The biography of each scientist allows you to better understand his path to great achievements and get acquainted with some interesting facts. In order to have an idea of ​​the path that science takes, it is worth studying in detail at least a few stories about its leading figures.

The most significant figures

In each area it is worth paying attention to the most significant scientist. Thus, Fleming was the best British physician. The most important inventor from Russia is Popov. Leonardo da Vinci, as a true man of the Renaissance, showed many varied talents. Pascal, Tesla and others are the best mathematicians and physicists, whose contributions are visible in modern life. Which of them is the most? Each is equally worthy of attention.

Alexander Fleming

The future inventor of penicillin was born in August 1881 in the small Scottish town of Lochfield. After completing his secondary education, he went to London and became a student at the Royal Polytechnic Institute. On the advice of a professional physicist and his brother Tom, Alexander decided to pursue a career in science, and in 1903 he joined St. Mary's Hospital and began his surgical practice. After the war, where he saw a lot of death, Fleming decided to find a medicine that would cope with infections. Famous English scientists have already worked on the issue, but no one managed to achieve significant results. The only thing that was invented was an antiseptic, which only reduced the body’s protective functions. Fleming proved that such treatment is not suitable for treating deep wounds. By 1928, he began studying bacteria from the staphylococcal family. One day, returning from vacation, Fleming discovered fungal colonies on the table that had infected harmful microorganisms. The scientist decided to grow mold in its pure form and isolated penicillin from it. Until the forties, he perfected its form and soon its production became large-scale and was accepted in hospitals. In 1944, together with his colleague, Flory received a knighthood. The names of famous scientists reached the Nobel Committee, and already in 1945 they received a prize in the field of medicine. The Royal College of Physicians made Fleming an honorary member. Not all famous English scientists can boast of such achievements. Fleming is an outstanding talent and a person worthy of mention on any list of the world's best doctors.

Gregor Mendel

Many famous scientists did not receive a thorough education. For example, Gregor Mendel was born in July 1882 into a family of simple peasants and studied at a theological institute. He acquired all his deep knowledge of biology on his own. Soon he began teaching, and then went to the university in Vienna, where he began to study hybrid plants. With the help of many experiments on peas, he developed a theory about the laws of inheritance. The names of famous scientists often went to their inventions, and Mendel was no exception. Gregor's works did not interest his contemporaries; he quit his job in the laboratory and became an abbot in a monastery. The revolutionary nature of his discoveries and their deep meaning became noticeable to biologists only at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the death of Gregor Mendel. Famous scientists in Russia and the world still use his theories today. Mendel's principles are studied in basic level in schools.

Leonardo da Vinci

Few famous scientists are as popular as Leonardo. He was not just an outstanding physicist, but also a creator, his paintings and sculptures delight people all over the world, and his life itself serves as a source of inspiration for his works: he is truly interesting and mysterious person. Greatest figure Renaissance was born in April 1452. Since childhood, Leonardo was interested in painting, architecture, and sculpture. He was distinguished by his impressive knowledge in the fields of natural science, physics and mathematics. Many of his works were appreciated only centuries later, and his contemporaries often did not pay attention to them. Leonardo was keen on the idea, but he failed to implement a working project. In addition, he studied many of the laws of fluid and hydraulics. Famous scientists are rarely famous as artists. Leonardo is a great artist, the author of the famous “La Gioconda” and the painting “The Last Supper”. Numerous manuscripts remained after him. Many foreign and famous Russian scientists still use the work of da Vinci, created by him before 1519, when he died while in France.

Blaise Pascal

This French scientist was born in June 1623 in Clermont-Ferrand, in the family of a judge. Pascal's father was known for his love of science. In 1631, the family moved to Paris, where Blaise wrote his first work on the sound of vibrating bodies - this happened when the boy was only 11 years old. Few famous scientists in Russia and the world can boast of such early success! Blaise surprised people with his mathematical abilities; he was able to prove that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. At 16 he wrote a treatise on a hexagon inscribed in a circle. On its basis, the famous Pascal theorem will later be developed. In 1642 Blaise developed a mechanical calculating machine that could perform addition and subtraction operations. However, like many other famous scientists and their discoveries, Blaise and his “Pascalina” never became too famous among his contemporaries. Today, his variations on the theme of calculating machines are kept in the best museums in Europe. In addition, Pascal’s contribution to science is invaluable - modern scientists also use his calculations.

Alexander Popov

Many famous Russian scientists made inventions that are still used throughout the world. This includes the creator of the radio, who was born in a Ural village into the family of a priest. He received his first education at a theological school, after which he entered the seminary. Having gone to the University of St. Petersburg, Popov encountered financial difficulties, so he had to work in parallel with his studies. Alexander became interested in physics and began teaching it in Kronstadt. From 1901 he served as a professor at the Institute of Electrical Engineering in St. Petersburg, and then became its rector. The main interest of his life remained inventions and experiments. He studied electromagnetic oscillations. In 1895 he introduced the radio receiver to the public. Since 1897 he worked on its improvement. Popov’s assistants Rybkin and Troitsky confirmed the possibility of using it to receive signals by ear. Popov made the final modifications and thereby created a device that is now found in almost every home.

Nikola Tesla

This scientist was born in Austria-Hungary. Like Popov, Tesla was the son of a priest. In 1870 he graduated from high school and entered college, where he became interested in electrical engineering. He worked as a teacher at a gymnasium for several years, after which he went to the University of Prague. At the same time, Nikola worked for a telegraph company, and then for Edison. Throughout my years of study, I tried to invent an electric motor that runs on alternating current. He moved to the USA, where he carried out successful work to improve the machine created by Edison. However, Tesla did not receive any money from him, after which he quit and founded his own laboratory in New York. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Nikola already had several patents - he invented a frequency meter and an electricity meter. In 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize. Never stopped working and made significant contributions to science, he died in 1943 after an accident - Tesla was hit by a car, and broken ribs led to too complicated pneumonia.

Friedrich Schiller

As everyone knows very well, famous scientists can be not only in the field. An excellent example for this is a historian and philosopher who has done a lot for his fields of knowledge and made an invaluable contribution to the literary heritage. He was born in 1759 in the Holy Roman Empire, but already in 1763 he moved with his family to Germany. In 1766 he ended up in Ludwigsburg, where he graduated from the medical faculty. Schiller began to create while still studying, and in 1781 his first drama was published and received such recognition that it was staged in the theater the following year. This play is still considered one of the first and most successful melodramas in Europe. Throughout his life, Schiller created, translated plays from other languages, and also taught history and philosophy at universities.

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow is proof that famous scientists can be not only mathematicians and physicists. Absolutely everyone knows his theory of self-realization. Maslow was born in 1908 in New York. His parents treated him poorly and humiliated him in every possible way, and his Jewish origin became the reason for anti-Semitic behavior from his peers. This developed an inferiority complex in little Abraham, causing him to hide in the library and spend his days reading books. Later, he gradually began to establish himself in life - first at the High School, participating in various clubs, and then at the Faculty of Psychology, where he received a master's degree in 1931. In 1937, Maslow became a member of the faculty of a college in Brooklyn, where he worked most of his life. When the war began, Maslow was no longer fit for service, but he learned a lot from this bloody event - it influenced his research in the field of humanistic psychology. In 1943, Maslow developed his famous Theory of Personal Motivation, in which he stated that every person has a pyramid of needs that require satisfaction in order to achieve self-actualization. In 1954, he published the book “Motivation and Personality,” where he explained and developed his theory in as much detail as possible.

Albert Einstein

Any discussion on the topic “Famous Scientists and Their Discoveries” will not be complete without mentioning Albert Einstein, the brilliant physicist who stands at the origins of the modern understanding of this science. Einstein was born in Germany in 1879, he was always a modest and quiet boy, did not stand out from other children. And only when he became interested in Kant did Einstein discover his talent for the exact sciences. This helped him successfully graduate from high school and then from the Polytechnic of Zurich in Switzerland, where he moved. While still in college, he began writing various articles and other works, and conducting research. Naturally, this ultimately led to a number of discoveries that are known throughout the world - the theory of relativity, the photoelectric effect, and so on. After some time, Einstein moved to the USA, got a job there at Princeton and set himself the goal of working on the theory of the unified

Andre-Marie Ampère

Famous scientists of the world who worked in the field of physics are not limited to Einstein. For example, André-Marie Ampère was born in 1775 in France. His father did not want his son to study centrally, so he taught him himself, and books also helped him in this. Ampere was literally brought up on the works of Rousseau, which affected his further works. After the Revolution and the death of his father, Ampere marries and returns to normal life. He continued to teach, and in 1802 he became a teacher of mathematics and chemistry at one of the schools. However, at the same time, he conducted research on his famous theory of probability, because of which he ended up at the Paris Academy and wrote one of his most recognized works, “Mathematical Theory of Games.” In 1809 Ampere received the title of professor, and in 1814 he became a member of the Academy of Sciences. After this, he moved on to research in the field of electrodynamics, and in 1826 he created his most famous work, “Scientific Essay on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena.”

In Russian history there were many smart people. Brilliant mathematicians, chemists, physicists, geologists, philosophers - they made a contribution to both Russian and world science.

1 Mikhail Lomonosov

The first Russian natural scientist of world significance, encyclopedist, chemist, physicist, astronomer, instrument maker, geographer, metallurgist, geologist, poet, artist, historian. A man under two meters, possessing enormous strength, not hesitating to use it, and ready to punch him in the eye - if justice demanded it. Mikhail Lomonosov is practically a superman.

2 Dmitry Mendeleev

Russian Da Vinci, the brilliant father of the periodic table of elements, Mendeleev was a versatile scientist and public figure. Thus, he made a significant and invaluable contribution to oil activities.

Mendeleev said: “Oil is not fuel! You can also drown with banknotes!” At his instigation, the barbaric four-year buyout of oil fields was abolished. Then Mendeleev proposed transporting oil through pipes and developed oils based on oil refining waste, which were several times cheaper than kerosene. Thus, Russia was able not only to refuse to export kerosene from America, but also to import petroleum products to Europe.

Mendeleev was nominated for the Nobel Prize three times, but he never received it. Which is not surprising.

3 Nikolai Lobachevsky

A six-time rector of Kazan University, a professor, the first textbooks he published were condemned for using and promoting the metric system of measures. Lobachevsky refuted Euclid's fifth postulate, calling the axiom of parallelism an “arbitrary restriction.”

Lobachevsky developed completely new trigonometry of non-Euclidean space and differential geometry with the calculation of lengths, volumes, and areas.

Recognition came to the scientist after his death; his ideas were continued in the works of such mathematicians as Klein, Beltrami and Poincaré. The realization that Lobachevsky's geometry is not an antagonism, but an alternative to Euclid's geometry gave impetus to new powerful discoveries and research in mathematics and physics.

4 Sofya Kovalevskaya

“Professor Sonya” is the first woman professor in the world and the first woman in Russia to be a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Kovalevskaya was not only a brilliant mathematician and mechanic, but also distinguished herself in the literary field. Kovalevskaya’s path in science was not easy, which was associated, first of all, with gender prejudices.

5 Vladimir Vernadsky

Famous mineralogist, researcher of the earth's crust, “father” of the Soviet nuclear program. Vernadsky was one of the first people who paid attention to eugenics; he studied geology, biochemistry, geochemistry, and meteorology. and many others. But, perhaps, his main contribution is the description of the laws of the Earth's biosphere and the noosphere as its integral part. Here the scientific insight of the Russian scientist is simply unique.

6 Zhores Alferov

Today, everyone benefits from the discoveries of Zhores Alferov, the Russian Nobel Prize laureate in 2000. In all mobile phones There are heterostructure semiconductors created by Alferov. All fiber optic communications operate on its semiconductors and the Alferov laser.

Without the Alferov laser, CD players and disk drives of modern computers would not be possible. Zhores Ivanovich's discoveries are used in car headlights, traffic lights, and supermarket equipment - product label decoders. At the same time, Alferov made the scientist’s insights, which led to qualitative changes in the development of all electronic technology, back in 1962-1974.

7 Kirik Novgorodets

Kirik Novgorodian - mathematician, writer, chronicler and musician of the 12th century; author of the first Russian mathematical and astronomical treatise “The Doctrine of Numbers”; calculated the smallest perceptible period of time. Kirik was a deacon and domestic of the Anthony Monastery in Novgorod. He is also considered the alleged author of “Kirikov’s Questioning”.

8 Kliment Smolyatich

Kliment Smolyatich was one of the most prominent Russian medieval thinkers. Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus' (1147-1155), church writer, first Russian theologian, second metropolitan of Russian origin.
Smolyatich was considered the most highly educated person of his time. In the chronicle he is mentioned as such a “scribe and philosopher, the likes of which have never happened in the Russian land.”

9 Lev Landau

Lev Landau is a completely unique phenomenon. He was a child prodigy who did not lose his talent in adulthood. At the age of 13 he graduated from 10 classes, and at 14 he entered two faculties at once: chemistry and physics and mathematics.

For special merits, Landau was transferred from Baku University to Leningrad University. Landau received 3 State Prizes of the USSR, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor and was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Denmark, the Netherlands and the USA.

In 1962, the Royal Swedish Academy awarded Landau the Nobel Prize "for his fundamental theories of condensed matter, especially liquid helium."
For the first time in history, the award took place in a Moscow hospital, since shortly before the presentation, Landau was involved in a car accident.

10 Ivan Pavlov

A brilliant Russian scientist, Ivan Pavlov received his well-deserved Nobel Prize in 1904 “for his work on the physiology of digestion.” Pavlov is a unique scientist on a global scale, who managed to form his own school in the difficult conditions of a state under construction, to which the scientist made considerable claims. In addition, Pavlov collected paintings, plants, butterflies, stamps, and books. Scientific research led him to abandon meat food.

11 Andrey Kolmogorov

Andrei Kolmogorov was one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century, the founder of a large scientific school. Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin and Stalin Prizes, member of many scientific academies around the world, honorary doctor of universities from Paris to Calcutta. Kolmogorov - author of the axioms of probability theory and many theorems, author of the equation, inequality, mean, space and complexity of Kolmogorov

12 Nikolai Danilevsky

A global thinker who laid the foundations for a civilizational approach to history. Without his works there would have been neither Spengler nor Toynbee. Nikolai Danilevsky saw “Europeanism,” looking at the world through “European glasses,” as one of the main diseases of Russia.

He believed that Russia had a special path, which should be rooted in Orthodox culture and monarchy, dreamed of creating an All-Slavic Union and was sure that Russia should under no circumstances follow the path of America.

13 Georgy Gamov

The father of the “hot Universe” theory, at the age of 24 Gamow performed Nobel-level work, developing the theory of alpha decay, and at 28 he became the youngest corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in the entire history of its existence. He was also a half-speaker - he spoke six languages ​​fluently.

Gamow became one of the brightest stars in astrophysics and cosmology. He was the first to calculate models of stars with thermonuclear reactions, proposed a model of the shell of a red giant, and studied the role of neutrinos in outbursts of novae and supernovae.

In 1954, Gamow was the first to pose the problem of the genetic code. After Gamow's death, the Americans received the Nobel for deciphering it.

14 Sergey Averintsev

Sergei Averintsev, a student of Alexei Losev, was one of the most prominent philologists, cultural scholars, biblical scholars and translators of the twentieth century. He explored various layers of European, including Christian, culture - from antiquity to modernity.
Literary critic, philosopher and cultural critic Nikita Struve wrote about Averintsev: “A great scientist, biblical scholar, patrolologist, subtle literary critic, poet who revived the tradition of spiritual poetry, Averintsev stands before my eyes no less than a humble disciple and a bright witness of Christ. The rays of faith illuminated all his work.”

15 Mikhail Bakhtin

One of the few Russian thinkers and literary scholars canonized in the West. His books on the works of Dostoevsky and Rabelais “blew up” the literary establishment, his work “Towards a Philosophy of Action” became a reference book for intellectuals around the world.

Bakhtin was brought from exile in Kazakhstan to Moscow in 1969 by Andropov. He also provided the “great lame man” with protection. Bakhtin was published and translated en masse. In England, at the University of Sheffield, there is a Bakhtin Center that conducts scientific and educational work. Bakhtin's work gained particular popularity in France and Japan, where the world's first collection of his works was published, as well as a large number of monographs and works about him.

16 Vladimir Bekhterev

The great Russian psychiatrist and neurologist, Vladimir Bekhterev, was nominated for the Nobel Prize several times, treated drunkards en masse with hypnosis, studied parapsychology and crowd psychology, child psychology and telepathy. Bekhterev paved the way for the creation of so-called “brain atlases.” One of the creators of such atlases, the German professor Kopsch, said: “Only two people know perfectly the structure of the brain - God and Bekhterev.”

17 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Tsiolkovsky was a genius. He made many of his discoveries intuitively. A theorist of cosmism, he worked a lot and fruitfully on applied things, on the creation of the theory of flight of jet aircraft, and invented his own gas turbine engine design. Tsiolkovsky’s merits were highly appreciated not only by domestic scientists, but also by the creator of the first rockets, Wernher Von Braun.
Tsiolkovsky was quirky. Thus, he defended eugenics, believed in the catastrophic structure of society and believed that criminals should be split into atoms.

Lev Vygotsky is an outstanding Russian psychologist, creator of cultural-historical theory. Vygotsky made a real revolution in defectology and gave hope for a full life to people with disabilities. When Western society got tired of “life according to Freud,” it switched to “life according to Vygodsky.”

After translating Vygotsky’s work “Thinking and Speech” into English and Japanese languages, the Russian psychologist has become a truly cult figure. Stephen Toulmin of the University of Chicago even titled his article on Vygotsky, published in the New York Review, “Mozart in Psychology.”

20 Peter Kropotkin

“Father of anarchism” and eternal rebel Peter Kropotkin, who on his deathbed refused the special ration offered by Lenin and special conditions treatment, was one of the most enlightened people of his time.

Kropotkin considered his main contribution to science to be his work on the study of the mountain ranges of Asia. For them he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Russian Geographical Society. Kropotkin also contributed a great treasure to the study of the Ice Age.

Everything that surrounds us now, everything that we know and can do, is their merit. Who are we talking about? That's right, about the most famous scientists. Only their extraordinary work and greatest discoveries contribute to the progress of humanity!

Great thinkers of antiquity

Ancient Greece is famous for its famous philosophers who tried to determine the essence of existence, interpret human thoughts and actions, and think about the problems of nature.

A striking example is the Greek philosopher Democritus. He was the first to introduce the idea of ​​the presence of an atom as the basis for the structure of substances. Afterwards, Epicurus began to develop his thought. They wrote down all their assumptions in a scientific treatise, which was burned during the dominance of the religious worldview. Only small fragments of their notes have survived to this day, testifying to the greatness of the ancient Greek thinkers. Lucretius Carus became a follower of the atomists (as Democritus and Epicurus are called). He wrote an essay “On the Nature of Things,” which traced the theory of atomic structure.

Plato created his own school for the most gifted people, where he talked with them on various philosophical topics. His best student was Aristotle. This man had amazing curiosity and was incredibly smart. He has written dozens of books in almost all fields modern science: physics, metaphysics, meteorology and even zoology.

Archimedes also contributed significantly to the development of physics. The story of his discovery of the law of buoyant force is quite popular. As he plunged into the full bathtub, water flowed over the edges. With a cry of “Eureka,” Archimedes ran to write down computational formulas and proved the existence of buoyant force. In addition, the scientist developed the “golden rule of mechanics” and the theory of simple mechanisms.

He made a huge contribution to mathematical science by discovering the number Pi, which is currently used by all scientists for calculations. He proved the theorem about the intersection of 3 medians of a triangle at one point, discovered the properties of a curve named in his honor as the Archimedes spiral. Calculated the formula that determines the volume of the ball and wrote the formula for the sum of a decreasing geometric progression. He helped the defense of his island of Sicily by finding a way to set enemy ships on fire during the war. When the warriors of the besieged city held mirrors in their hands and pointed them at the enemy ship, the sunbeams were focused into a single beam that ignited the ships.

Thanks to his calculations, it was possible to launch the huge ship Syracosia at that time using block systems that were controlled by only 1 person. The death of Archimedes is also surrounded by legend: when a Roman soldier stepped on the scientist’s drawings written on wet sand, Archimedes rushed to defend them. Unaware of the great abilities of the brave enemy, the warrior shot an arrow straight into the chest of the scientist, who died in his drawings, bleeding. What was written in the sand is still not known, but it is assumed that it was another brilliant discovery.

And how famous Hippocrates became, who made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. Despite the fact that in those days people believed in the occurrence of diseases from the curse of evil spirits, the scientist incredibly accurately described many diseases, symptoms and methods of treating them. In addition, he described human anatomy by examining the corpses of the dead. Hippocrates was the first to introduce the idea of ​​treating not a disease, but a specific person. In the course of his observations, he came to the conclusion that the same disease occurs differently in everyone. It was then that he began to research types of temperament, human psychology and sought to find an individual approach to each patient. And today, graduates of medical universities traditionally swear to be merciful, selfless and to help the sick always and everywhere, as the great Hippocrates bequeathed.

Socrates was also a popular philosopher of antiquity. He sought to draw knowledge from all possible sources, after which he willingly shared it with his students. It was thanks to them that the world learned about the thoughts of the great Socrates, because the philosopher himself was quite modest and never wrote down his thoughts, renounced wealth and did not recognize his fame.

Herodotus is rightfully considered the father of history. A man who traveled throughout the entire civilized world at that time and published his observations in 9 volumes of a treatise called “History.”

Confucius is considered the most famous thinker of China to this day. He himself grew up as a very obedient child who respected his elders, honored his parents and helped his mother in everything. He explained such simple fundamentals of education and human relationships to his students. It is Confucius’ conclusions about the rules of human upbringing that are the basis of any society.

The famous Pythagoras is a brilliant scientist of antiquity who made many discoveries that are used by mathematicians. The theorem on the equality of the sum of the square of the legs to the square of the hypotenuse, the division of numbers into even and odd, the measurement of geometric figures relative to a plane - all these are the discoveries of Pythagoras. In addition to mathematics, he made a huge contribution to the development of natural science and astronomy.

The best Russian scientists

The legend of Russian science is Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. A person who always strived for knowledge and criticized previously made discoveries. He made a huge contribution to natural science and physics, formulating the corpuscular-kinetic theory. Being on the verge of discovering oxygen and hydrogen molecules, he significantly accelerated the development of chemical science. He suspected a connection between chemical and physical phenomena, recording them in a single branch of “physical chemistry.”

Lomonosov opened his own laboratory, created according to his drawings, where he conducted experiments with glass, improving the technology of its production. Mikhail Vasilievich was also interested in astronomy, studying the movements of planets in solar system. He opened a school of scientific and applied optics, where devices for night observation and an optical bathoscope were created. Together with I. Brown, Lomonosov was the first to obtain mercury in the solid state. Developed a prototype of a modern helicopter. He studied atmospheric electricity. Lomonosov developed geographic globe and a circumpolar map. In addition, Mikhail Vasilyevich became famous in developing the rules of grammar and literary art.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov made a huge contribution to the development of medicine. During the Crimean War he worked as a surgeon, saving the lives of hundreds of wounded and developing surgical techniques. He was the first to use a plaster cast to fix bone fractures. He developed tactics of medical care depending on the severity of the patient’s condition. Pirogov first proposed the idea of ​​​​using anesthesia during operations, because Before this, all surgical procedures were performed live. And people died not so much from disease as from painful shock. Pirogov also developed modern pedagogy, changing the approach to students from dictatorial to humane. Arguing this by saying that students should learn not through force, but of their own free will. To do this, you just need to interest them.

No less famous scientist of medical sciences is Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov. He introduced physiology into the category of clinical disciplines and studied biological processes in the human body. Scientifically substantiated the importance of work and rest schedules, studied the unconditioned reflexes of the brain. Stated the importance of considering the individual at the cellular level in order to better understand the etiology of the pathological condition.

Important discoveries in the field of biology were made by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. He studied embryology and developed the phagocytic theory of immunity, proving the ability of humans to remain resistant to various infectious pathogens. For which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. In addition, he studied the causative agents of cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.

He stated the importance of intestinal microflora and studied lactobacilli in the body.

The discovery of the famous Pavlov reflex brought Ivan Petrovich enormous popularity. Through long experiments, he was able to prove the ability of higher living organisms to develop new reflexes during life. Many of his works are devoted to the study of the brain and higher nerve centers. And for his research into the functions of the digestive system, Pavlov became a Nobel Prize laureate.

Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin devoted himself to the study of plants. Thanks to his many years of work, he ate new varieties of plants: apple trees, pears, plums, apricots, blackberries, rowan berries, gooseberries - named in his honor.

It is impossible not to mention the legendary scientist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. Everyone knows its periodic table arrangement chemical elements. He was studying chemical properties various substances and conducted numerous experiments, disassembling this or that object into its components. In addition, he made a significant contribution to the development of physics, thinking about the relationship between the volume of gases and their molecular weight. He was the first to develop a model of a stratospheric balloon and a balloon. In addition, Mendeleev was interested in issues of shipbuilding and the basics of ship movement on water.

The list of Russian scientists is incredibly long. Our science is famous for such legendary people who, through their labors, helped humanity rise to a higher standard of living. But even modern Russian specialists are actively involved in the development of science and are among the top ten according to Forbes magazine

The most famous scientists in the World today

Today, the most popular scientists are physicists Andrei Geima and Konstantin Novoselov. They are currently conducting their research at the University of Manchester in the UK. They have more than 20,000 scientific papers to their credit. Geim and Konstantinov are the 2010 Nobel Prize winners for their discovery of graphene, which they created using a pencil and duct tape.

Second place goes to Maxim Kontsevich, mathematician. Works at the Institute of Higher Scientific Research in Paris. Winner of the Poincaré, Fields, and Crafoord prizes. Has membership in the French Academy of Sciences. He studies superstring theory and is the author of more than a thousand scientific papers.

In the field of modern astrophysics, Andrei Kravtsov, who works at the University of Chicago in the USA, is famous. He studies the emergence and formation of galaxies, as well as compares the astrophysical properties of new and old galactic systems. Author of 9,000 publications.

Evgeny Kunin, employee of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the USA. Published 50,000 scientific papers on the study of evolution. He works in computational biology, namely the study of genomes using computer analysis.

Another famous biologist working in the USA at Yale University and joining the National Academy of Sciences is Ruslan Medzhitov. He is engaged in immunology and the study of the Toll protein, which he discovered in mammals.

Artem Oganov is a famous geologist at the American University of Stony Brook. He studies the structure of crystals by chemical formula. For this he created an entire algorithm. It was this sequence that helped him predict the structure of a magnesium silicate crystal more than 2,500 km underground. The famous physicist of the Catalan University of Advanced Studies is Sergei Odintsov. He described the dark energy that saturates our Universe by 70%. For this he was awarded the attention of the Nobel Committee.

Grigory Perelman made a great discovery in the field of mathematics by solving one of the most difficult mathematical problems: the Poincaré conjecture. But he did not publish his decisions and refused a cash award of $1 million.

Stanislav Smirnov, an employee of the University of Geneva, also became famous in the field of mathematics. In 2010 he received the Fields Medal. He studies the emergence of infinite connected structures.

Gleb Sukhorukov, professor of chemistry at the University of London. He is developing polymer capsules that can deliver drugs to the body in a targeted manner without being destroyed by accompanying substances.

Some discoveries of outstanding thinkers can turn into real cataclysms. .
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Russian Science Day on February 8 was established by Decree of the President of Russia No. 717 of June 7, 1999 “On the establishment of Russian Science Day.” This holiday is dedicated to the founding date Russian Academy sciences, established by order of Emperor Peter I by decree of the government Senate of January 28 (February 8, new style) 1724.

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Russian Academy of Sciences (RAN) - state academy of sciences, highest scientific organization Russian Federation, the nation's leading center for basic research in the natural and social sciences. The main goal of the Russian Academy of Sciences is to organize and conduct fundamental research aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the laws of development of nature, society, man and contributing to the technological, economic, social and spiritual development of Russia. Departments of the Russian Academy of Sciences Department of Mathematical Sciences Department of Physical Sciences Department of Energy, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics and Control Processes Department of Nanotechnology and Information Technologies Department of Chemistry and Materials Sciences Department of Biological Sciences Department of Earth Sciences Department of Social Sciences Department of Historical and Philological Sciences Department of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine Department of Global Sciences problems and international relations The building of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on Vorobyovy Gory in Moscow The building of the Kunstkamera as a symbol of the Russian Academy of Sciences

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Sofya Vasilievna Kovalevskaya Russian mathematician and mechanic, since 1889 a foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The first female professor in Russia and Northern Europe and the first female professor of mathematics in the world. In addition to her main works on mathematical analysis, mechanics and astronomy, she also wrote novels: “Nihilist”, “Childhood Memories”.

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When we talk about instincts, we remember the person with whom everything conditional and unconditional in our life is connected. He is the founder of the largest physiological school of our time, his research nervous activity had a huge influence on the development of physiology, medicine, psychology and pedagogy.

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This famous Russian biologist and pathologist of the 19th century, one of the founders of immunology, the creator of a series of works devoted to the epidemiology of many diseases, paid great attention to the problem of aging, believing that old age, like any disease, can be treated. The founder of the Russian school of microbiologists and immunologists, he worked in Paris for many years. Streets and hospitals in many cities in Russia bear his name.

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The most famous Russian general practitioner, one of the founders of the clinic of internal diseases as a scientific discipline in Russia, the founder of the largest school of Russian clinicians. A famous Moscow hospital is named after him, as well as infection. Sergei Petrovich Botkin Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich (1810-1881) great Russian surgeon, statistician, teacher, original reformer, researcher of general scientific laws of development of living things, founder of scientific pacifism.

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The discovery of this Russian mathematician, published in 1826, did not receive recognition from his contemporaries, but it revolutionized the understanding of the nature of space. In algebra, he developed a method for approximate solution of equations, in mathematical analysis he obtained a number of subtle theorems about trigonometric series, clarified the concept of a continuous function, gave a test for the convergence of series, etc. different years he published several substantive articles on algebra, probability theory, mechanics, physics, astronomy and educational problems... Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

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The most famous biologist-breeder, the author of many varieties of fruit and berry crops, who developed methods for their selection, Doctor of Biology, Honored Worker of Science and Technology, Honorary Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1935). Those who are engaged in growing or breeding garden crops are often called by his name, or rather, by his surname. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin Great Russian biologist, from 1931 to 1940 he was president of the All-Russian Geographical Society, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, founder of the modern doctrine of the biological foundations of selection and the doctrine of centers of origin cultivated plants, who was repressed during Stalin’s times for his commitment to genetics. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov

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Miklouho-Maclay Nikolai Nikolaevich Russian ethnographer, anthropologist, biologist and traveler who studied the indigenous populations of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania (1870-1880s), including the Papuans of the northeastern coast of New Guinea. It is called the Maclay Coast. Particularly interesting is his conclusion that the cultural and racial characteristics of various peoples are determined by the natural and social environment. He also paid a lot of attention to the idea and practice of creating Zoological stations. Thus, in 1869 in Moscow, at the Second Congress of Naturalists and Doctors, Miklouho-Maclay spoke, calling for the creation of marine biological stations for the development of research in the seas. Miklouho-Maclay's birthday is a professional holiday for ethnographers.

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This is a Russian physicist - the creator of the hydrogen bomb. Like many scientists, imagining the catastrophic consequences of the use of their terrible developments, he advocated a ban on testing nuclear weapons. A prominent public figure, he saw the further development of mankind only in uniting the efforts of countries in the fight against global problems, opposed the introduction Soviet troops to Afghanistan, for which he was deprived of all government awards. The European Parliament has established a prize for humanitarian work in the field of human rights, named after him.

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The most famous Russian physicist of the 20th century, the creator of the Soviet physics school, a pioneer in semiconductor research, who experimentally proved the existence of ion permeability in crystals, he made a great contribution to the use of semiconductors. His students were such great physicists as A.P. Aleksandrov, P.L. Kapitsa, G.V. Kurdyumov, I.V. Kurchatov and many others. Hero of Socialist Labor, winner of many government awards and prizes, corresponding member of world academies and universities. Abram Fedorovich Ioffe This academician, Russian physicist, three times Hero Soviet Union, became the organizer and leader of work on atomic science and technology. Under his direct leadership, the first domestic cyclotron was built, mine protection for ships was developed, the first nuclear reactor in Europe was created, the first in the USSR atomic bomb, the world's first thermonuclear bomb. Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov

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Russian physicist and engineer, member of the Royal Society of London (1929), academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1974). Works on the physics of magnetic phenomena, physics and technology of low temperatures, quantum physics, electronics and plasma physics. In 1922-1924 he developed a pulsed method for creating super-strong magnetic fields. In 1934 he invented and built a machine for cooling helium. In 1937 he discovered the superfluidity of liquid helium. In 1939 he gave new method air liquefaction using a low pressure cycle and a highly efficient turbo expander. Nobel Prize (1978). USSR State Prize (1941, 1943). Gold medal named after. Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1959). Kapitsa Pyotr Leonidovich

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Russian electrical engineer. Invented the incandescent lamp (1872, patent 1874). One of the founders of electrothermy. For the invention of the lamp, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences awarded him the Lomonosov Prize in 1874. Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin In Paris in 1878, the World Exhibition was held, at which a lighting system called “Russian light” was demonstrated. Do you know the great Russian electrical engineer to whom we owe this invention and use of the light bulb? Pavel Nikolaevich Yablochkov

Saturday, September 30, 2017 18:53 + to quote book

One hundred living geniuses- a list compiled by the consulting company Creators Synectics and published by the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph on October 28, 2007.

The initial basis of the list was compiled through a survey: by email, 4,000 Britons were asked to name 10 contemporaries they considered geniuses, whose merits turned out to be the most valuable for humanity. Around 600 responses were received, naming around 1,100 people (of which two thirds were from the UK and US).

The firm emailed 4,000 Britons, asking each to name up to 10 living candidates for the title of genius. As a result, 1100 names were obtained. The commission then compiled a list out of 100 people, who were assessed by five parameters - contribution to changing the system of beliefs, social recognition, intellectual power, value of scientific achievements and cultural significance. As a result, Albert Hofmann and Tim Berners-Lee, who shared first place, received 27 points out of a possible 50.

"Saint Hofmann" - painting by Alex Gray

Almost quarter included in the list" 100 living geniuses"made up British. Per share Americans have to 43 places on the list. Which is not surprising, since they were not interviewing Chinese or Russians.
Nevertheless, three Russians also found a place on the list. These are Perelman, Kasparov and Kalashnikov. One even managed to get into the top ten.

100 most brilliant people of our time
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/One hundred_living_geniuses

So here is this List. Top 10 first!

1-2.Tim Berners-Lee, Great Britain. Computer Scientist


An Oxford graduate and computer scientist, he is the author of the HTTP protocol and the HTML language.
In 1989 Berners-Lee offered global hypertext project, which laid the foundation for the creation world wide web, Internet!

3. George Soros, USA. Investor and philanthropist
An outstanding financier and speculator, whose enormous resources allowed him to organize a number of attacks on the national currencies of Great Britain and Asian countries.


IN Lately retired from business and is actively involved in charitable work through the Open Society Organization and charities in 25 countries.

4.Matt Groening, USA. Satirist and cartoonist
Author and producer, became famous thanks to the satirical animated series “The Simpsons” and “Futurama”.


The Simpson family and the fictional town of Springfield first appeared on television in 1987. Since then, the popularity of the series has not waned, and in 2007 a full-length version of the cartoon was released on movie screens.

5-6. Nelson Mandela, South Africa. Politician and diplomat


Human rights fighter, Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1993, fought for a long time at the head of the African National Congress against apartheid in South Africa, and spent 28 years in prison. From 1994 to 1999 he served as president of the country. Currently actively supports the fight against AIDS.

Frederick Sanger, Great Britain. Chemist
Graduate of Cambridge University, biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate.

He is known for his work on insulin, which made it possible to obtain it synthetically, and for his research in the field of DNA.

Dario Fo, Italy. Writer and playwright


Theater figure, winner of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature. In his work he combined propaganda satire with the traditions of medieval theater. Author of the works "Mystery Bouffe" (1969), "Accidental Death of an Anarchist" (1970), "Knock Knock! Who's There? Police" (1974), "If you can't pay, don't pay" (1981).

Stephen Hawking, Great Britain. Physicist
One of the most famous theoretical physicists of our time, a specialist in cosmology and quantum gravity.


Being practically paralyzed, Hawking continues to engage in scientific and popularization activities. Bestselling author " Short story time".

Oscar Niemeyer, Brazil. Architect
One of the founders of the modern Brazilian school of architecture, a pioneer of reinforced concrete construction.


Since 1957, he carried out the construction of the new capital of the country - the city of Brazil, and participated in the design of the UN headquarters in New York.

Philip Glass, USA. Composer


Minimalist composer, performer. He became known to the general public after creating the soundtrack for Godfrey Reggio's film "Koyaniskazzi". He also wrote music for the films “The Truman Show”, “The Illusionist”, “The Hours”, and music for the opening of the 2004 Olympics in Athens.

Grigory Perelman, Russia. Mathematician


Scientist from St. Petersburg proved the Poincaré conjecture, formulated back in 1904. His discovery was considered the most significant scientific achievement 2006. Despite this, the reclusive Russian refused the million-dollar prize and the highest award in the mathematical world - Fields's awards.
…………
And the rest of the geniuses:

12-14. Andrew Wiles (mathematician, UK) - proved Fermat's Last Theorem - 20
12-14. Li Hongzhi (spiritual leader, China) - Created the religious organization “Falun Gong” - a mixture of Buddhism and Taoism with elements of qigong health gymnastics.
12-14. Ali Javan (engineer, Iran) - Engineer, one of the creators of the world's first gas laser using a mixture of helium and neon.

15-17. Brian Eno (composer, UK) -19 Invented ambient - a musical genre with elements of jazz, new age, electronic music, rock, reggae, ethnic music and noise. 19
15-17. Damien Hirst (artist, UK) - One of the most expensive painters of our time. Death is a central theme in his works. The most famous series is Natural History: dead animals in formaldehyde.
15-17. Daniel Tammet (savant and linguist, UK) - Encyclopedist and linguist works with numbers faster than a computer. You can learn any foreign language in a few hours.

18. Nicholson Baker (writer, USA) - A novelist whose writing focuses on the narrator's flow of thought.
19. Daniel Barenboim (musician, Israel) - 17 Pianist and conductor. He has received many awards, including for various recordings.
20-24. Robert Crumb (writer and artist, USA) - 16 Greeting card artist, music connoisseur. He gained worldwide fame for his underground comics.
20-24. Richard Dawkins (biologist and philosopher, UK) - 16 Leading evolutionary biologist. The terms that first appeared in his books became widespread.
20-24. Sergey Brin and Larry Page (founders of Google, USA) - 16
20-24. Rupert Murdoch (publisher and media tycoon, USA) - 16 Founder and head of News Corporation. Under his control are media, film companies and book publishing houses in the USA, Great Britain, Australia and other countries.
20-24. Geoffrey Hill (poet, UK) - 16 Poet, translator. He became famous for his unusual “corporate” style - the language of advertising, mass media and political “rhetoric”.

25. Garry Kasparov (chess player, Russia) - 15
Garry Kimovich Kasparov is considered one of the strongest chess players of all time.


At the age of 22, he became the youngest world champion in history and defended the title several times. In 2005, the grandmaster announced the end of his sports career and became involved in social and political activities. Currently he heads the United Civil Front organization and criticizes the current Russian government and president.
………………
26-30. Dalai Lama (spiritual leader, Tibet) – 14
A spiritual leader who, according to legend, is the reincarnation of the endless suffering of all Buddhas. Combines the title of king and head of Tibetan Buddhism.

26-30. Steven Spielberg (film director, screenwriter and producer, USA) - 14
Director, producer, screenwriter. At the age of 12, he won an amateur film competition, presenting a 40-minute film about the war, “Escape to Nowhere” (1960).

26-30. Hiroshi Ishiguro (robotician, Japan) – 14
Roboticist. Created a robot guide for the blind. In 2004 presented the most perfect android, similar to a person. Known as one of the creators of the Aktroid, Geminoid, Kodomoroid, Telenoid series of robots.

One of the versions of these robots completely replicates the appearance of the creator himself and replaces him during lectures.

26-30. Robert Edwards (physiologist, UK) – 14
Robert Edwards (Great Britain). In 1977, he was the first in the world to carry out fertilization of human germ cells outside the body and transfer the resulting embryo to the future mother. Louise Brown was born 9 months later
26-30. Seamus Heaney (poet, Ireland) - 14
Each of the poet's books became a bestseller. In 1995 he received the Nobel Prize in Literature

31. Harold Pinter (writer and playwright, UK) - 13
In his performances, the actors use colloquial vocabulary and play tramps and hard workers.
32-39. Flossie Wong-Staal (biotechnologist, China) - 12
Biologist-virologist. She became the first researcher to decipher the structure of the immune deficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.

32-39. Robert Fischer (chess player, USA) - 12


Bobby Fischer, at age 14, became the youngest US chess champion in the country's history.
…………..
32-39. Prince (singer, USA) - 12 The Western press called the singer the most unsinkable musician in history. For more than 20 years, his songs have enjoyed constant popularity.
32-39. Henryk Górecki (composer, Poland) - 12 Known for his unique style of music, which critics call vitally explosive.
32-39. Noam Chomsky (philosopher and linguist, USA) - 12 Philologist and linguist. His father was a Jew of Ukrainian descent.
32-39. Sebastian Thrun (robotician, Germany) - 12 Created unmanned vehicles that reached speeds of up to 60 km/h.

32-39. Nima Arkani-Hamed (physicist, Canada) - 12th Physicist. He states that our three-dimensional island-universe floats inside the fourth dimension, commensurate with the macrocosm
32-39. Margaret Turnbull (astrobiologist, USA) – 12
Studies the principles of the birth of stars, galaxies and universes.
40-42. Elaine Pagels (historian, USA) - 11 Historian - author of books exploring alternative scriptures rejected by the church. The most famous is the Gnostic Gospels.
40-42. Enrique Ostrea (doctor, Philippines) - 11 Pediatrician and neonatologist. Known for many studies, in particular how drugs and alcohol affect the baby in the womb.
40-42. Gary Becker (economist, USA) – 11
Economist. Advocates investment in human capital
…………………
43-48. Muhammad Ali (boxer, USA) - 10
One of the most famous boxers in the history of the sport. I came up with the tactical scheme “Float like a butterfly and sting like a bee.”

43-48. Osama bin Laden (Islamist, Saudi Arabia) - 10 Leader of Islamic terrorist organization Al-Qaeda. Terrorist #1 in the world. The reward on his head exceeded $50 million.

43-48. Bill Gates (creator of Microsoft Corporation, USA) - 10 Richest person on Earth.

43-48. Philip Roth (writer, USA) - 10 Received the most prestigious awards in America, including the Pulitzer. His novel The Plot Against America became a bestseller.
43-48. James West (physicist, USA) - 10 Inventor of the electret condenser microphone, which does not require a voltage source.
43-48. Vo Dinh Tuan (biologist and physician, Vietnam) - 10 Invented several diagnostic devices (in particular, an optical scanner) capable of detecting DNA damage.
…………..
49-57. Brian Wilson (musician, USA) - 9
The genius of rock music. He led the Beach Boys until he became addicted to drugs. But he managed to overcome his addiction.
49-57. Stevie Wonder (singer and composer, USA) - 9 Singer and songwriter, blind from birth. At the age of 10 he signed his first music contract, and at 12 he released his debut album.
49-57. Vinton Cerf (Internet protocol developer, USA) - 9 Computer scientist. One of the “fathers” of the Internet.

49-57. Henry Kissinger (diplomat and politician, USA) - 9 Winner of the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for his unquestioned authority in the field of international relations.

49-57. Richard Branson (businessman, UK) - 9 Billionaire, founder of the Virgin corporation. Known for his repeated attempts to break world speed records.
49-57. Pardis Sabeti (geneticist, anthropologist, Iran) - 9 Received a degree in biology with a PhD in anthropology at Oxford. Specializes in genetics.
49-57. John de Mol (media magnate, Netherlands) - 9 Producer, TV magnate. He came up with the idea of ​​​​creating the most popular reality show “Big Brother”.
……………………
49-57. Meryl Streep (actress, USA) - 9


Hollywood calls her the best actress of her generation. She was nominated for an Oscar 12 times and received two gold statuettes.

49-57. Margaret Atwood (writer, Canada) - 9 Invented the LongPen electronic device, which allows her to sign copies of her books without leaving home.
58-66. Placido Domingo (opera singer, Spain) - 8 World famous opera tenor. He is fluent in conducting and piano.
58-66. John Lasseter (animator, USA) is the creative leader of Pixar studio. He is called a solitary artist, and his style is compared to the late Walt Disney.
58-66. Shunpei Yamazaki (computer monitor developer, Japan) - 8 Computer scientist and physicist. The most prolific inventor in history- owner of more 1700 patents!

58-66. Jane Goodall (anthropologist, UK) - 8 Ethologist, primatologist and anthropologist. After living with mountain gorillas for several years, she became the founder of an original method for studying the life of chimpanzees.
58-66. Kirti Narayan Chowdhury (historian, India) - 8 Historian, writer and graphic artist. He is the only historian from South Asia to be accepted into the British Academy.
58-66. John Goto (photographer, UK) - 8 Photographer. He was the first to use Photoshop to process his photographs.
………………..
58-66. Paul McCartney (musician, UK) - 8

Rock musician, singer and composer, one of the founders of The Beatles. Wrote the most commercially successful single Hey Jude and the hit Yesterday.

58-66. Stephen King (writer, USA) - 8 Writer, works in the genres: horror, thriller, fantasy, mysticism. The universally recognized “king of horror.”

58-66. Leonard Cohen (poet and musician, Canada) - 8 Patriarch of folk rock. He published several novels and poetry collections, earning a strong literary name
67-71. Aretha Franklin (singer, USA) - 7 Black singer. She is called the "Queen of Soul". She has released two dozen records and received two Grammy awards.
67-71. David Bowie (musician, UK) - 7 Rock musician, producer, audio engineer, composer, artist, actor. Became famous in the 1970s with the advent of glam rock.
67-71. Emily Oster (economist, USA) - 7 Became the first researcher to compare data on the persecution of witches with weather conditions in the 16th and 17th centuries.

67-71. Stephen Wozniak (computer developer, co-founder of Apple, USA) - 7


Considered one of the fathers of the personal computer revolution.

67-71. Martin Cooper (engineer, inventor cell phone, USA) - 7

In 1973, the first call was made from the streets of New York.
But mobile phones only became truly widespread in 1990 year.

72-82. George Lucas (director, USA) - 6 He directed the television epic "Star Wars". Fans around the world still live by the principles underlying the fictional Jedi philosophy.
72-82. Nile Rodgers (musician, USA) - 6 Elite studio musician. This black guitarist, composer and producer is considered a master of disco-pop.
72-82. Hans Zimmer (composer, Germany) - 6 Known for his music for many films, for example, Rain Man. He was the first to use a combination of orchestral and electronic music.

72-82. John Williams (composer, USA) - 6 Five-time Oscar winner. He wrote music for the films “Jaws”, Superman”, “Jurassic Park”, “Star Wars”, “Harry Potter” and others.
72-82. Annette Beyer (philosopher, New Zealand) - 6 Made significant contributions to the development of feminist philosophy.
72-82. Dorothy Rowe (psychologist, Australia) - 6 Gives an explanation of depression and shows how to get out of this condition: “Take your life into your own hands!”
……………………..
72-82. Ivan Marchuk (artist, sculptor, Ukraine) - 6 Created a unique style of painting - weaving.

72-82. Robin Escovado (composer, USA) - 6 Supporter of the French school. In recent decades, he wrote music exclusively for the choir chapel.
72-82. Mark Dean (computer developer, USA) - 6 Invented a device that made it possible to control a modem and a printer at the same time.
72-82. Rick Rubin (musician and producer, USA) - 6 Co-owner of Columbia Records. MTV named him the most powerful producer of the last 20 years.
72-82. Stan Lee (writer, publisher, USA) - 6 Publisher and lead writer of Marvel Comics magazine. Laid the beginning of the X-Men comic book series.

83-90. David Warren (engineer, Australia) - 5 Created the world's first emergency operational flight information recorder, the so-called black box for aircraft.
83-90. Jun Fosse (writer, playwright, Norway) - 5 He became famous after writing the play “And We Will Never Separate.”
83-90. Gertrude Schnakenberg (poet, USA) - 5 Representative of the feminist movement in modern poetry. Writes about universal human values.

83-90. Graham Linehan (writer, playwright, Ireland) - 5 Wrote scripts for many television comedies. Known as the screenwriter of the TV series Father Ted.
83-90. JK Rowling (writer, UK) - 5 Children's writer, author of the Harry Potter novels. They brought her worldwide fame and a fortune of $1 billion.