on the foolish Khazars"
A.S. Pushkin "Song about the prophetic Oleg"

Why is Prince Oleg of Kyiv called “prophetic”?
Based on the modern understanding of words, an interpretation suggests itself: prophetic is someone who can broadcast (speak), perhaps foretell (predict).
But the word “thing” in the Old Russian language was understood as “wisdom”. Of course, Pushkin could have written “How the wise Oleg is getting ready now” - and the rhythm of the verse was preserved, and the meaning was the same. But in the chronicle they wrote differently, and even in Pushka the expression “as now” and the word “prophetic” immediately create a feeling of antiquity and the relevance of the connection with modernity.

What I found on different sites about Russian words. You can go to the sites themselves using the link and read other information - something that seemed uninteresting or controversial to me. In particular, there are practically no religious meanings of the words. The point of view that most words with the particle Ra mean Divine light by the name of the Sun God Ra - paradise, joy, rainbow, beautiful - for all its attractiveness, does not seem proven to me, it is doubtful that we have the same God as in Ancient Egypt....

The word “sorcerer” comes from a corruption of the Russian “kolyadun” - one who sings carols during winter Christmastide (carols), celebrated in Rus' from December 23 to 31.

From School etymological dictionary of the Russian language

ORANGE- ... literally "Chinese apple"

GOD- Indo-European, related to the ancient Indian bhada
"lord", Persian baga "lord, god". Initial value -
"giving, allocating master; share, happiness, wealth." Religious significance is secondary

CHEESECAKE- V ancient Persia god Vatra - guardian of the home
hearth, 23 lunar day is His day and therefore you need to drink more milk,
there is cottage cheese and other dairy products, bake "VATRUSHKI" in which
Roast the nuts well. The indicated etymological connection is not just
coincidence, it also testifies to the cultural kinship of the Slavs and
Persians, and about their origin from the same root. Oral Avestan
legends say that a very long time ago, more than 40 thousand years ago, on
On the continent of Arctida in the Arctic Ocean there was a civilization
Aryans In ancient times this continent was called "Khair" - sometimes it
translated as "bear". As a result of some natural
cataclysm, Arctida sank to the bottom of the ocean simultaneously with
Atlantis, Pacifida and Lemuria. The saved Aryans went out to
The northeast of Europe and the Cis-Urals created a state
education - northern Khairat. Some of them moved on, and eventually
why in the Volga region, on a vast territory from the Urals to the Caspian Sea, another
one Khairat, where many thousands of years later lived the prophet Zarathustra (or
Zarathushtra) - Son of the Star. The words "Khair", "aria", "Haraiti"
(apparently, "Hairaiti" is the ancient name of the Ural Mountains) have one
root. As a result of several invasions of nomadic peoples from Asia
Aryans were forced to leave their homes. They passed the Northern and
Eastern Europe(their descendants here are Slavs, Balts, Scandinavians,
Scythians who have already left the historical arena). Some reached Western and
Southern Europe, others moved through Asia Minor to Persia and India.
This was the path of our ancient relatives - the Avestan and Vedic
Aryans There was a mixing of cultures. In India, the Vedas were created by the Aryans,
those. “Knowledge” (cf. verb “to know”); in Persia for several thousand years
later the knowledge of the ancients was restored and recorded in writing
Aryans - Avesta (words with the same root - “news” and “conscience”), i.e.
sacred knowledge of cosmic laws. The language of the ancient Aryans is Sanskrit.
It served as the basis for Indo-European languages, including the language
ancient Parsis

DOCTOR- formed using suf. -ch from lie “to speak”.
Originally - “speaker, magician”.

From the book by V.D. OsipovaRussians in the mirror of their language

True– this is what it really is. Truth comes from “is,” or rather from “is,” as this word was pronounced in ancient times.

This reminded me of the European verbs “to eat” - is, est, ist.....

Goodbye! It means “forgive me all insults, you will not see me again.” It means that this meeting was the last in this world, and therefore the custom of dying forgiveness and remission of sins comes into effect. The French and Italians in this case say “to God!” (respectively “adye” and “addio”).

Too much from “too”, that is, “with dashing”. Everything that was beyond measure was considered bad, evil, and dashing. From “dashing” also: “surplus”, “superfluous”.

burn. Literally: “to ascend upward.” In the old days, instead of "up" they said"grief". Hence the “upper room” (the bright room upstairs).

Good. Literally: "pleasing to Horos." Words are formed in a similar way in other languages. In English, "gud" is a good consonant of "year" - god. It’s the same in German: “gut” means good and “goth” means god.

Witch. Literally: “she who knows.” The witch has access to knowledge unknown to others. From the same base “ved” comes the name of the Vedas, the sacred books of the Vedic religion.

Garnish literally means "decoration". The French "garnish" means "to decorate." It is related to the Latin “ornament” and the Ukrainian “garniy” - beautiful. One of the first to use the word “side dish” in its current meaning was N.V. Gogol. In “Dead Souls” we read: “... a side dish, a larger side dish of any kind... And add beets as an asterisk to the sturgeon.”

Month. In ancient times, the change of lunar phases was also used to count time. The Russians also called the moon a month. Having switched to solar chronology, the Slavs did not abandon the usual word “month”, but began to call it 1/12 of the year. In one of his poems M. Yu. Lermontov writes:

The moon changed six times;
The war is long over...

In this “the moon changed” instead of “a month passed” is an echo of the former, lunar calendar inherited by the Muslim world.

I also remember the English Moon Moon and month month

The origin of the word barbarian is very interesting. IN Ancient Rus' the Greek letter β (beta) was read as the Russian “V” (ve). Therefore, such Greek names as Barbara are pronounced by us as Varvara, Balthazar - Balthazar. Our Basil is Basileus in ancient Greek, which means “royal.” Rebecca became Rebekah, and Benedict became Benedict. The god of wine Bacchus became Bacchus, Babilon became Babylon, Sebastopolis became Sevastopol, and Byzantium became Byzantium.

The ancient Greeks called all foreigners barbarians. This word was borrowed by the Romans, and its derivative barbaria began to mean: “rudeness,” “uneducation.” The Greek barbaros gave in Russian "barbarian": an ignorant, cruel, brutal person.

IN Ancient Greece medicine was at a very high stage of development. A lot of words created by Greek doctors thousands of years ago still exist in all languages, including Russian. For example, surgery.

For the Greeks, this word simply meant “handicraft”, “craft”, from hir - “hand” and ergon - “to do”. The word chirurgus (surgeon) in Greek meant... "hairdresser"!

Who remembers that in not so distant times, barbers not only shaved and cut their clients’ hair, but also pulled teeth, bled, applied leeches and even performed minor surgical operations, that is, they performed the duties of surgeons. In Pushkin's The captain's daughter" written:

“I was treated by the regimental barber, because there was no other doctor in the fortress.”

From the root hir and palmistry: fortune telling along the lines of the palm.

In zoology, the name of one of the lizards is known - hirot, given to it because its paws are similar to human hands.

And anatomy is a Greek word. This means it is a "dissection".

The origin of the word diphtheria is interesting. In Ancient Greece, diphthera simply meant skin, skin taken from a killed animal, film. The skin rotted and became a breeding ground for germs. Then they began to call any sticky disease diphtheria, but this name was retained only for diphtheria, an acute infectious disease that most often affects the tonsils of the pharynx and larynx.

Toxin means poison. This word went through a complex evolution before it received its current meaning.

In ancient Greece, toxicon meant "pertaining to archery." The arrows were smeared with poisonous plant juice, and gradually this juice began to be called a toxin, that is, poison.

When did it appear in Greece? firearms, they forgot about the antediluvian bows, but the old meaning of the word toxin - poison - remained in the language.

After the invention of the microscope, people saw that some microbes looked like rods; for example, the tuberculosis bacillus - "Koch bacillus". Here the Greek name for a staff or stick comes in handy - bacterium.

Interestingly, the Latin word bacillum also means “stick.” It was useful to designate another type of protozoan organism - bacilli.

And here are some more new words: microbe, microscope, micron, microphone and many others - formed from the Greek macro - small. And in Greece this is the name of children.

In their book “One-Story America,” Ilf and Petrov recall a trip to Greece: “We were given a five-year-old boy to guide us. The boy is called “micro” in Greek.” Micro led us, from time to time beckoning with his finger and benevolently parting his thick Algerian lips. .."

We all know the word grocery store. And a person who loves to eat well, a connoisseur of fine food, in Russian speaking - a glutton, is also called a gastronome.

This word is made up of two Greek roots: gaster - stomach and nomos - law. It turns out that a gastronome is a person who knows the “laws of the stomach,” but now we call people to whom the stomach dictates its laws.

The word is relatively new: it is not listed in Russian dictionaries of the late 18th century.

Who knows where the word katorga comes from?

The Greek word katergon meant a large rowing vessel with a triple row of oars. Later, such a ship began to be called a galley.

In the Old Russian language there were many names for ships: plows, boats, uchans, canoes. The Novgorod charter mentions boats, rafts and katargs. In the "Russian Chronicle" according to Nikon's list we read:

“The boyars took the queen, and noble maidens, and young wives, sending many on ships and boats to the islands” (“The boyars took the queen, and noble maidens, and young wives, sending many on ships and vessels to the islands”).

The work of the rowers on these ships was very hard, hard labor! Then they started putting criminals on these katargs - ships.

A very old word nasty. It is mentioned in the “Tale of Igor’s Campaign, Igor Svyatoslavich, Olgov’s grandson”:

“And Poganova Kobyakova from Lukomorye, From the iron, great Polovtsian regiments Like a whirlwind, she was torn away...”

In Latin paganus (paganus) means “villager”, “peasant”; Later they began to call the pagans this way, since the old beliefs persisted for a long time among the peasants.

Tomatoes in French are romme d'or (pom d'or) - golden apple (from the Italian pomi d'oro). But the French themselves call tomatoes tomatoes. This Aztec word came to France from South America. In the 16th century, the Aztecs, the indigenous inhabitants of Mexico, were exterminated by Spanish conquerors. That's what an ancient word is - tomatoes!

We don't say tomatoes, but tomato juice is called tomato juice

From the site Living Word

Boyarin. The word boyar comes from the merger of two words: bo and ardent, where bo is an indication, and ardent is close in meaning to the word light, fiery. Boyar means he is an ardent husband.

Word marriage in the meaning of marriage and the word marriage in the meaning of flaw are homonyms, that is, words with the same sound, but in no way related to each other in meaning. The word marriage (marriage) comes from the Old Church Slavonic language, in which it meant marriage and is formed from the verb brati (take) using the suffix -k (similar to know-sign). The connection of the word marriage with this verb is confirmed by the expression take in marriage, and there is also a dialect take - get married, Ukrainian got married - got married. By the way, in those days the word brother meant to carry. There is a version that the reverse process took place - from the word marriage, the verb brother came from.

Word marriage in the meaning of flaw comes from the German word brack - lack, defect, which in turn is derived from the verb brechen - to break, break. This borrowing occurred in Peter's times, and since then there have been two different marriages in the Russian language and another reason for a joke.

Den - the lair of Ber, the spirit of the elements, whose symbol is the bear. In English, a bear is still called Bär - bear, and also in German - Bär. From the root ber originate such words as amulet, shore.

Poor- the word comes from the word trouble. The poor is not the one who has little money, but the one who is haunted by troubles.

Antonym of word - word rich- also has nothing to do with money. Rich is the one who carries God within himself.

Know, know- the word is cognate with the Sanskrit veda (usually translated as “to know”) and words with the root vid (usually translated as “see”, “know”. Compare English wit- to know, to know, to find out; witch - witch; witness - witness, literally "saw"). Both words come from the "Proto-Indo-European root" weid.

Year, year- this word, until approximately the 16th century, meant a favorable period of time, and what we now call a year was previously called summer. Hence the words chronicle, chronology. Somewhere from the 16th century, the words year and summer received their modern meaning, but at the same time, the word summer is still sometimes used to refer to the calendar year, for example, in the word chronology. Most likely, the words year and year came from the same root, but later acquired different meanings. From them come such words as pogodi, weather, suitable, acceptable, suitable.

It is noteworthy that in foreign languages the branches descended from the root year retained the meaning of something good, favorable. Compare:

good (English), gut (German), god (Swedish) - good;
God (English), Gott (German) - God.

The words jahr (German), year (English), denoting year, come from the Slavic root yar. The ancient name for spring is yara. It turns out that the Germans and the British count time, literally translated, by springs, as we used to count by summers.

It’s like, for example, “Many Summers” - so what happens: that the year and summer have changed places :))))))

Tomorrow, breakfast. The etymology of the words tomorrow and breakfast is formed in exactly the same way from the preposition for and the word morning. Tomorrow is what will happen in the morning.

Nature- this is what the god Rod created, putting part of himself into his creation. Therefore, the creation of the Rod is inextricably linked with it and is located with the Rod, and this is the essence of nature.

Modest- with edge. Kroma is a wall, barrier, frame, hence the edge. A modest person is a person who limits himself and his behavior, that is, a person with boundaries, with an edge.

Thank you- save +bo. Thank you - God bless you.

From Wikipedia

“Most of the Proto-Slavic vocabulary is original, Indo-European. However, long-term proximity to non-Slavic peoples, of course, left its mark on the vocabulary of the Proto-Slavic language.

In the middle of the 1st millennium BC. the language was influenced by Iranian languages. This is mainly cult and military vocabulary: god, rai, Svarog, Khars, axe, grave, soto, bowl, vatra (“fire”), kour, korda (“sword”), for the sake of.

In the II century. The Slavs encountered the Goths, who were heading from the southern Baltic to the middle reaches of the Dnieper. Most likely, it was then that a significant number of Germanic borrowings entered the Proto-Slavic language (St.Khyzhina, Russian hut (*hūz-) with pra-Germ. hūs; v.-sl. prince, Russian. prince (*kŭnĭng-) from Gothic. kunings; v.-sl. dish\dish, Russian. dish (*bjeud-) from Gothic. biuÞs; v.-sl. shtouzhd, Russian alien (*tjeudj-, etc.) from Gothic. Þiuda (hence the German Deutsch), Old-Sl. sword, Russian sword (*mekis) from Gothic. *mēkeis."

From the Slavs website

The Indo-European name for the bear was lost, which was preserved in Greek - άρκτος, reproduced in the modern term “Arctic”. In the Proto-Slavic language it was replaced by the taboo compound *medvědъ – “honey eater”. This designation is now common Slavic. The Indo-European name for the sacred tree among the Slavs also turned out to be forbidden. The old Indo-European root *perkuos is found in the Latin quercus and in the name of the pagan god Perun. The sacred tree itself in the common Slavic language, and then in the Slavic languages ​​that developed from it, acquired a different form - *dǫb

......Actually, the name Arthur means bear...although there is another option - bear, or Beorn, that is, Ber. Some believe that the name of the capital of Germany, Berlin, came from this word.

And:

Idiot
the Greek word [idiot] did not originally contain even a hint of mental illness. In Ancient Greece it meant “private person,” “separate, isolated person.” It is no secret that the ancient Greeks treated public life very responsibly and called themselves “polites”. Those who avoided participating in politics (for example, did not go to vote) were called “idiotes” (that is, busy only with their own narrow personal interests). Naturally, conscious citizens did not respect “idiots,” and soon this word acquired new disparaging connotations - “limited, undeveloped, ignorant man". And already among the Romans the Latin idiota means only “ignorant, ignorant,” from where it is two steps away from the meaning “stupid.”

Scoundrel
But this word is Polish in origin and simply means “a simple, humble person.” Thus, the famous play by A. Ostrovsky, “Simplicity is Enough for Every Wise Man,” was performed in Polish theaters under the title “Notes of a Scoundrel.” Accordingly, all non-gentry belonged to the “vile people”.

Rogue
Rogue, rogue - words that came into our speech from Germany. The German schelmen meant "swindler, deceiver." Most often, this was the name given to a fraudster posing as another person. In G. Heine's poem "Shelm von Berger" this role is played by the Bergen executioner, who came to a social masquerade pretending to be a noble person. The Duchess with whom he danced caught the deceiver by tearing off his mask.

Mymra“Mymra” is a Komi-Permyak word and it is translated as “gloomy”. Once in Russian speech, it began to mean, first of all, an unsociable homebody (in Dahl’s dictionary it is written: “mymrit” - sitting at home all the time.”) Gradually, “mymra” began to be called simply an unsociable, boring, gray and gloomy person.

Bastard “Svolochati” is the same thing in Old Russian as “svolochati”. Therefore, bastard was originally called all kinds of garbage that was raked into a heap. This meaning (among others) is also preserved by Dahl: “Bastard is everything that is bastard or dragged into one place: weeds, grass and roots, rubbish dragged by a harrow from arable land.” Over time, this word began to define ANY crowd gathered in one place. And only then they began to refer to all sorts of despicable people - drunks, thieves, tramps and other asocial elements.

Scoundrel
The fact that this is a person unfit for something is, in general, understandable... But in the 19th century, when conscription was introduced in Russia, this word was not an insult. This was the name given to people unfit for military service. That is, if you haven’t served in the army, that means you’re a scoundrel!

Word dude , despite its widespread use, has not yet received a qualified etymology in the scientific literature. On the contrary, the word dude , attested at the beginning of the century in the thieves' argot in the meaning of "prostitute", was at one time considered by A.P. Barannikov, who analyzed it as a derivative of Tsig. damn"guy", i.e. "thief's girlfriend"

Everything in the world around us is given a name. The words represent plants, insects, birds and animals, mountains and rivers, oceans and seas, planets, stars, galaxies. We name not only real objects, but also invented, fictitious ones that do not exist in reality, but only in our imagination. Some names are common nouns (they serve as generalized names of objects), others are proper names (these are individual names of objects). Very often, common nouns become proper names, but it happens that proper names also become common nouns.

How are words and names born? Is it possible to unravel the mystery of the origin of a particular name? This is what linguists and etymologists do.

Etymology (Greek etymologia, from etymon - truth and logos - word, teaching) is a branch of linguistics (linguistics) that studies the origin of words, as well as a scientific research procedure aimed at revealing the origin of a word, and the result of such scientific research. They say: unclear etymology of a word, etymologically dark and etymologically transparent words; etymological research, etymologization of words, etymological analysis of words; etymologize, i.e. establish the etymology (origin) of a word; reveal, define, explain the etymology of the word. A special reference book, the etymological dictionary, provides information about the etymology of words. There are also many reference books that explain proper names - personal names of people, surnames and pseudonyms, geographical names, names of mythological characters, etc.

In the etymological dictionary of M. Vasmer, the word “life” is Old Slavonic in origin, and the “immediate” and “further” etymology of this word is also given:

« Closest etymology: live, ukr. live, live, blr. zhyts, old glory alive†, live zБn, o„ke‹n (Supr.), Bulgarian. zhivaya "live", Serbo-Corpian. zhi°vjeti, “I live”, Slovenian. јiveґti, Czech. јiґti, јiji, slvts. јit", јijem, Polish z†ycґ, V. Luzh. јicґ, јiju.

Further etymology: Related to Old Prussian. giwa "lives", giwѓntei "alive", Old Indian. j–ґvati "lives", Avest. J,nvaiti (i.e. jn–vaiti) “lives”, lat. v–vЎ, Greek b…omai “I live”, zБn “to live”. From other Russian, Old Slav. live wed. lit. gyґti "to revive, to be reborn, to recover", lt. dzi^t, dzi^stu, dziju; see Meillet, MSL 16, 244; Trautman, BSW 76; Uhlenbeck, Aind. Wb. 101; M.--E. I, 559; Valde 846 et seq. Iter. - live wed. from lit. gyґvoti "to live", lt. dzi^va^t “to work, to live” (M.--E. I, 559).” This dictionary entry also proves that the word “life” was formed in the common Slavic language.

P.Ya. Chernykh in his “Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language” also identifies the root –zi– in words of common Slavic origin with the meaning “life”.

In the “School Etymological Dictionary” edited by N.M. Shansky’s word “life” is missing, but there is the word “Living - Obsesslav. Indo-European character (cf. Lat. vivus “living”, Greek bios “life”, Lit. gývas “living”, etc.). Suf. derived from the same root as live.”

The word “life” itself is found in Old Slavonic written monuments, and before that the meaning of this word was conveyed through the words “zhiz”, “zhist”, “belly”, “life”. In Ancient Rus', there was a saying among the people: “not to the stomach, but to death.” In modern Russian according to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova “the belly is the part of the body containing the digestive organs.” The word “belly” acquired this meaning already in the Old Russian language in the “Life” of Avvakum.

At first glance, there is nothing easier than to explain, for example, the origin of the word greasy - “greasy, shiny with dirt” (greasy sleeve, greasy hair). Naturally, most people will say that it goes back to the word lard (“a fatty deposit in the body of an animal or a product of this substance”)... and they will be wrong! The fact is that the science that studies the origin of words - etymology - should not rely on the first consonances that come across, as in this case, but should take into account all those laws (linguistic and non-linguistic) that took place in the history of not only one specific language , but also in the history of related languages. And the word greasy in the indicated meaning goes back not to the Russian word lard, but to the French sale - “dirty, indecent.” Another proof that the words greasy and lard are not related is the use in Russian of the adjective greasy in a meaning identical to the French sale: greasy (that is, indecent) anecdote, hint, joke... Hardly any of us, using the words pepper and gingerbread, suggests that these words are related. Naturally: what can be common between hot pepper and sweet gingerbread?! “Nothing,” you say.

“A lot,” the philologist will object to you. – These words go back to a common root. Pepper is a suffixal derivative of the Old Russian era (suffix –ььь > -ец) from the word ппьрь, which is a common Slavic borrowing from the Latin language, in which piper goes back to the Greek peperi, adopted from the ancient Indian language...And the philologist will invite you to go with him on an exciting and educational journey -th journey through the Land of Etymology. So…

The term etymology comes from the Greek etymologia, formed from the words etymon (“truth”) + logos (“word, teaching”), and is now used in linguistics in two meanings: 1) a branch of linguistics that studies the origin and history of individual words and morphemes; 2) the origin and history of words and morphemes.

This term appeared 2 thousand years ago.

Interest in etymology manifests itself in both adults and children: everyone wants to find out where this or that word came from and explain it in one way or another. It would seem that it would be easier to explain the origin of the word myopic: this is a person who cannot see further than his (outstretched) arm!
But, as we have already seen, it is easy to make a mistake... The lexeme myopic goes back to the Old Russian myopia - a compound word formed from the words close (close) and zorkyi ("seeing"). Even now in some Russian dialects you can find the word myopic, which also speaks in favor of our statement. The word myopic (myopic) over time lost one of the repeating syllables -zo-1 and, under the influence of folk (false) etymology2, became close to the word hand. Thus, the word myopic etymologically has no relation to the word hand.

Ticket number 22

Do you need to study grammar? native language?

Proficiency in the native language - oral and, later, written - has at all times been the main indicator of the level of education and culture of a young person. Meanwhile, today's mass level of language proficiency (written, and, to an even greater extent, oral) is so low that we have to admit that the majority of our contemporaries lack both education and culture. And this is despite the fact that today in Russia dozens of methods have been created for teaching children Russian grammar.

And first of all, remember what grammar is?

The name “grammar” has disappeared from the modern school course of the Russian language. Apparently, it seemed too “scientific” and scary-sounding to modern methodologists. Meanwhile, the Russian language course is grammatical in principle, and at all stages of education - from elementary to graduate classes.

First of all, in common parlance, grammar refers to literate writing, or spelling. In this school sense, grammar is a set of rules and norms of a particular language (primarily written).

In a broader sense, grammar is a section of linguistics that describes the system of a language and the methods of inflection and word formation in this system.

In the broadest sense, the grammar of a particular subject (not only the Russian language) should be understood as the basic principles of any science or art. So, in my articles about the initial stage of learning, I will talk not only about the grammar of languages, but also about the grammar of mathematics, history, and natural sciences. This broad (and in some sense even metaphorical) meaning of the word “grammar” fully corresponds to its etymology (translated from Greek grâmma - letter, writing), and can be considered a semantic synonym for the word “alphabet” or even “copybook”, in the sense of - “beginnings”, “basics”.

Why do we study Russian grammar?

Over the past ten years, this question has ceased to be rhetorical and has begun to be asked more and more often. In fact, with the massive spread of computer literacy and text editors, the need to know the rules of Russian grammar is becoming less and less obvious. In fact, why write out copybooks and cram rules if, in the end, you still need to type text from the keyboard? Wouldn't it be more practical to learn typing and editing techniques instead of graphics and spelling?

At moments when such thoughts come to your mind, it is important not to succumb to the charm of the obviousness of the pragmatic approach and remember why you need to master normative language.

The fact is that language is the flesh and blood of thought. Not mastering the language means not mastering the thought. In this sense, a person who has not consciously mastered the grammar of his native language will never be able to express his thoughts clearly and consistently. The lack of ability to think, formulate thoughts, make meaningful speeches, constructively argue and meaningfully object, which our compatriots so often demonstrate now, is not associated with any mental disorders - they are primarily caused by the inability to speak, which, in turn, is associated with basic ignorance of basic facts and rules of Russian grammar. Secondly and thirdly, this “mental ignorance” is also associated with a lack of knowledge in the field of logic and rhetoric, but it all begins with ignorance of grammar.

And, of course, the purpose of studying a grammar course is not at all an infallible knowledge of dozens of rules of Russian spelling. The goal is to master the normative language in its written and spoken versions.

Ticket number 23

Related information.