Dialectisms are linguistic features characteristic of a particular area. These can be individual words, as well as phrases and expressions.

The term comes from the Greek word dialektos - “talk, dialect”.
There are phonetic, grammatical, word-formation and lexical dialectisms.

Lexical dialectisms

Lexical dialectisms are heterogeneous; several groups can be distinguished: ethnographisms, lexical dialectisms proper, semantic and word-formative dialectisms.
Ethnographisms They name objects and concepts that are characteristic of everyday life and the economy of a given area, but do not have synonyms in the literary language.

Poneva

For example: poneva– a type of skirt (an element of Russian folk costume, women's woolen skirt married women from several pieces of fabric).

Tues– a small birch bark box with a lid. The classic tub has a cylindrical shape. Shalonik- the name of one of the winds among the Pomors. Zybka- cradle.
Actually lexical dialectisms have corresponding synonyms in the literary language: kochet(rooster), basque(Beautiful), hefty(Very), beetroot(beet).
Semantic dialectisms have their own meaning, different from the meaning of the literary language: in a word "bridge" in some areas it is called a canopy; word "thin" means "bad" (thin person = bad person).

Grammatical dialectisms

In some areas, verbs in the 3rd person are pronounced with a soft [t]: he go, They take etc.
In the endings of nouns the letter changes: no longer(instead of his wife); from my sister(instead of from my sister).
The control of prepositions changes: came from Moscow; go to the house.

Word-formation dialectisms

In some areas the berry is called blueberry "blueberry"», « Cherniga", i.e. invent a new word based on a literary one. The calf is also called by its own name: heifer, heifer, heifer.

Phonetic dialectisms

The peculiarity of such dialect words is their specific pronunciation. For example, clicking: do[ts]ka, but[ts]; yak: [core], [five]; pronunciation [x] in place of [g] at the end of the word: sleep[x], other[x].

The use of dialectisms in fiction

In fiction, dialectisms are used to characterize the speech of characters, to create local color, i.e. for a realistic depiction of reality. If we read how the Cossack speaks in pure Moscow dialect, we would not believe the author of the work, we would deny his truthfulness. Elements of dialect speech (dialectisms) are found in the works of classical and modern literature by many Russian writers: V. I. Belov, V. G. Rasputin, V. P. Astafiev, M. A. Sholokhov, P. P. Bazhov, B. V. Shergin and others. The diversity of Russian dialects is reflected in numerous works of Russian folklore. Folklore is also used in modern art: folklore recordings in Russian dialects form the basis of the work of the Ivan Kupala group.

Group "Ivan Kupala"
But sometimes dialect words can be found in the speech of people who have not fully mastered the norms of the literary language.
A dialect is a layer of language that often does not have a written language.
French linguists, along with the term “dialecte”, use the term “patois”, which also denotes the locally limited speech of certain groups of the population, mainly rural.

History of dialects

Modern Russian dialect groups were formed as a result of interactions, transformations and regroupings of dialects of the Old Russian language. The Russian northern dialect developed as a result of contacts between Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal settlers who explored the Russian North from the 12th-13th centuries. Western and eastern Central Russian dialects developed within the more ancient parts of the territory of the Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal lands. A decisive role in the development of the “transitional character” of these dialects was played by their interaction with the southern Russian dialect region, which separated the southern Novgorod and Rostov-Suzdal territories from the northern ones.
The Smolensk-Polotsk dialects gradually entered the sphere of influence of the southern Russian Akaya dialect, as a result of which the modern area of ​​the southern dialect of the Russian language was formed, connected by a wide band of transitional dialects with dialects of the Belarusian language.

Have any incidents ever happened to you when, while reading the works of Russian classics, you did not understand what they were writing about? Most likely, this was not due to your inattention to the plot of the work, but because of the writer’s style, which included outdated words and dialectisms.

V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Shukshin, S. Yesenin liked to express themselves in words of this type. And this is only a small part of them.

Dialectisms: what is it and how many types are there?

Dialects are words whose distribution and use are limited to a certain territory. They are widely used in the vocabulary of the rural population.

Examples of dialectisms in the Russian language show that they are characterized by individual characteristics concerning phonetics, morphology, vocabulary:

1. Phonetic dialectisms.

2. Morphological dialectisms.

3. Lexical:

• actually lexical;
• lexical-semantic;

4. Ethnographic dialectisms.

5. Word-forming dialectisms.

Dialectisms also occur at the syntactic and phraseological levels.

Types of dialectisms as individual features of the original Russian people

In order to find out the original features of the dialect of the Russian people, it is necessary to consider dialectisms in more detail.

Examples of dialectisms:

• Replacing one or more letters in a word is typical for phonetic dialectisms: pshono - millet; Khvedor - Fedor.
• Changes in words, which are not the norm from the point of view of the agreement of words in sentences, are characteristic of morphological dialectisms: in mene; I spoke with smart people(substitution of cases, plural and singular).
• Words and expressions that are found only in a certain area and have no phonetic or word-forming analogues. Words whose meaning can only be understood from the context are called lexical dialectisms. In general, in the known vocabulary they have equivalent words that are understandable and known to everyone. The southern regions of Russia are characterized by the following dialectisms (examples): beet - beet; cibula - bow.
• Words that are used only in a specific region and have no analogues in the language due to their correlation with the characteristics of the life of the population are called “ethnographic dialectisms.” Examples: shanga, shanga, shaneshka, shanechka - a dialectic denoting a certain type of cheesecake with a top potato layer. These delicacies are widespread only in a certain region; they cannot be described in one word from common usage.
• Dialectisms that arose due to a special affixal design are called word-formative: guska - goose, pokeda - bye.

Lexical dialectisms as a separate group

Due to their heterogeneity, lexical dialectisms are divided into the following types:

• Actually lexical: dialectisms that have common literary meanings general meaning, but differ from them in spelling. They can be called peculiar synonyms of generally understood and well-known words: beets - sweet potatoes; stitch - path.
• Lexico-semantic. Almost the complete opposite of lexical dialectisms themselves: they have a common spelling and pronunciation, but differ in meaning. Correlating them, they can be characterized as homonyms in relation to each other.

For example, the word "cheerful" can have two meanings in different parts of the country.

1. Literary: energetic, full of strength.
2. Dialectal meaning (Ryazan): elegant, neat.

Thinking about the purpose of dialectisms in the Russian language, we can assume that, despite the differences with common literary words, they replenish the Russian literary word fund on an equal basis with them.

The role of dialectisms

The role of dialectisms for the Russian language is varied, but first of all they are important for the inhabitants of the country.

Functions of dialectisms:

1. Dialectisms are one of the most important means of oral communication for people living in the same territory. It was from oral sources that they penetrated into written ones, giving rise to the following function.
2. Dialectisms used at the level of district and regional newspapers contribute to a more accessible presentation of the information provided.
3. Fiction takes information about dialectisms from the colloquial speech of residents of specific regions and from the press. They are used to convey local features of speech, and also contribute to a more vivid conveyance of the characters’ character.

Some expressions slowly but surely find their way into the general literary stock. They become known and understandable to everyone.

Researchers studying the functions of dialectisms

P.G. Pustovoit, exploring the work of Turgenev, focused on dialectisms, examples of words and their meaning, he names the following functions:

• characterological;
• educational;
• dynamization of speech;
• cumulation.

V.V. Vinogradov based on the works of N.V. Gogol identifies the following series of functions:

• characterological (reflective) - it helps color the characters’ speech;
• nominative (nominative) - manifests itself when using ethnographisms and lexical dialectisms.

The most complete classification of functions was developed by Professor L.G. Samotik. Lyudmila Grigorievna identified 7 functions for which dialectisms in a work of art are responsible:

Modeling;

Nominative;

Emotive;

Culminative;

Aesthetic;

Phatic;

Characterological.

Literature and dialectisms: what are the dangers of abuse?

Over time, the popularity of dialectisms, even at the oral level, decreases. Therefore, writers and correspondents should use them sparingly in their works. Otherwise, it will be difficult to perceive the meaning of the work.

Dialectisms. Examples of inappropriate use

When working on a work, you need to think through the appropriateness of each word. First of all, you should think about the appropriateness of using dialect vocabulary.

For example, instead of the dialect-regional word “kosteril” it is better to use the common literary word “scold”. Instead of “promised” - “promised”.

The main thing is to always understand the line between moderate and appropriate use of dialect words.

Dialectisms should help the perception of the work, and not complicate it. To understand how to correctly use this figure of the Russian language, you can ask for help from the word masters: A.S. Pushkina, N.A. Nekrasova, V.G. Rasputina, N.S. Leskova. They skillfully, and most importantly, used dialectisms moderately.

The use of dialectisms in fiction: I.S. Turgenev and V.G. Rasputin

Some works by I.S. Turgenev is difficult to read. When studying them, you need to think not only about the general meaning of the literary heritage of the writer’s work, but also about almost every word.

For example, in the story “Bezhin Meadow” we can find the following sentence:

“With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of this familiar plain ˂...˃ I saw completely different places unknown to me.”

An attentive reader has a logical question: “Why did Ivan Sergeevich put the seemingly usual and appropriate word “square” in brackets?”

The writer personally answers it in another work, “Khor and Kalinich”: “In the Oryol province, large continuous masses of bushes are called “squares.”

It becomes clear that this word is widespread only in the Oryol region. Therefore, it can safely be attributed to the group of “dialectisms”.

Examples of sentences using terms of a narrow stylistic focus, used in the speech of residents of certain regions of Russia, can be seen in the stories of V.G. Rasputin. They help him show the character's originality. In addition, the hero’s personality and character are reproduced precisely through such expressions.

Examples of dialectisms from Rasputin’s works:

• To become cold - to cool down.
• To make a fuss is to rage.
• Pokul - for now.
• Engage - get in touch.

It is noteworthy that the meaning of many dialectisms cannot be understood without context.

Research

Dialectisms in literary language (using the example of Russian fairy tales).

Table of contents.

2. Main part:

2.1. Dialect concept

2.2. Dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language

2.3. Types of dialects. Classification of dialectisms

3. Practical part:

3.1. Dialectisms in literary language (example of Russian fairy tales)

4. Conclusion
List of used literature
Application

Introduction.

The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that the dialectological sphere of language still arouses keen interest of linguists. Today, Russian folk dialects are disappearing, and with them, unique facts about the history of the language and, in general, the culture of the Russian people are disappearing. The importance of such works is difficult to overestimate, and over time it will only increase.

The object of the study was dialects of the Russian language.
Our object of study raises an important question about the research boundaries of our object of study.
As you know, the lexical composition is divided into 2 layers: the first layer is general linguistic, such lexemes are familiar and used by the entire group of Russian speakers; the second layer is of a lexical-corporate nature, in particular of a special scientific nature. This group of lexemes is familiar and used by a limited number of people. The peculiarity of dialects is that they belong to the vocabulary of limited use. The scope of our analysis included dialects collected by continuous sampling from Russian fairy tales.

Dialects have been studied many times in different languages. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that for the first time dialects of the Russian language became the object of study in Russian fairy tales from the point of view of typification.
The purpose of our research is to determine how, with the help of dialect means, the stylization of an artistic narrative occurs and the speech characteristics of the characters are created. This study will be conducted using Russian fairy tales as an example.

Setting this goal led to the selection of the following tasks:

1. define the concept of dialect;
2. consider dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language;
3. identify types of dialects;
4. classify dialectisms;
5. analysis of dialectisms in literary language (using the example of Russian fairy tales).

The structure of the work corresponds to the assigned tasks.

Our material was analyzed based on the following methods: descriptive method, historical method, component analysis method.

Dialects and their influence on literature.

The purpose of this study is to determine how, with the help of dialect means, the stylization of an artistic narrative occurs and the speech characteristics of the characters are created. This study will be conducted using Russian fairy tales as an example.

Main part.

2.1. The concept of dialect.

Russian folk dialects, or dialects (gr. dialektos - adverb, dialect), contain a significant number of original folk words, known only in a certain area. Thus, in the south of Russia, a stag is called an ukhvat, a clay pot is called a makhotka, a bench is called an uslon, etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population. In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature. The dialects imprinted the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech were preserved, which are the most important source for restoring historical processes that once affected our language [Rosenthal, 2002:15].

2.2. Dialects as part of the vocabulary of the national Russian language.

The vocabulary of the Russian language, depending on the nature of its functioning, is divided into two large groups: commonly used and limited in scope. The first group includes words whose use is not limited either by the territory of distribution or by the type of activity of people; it forms the basis of the vocabulary of the Russian language. This includes the names of concepts and phenomena from different areas of social life: political, economic, cultural, everyday life, which gives grounds to identify various thematic groups of words in the national vocabulary. Moreover, all of them are understandable and accessible to every native speaker and can be used in the most different conditions.
Vocabulary of a limited sphere of use is widespread within a certain area or among people united by profession, social characteristics, common interests, pastime, etc. Such words are used mainly in oral speech. However, artistic speech does not refuse to use them [Rosenthal, 2002:14].

2.3. Types of dialects. Classification of dialectisms.

In linguistic literature there is a broad and narrow understanding of dialectism as the main component of dialectology.

1. The broad approach (presented in the linguistic encyclopedia) is characterized by an understanding of dialectisms as linguistic features characteristic of territorial dialects, included in literary speech. Dialectisms stand out in the flow of literary speech as deviations from the norm [Yartseva, 1990: 2].
2. The narrow approach (reflected in the monograph by V.N Prokhorova) is that dialectisms are dialect words or stable combinations of words used in the language of artistic, journalistic and other works [Prokhorova, 1957:7].

In our work, based on the object of study, we rely on a narrow approach and by the term dialectisms we understand the phonetic, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, semantic and other features of the language reflected in a work of art, inherent in certain dialects in comparison with the literary language.

In linguistics, the question of dialectisms in the composition of the language of a work of art is one of the least studied. Separate works of such scientists as V. N. Prokhorov “Dialectisms in the language of fiction”, E. F. Petrishchev “Extraliterary vocabulary in modern literary prose”, P. Ya. Chernykh “On the question of methods of artistic reproduction of folk speech” and others are devoted to him. A number of works are devoted to the analysis of dialect vocabulary in specific works of Russian writers of the 19th – 20th centuries: dialectisms in the works of I. S. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, V. Belov, F. Abramov.

In works of fiction, the originality of dialects can be reflected to varying degrees. Depending on what specific features are conveyed in dialect words, they can be classified into four main groups:

1. Words that convey the features of the sound structure of a dialect - phonetic dialectisms.

2. Words that differ grammatical forms from words of the literary language - morphological dialectisms.

3. Features of the construction of sentences and phrases conveyed in the literary language of a work of art, characteristic of dialects - syntactic dialectisms.

4. Words from the vocabulary of the dialect used in the language of fiction are lexical dialectisms. Such dialectisms are heterogeneous in composition. Among the vocabulary contrasted vocabulary, the following stand out:

a) semantic dialectisms - with the same sound design, such words in the dialect have the opposite literary meaning (homonyms in relation to the literary equivalent);

b) lexical dialectisms with complete difference in terms of content from the literary word (synonyms in relation to the literary equivalent);

c) lexical dialectisms with partial differences in the morphemic composition of the word (lexical-word-formative dialectisms), in its phonemic and accentological fixation (phonemic and accentological dialectisms).

5. Dictionary non-opposed vocabulary includes dialect words, which are names of local objects and phenomena that do not have absolute synonyms in the literary language and require a detailed definition - so-called ethnographisms.

The above classification of the use of dialectisms in the language of a work of art is conditional, since in some cases dialect words can combine the characteristics of two or more groups [Prokhorova, 1957: 6 - 8].

When dialectisms from oral speech come to the author’s disposal, he, interspersing them into the language of the literary text, subordinates each dialectal word to the general concept of the work, and this is done not directly, but through narration methods.
For the original population of villages, dialect (that is, local dialect) is, first of all, native language, which a person masters in early childhood and is organically connected with it. Precisely because articulatory speech skills are formed naturally, they are very strong in everyone. It is possible to rebuild them, but not for everyone and not in everything.

With the help of dialectology data, it is possible to more clearly resolve the issue of the principles of selection of dialecticisms of the author, the manifestation of his artistic taste, awareness in the selection of material for creating images of folk - colloquial speech. Dialectological data helps answer the question of what vocabulary of the dialect the artist prefers to use.

Thus, the processes occurring in the sphere of dialect language as part of the language of a work of art have much in common with the processes characteristic of Russian colloquial speech, the oral variety of the literary language. In this regard, dialectisms represent a rich source for identifying processes and trends in the literary language.

We came to the conclusion that dialects differ from the national national language in various ways - phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely original words unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common features.

Lexical dialectisms are words known only to native speakers of the dialect and have neither phonetic nor word-forming variants outside of it. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are the words buryak (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (to speak); in the northern ones - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

Ethnographic dialectisms are words that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - “pies prepared in a special way”, shingles - “special potato pancakes”, nardek - “watermelon molasses”, manarka - “a type of outerwear”, poneva - “a type of skirt,” etc. Ethnographisms do not and cannot have synonyms in the common language, since the objects themselves denoted by these words have a local distribution. As a rule, these are household items, clothing, foods, plants and fruits.

Lexico-semantic dialectisms are words that have an unusual meaning in a dialect. For example, the bridge is “the floor of a hut”, the lips are “mushrooms of all varieties (except white)”, shouting (to someone) is “calling”, oneself is “the owner, the husband”. Such dialectisms act as homonyms for common words used with their inherent meaning in the language.

Phonetic dialectisms are words that have received a special phonetic design in the dialect. For example, tsai (tea), chap (chain); hverma (farm), bamaga (paper), passport (passport), zhist (life).

Derivational dialectisms are words that have received a special affix design in the dialect. For example, peven (rooster), guska (goose), heifer (calf), strawberry (strawberry), bro (brother), shuryak (brother-in-law), darma (for free), zavsegda (always), otkul (from where), pokeda (bye) ), evonny (his), ichniy (theirs), etc.

Morphological dialectisms are forms of inflection not characteristic of the literary language: soft endings for verbs in the 3rd person (to go, to go); ending -am for nouns in the instrumental case plural(under the pillars); the ending -e for personal pronouns in the singular genitive case: for me, for you, etc. [Rosenthal, 2002:15].

Practical part.

3.1.Dialectisms in literary language (using the example of Russian fairy tales).

There is another unsolved phenomenon: this is the language of Russian fairy tales, which is called simple, colloquial.
In the language laboratory we will highlight the simplest: lexical categories. Let's name the individual functions of the Russian verb.

1.GET TO GET, gather in a crowd, flock, gang, crowd. Passing birds are flocking. || Novg. chickens Thumb. get to know, communicate, hang out, get in touch with someone; get acquainted, make friends.
(V. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary)

“The princess cried a lot, the prince persuaded her a lot, commanded her not to leave the high tower, not to go to conversation, not to bully other people, not to listen to bad speeches.” (" White duck»).

2. SWIM OUT
3.ZAREZATI

Let's group dialects by type:

Ethnographic
1. BERDO, reed, cf. (tech. region). Weaving machine accessory, comb for nailing weft to fabric.

There was a lot of yarn; It’s time to start weaving, but they won’t find reeds that are suitable for Vasilisa’s yarn; no one undertakes to do something.
(“Vasilisa the Beautiful”)

Lexical
1. KISA, kitties, female. (colloquial fam.). An affectionate designation for a cat (from the call: kitty-kiss).
II. KISA, kitties, female. (pers.) (reg.). A purse or bag secured with a drawstring. “Taking out a flask of wine and a large pie with cabbage from the kitty, he sat down.” Zagoskin. (In Ushakov's dictionary)
2. FLY, flies, women's.
1. A short piece of fabric (eg linen), towel, scarf (region).
2. A stitched or inserted strip of fabric from the motni (step) to the top in the front of the pants, trousers (port.). (In Ushakov's dictionary).

Sagittarius visited the king, received a whole bunch of gold from the treasury and comes to say goodbye to his wife. She hands him a fly and a ball (“Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what”).

3. DAMAGE, damage, plural. no, female
1. Action and condition according to Ch. spoil and deteriorate. Damage to instruments. Damage to vision. Damage to relationships. Damage to character.
2. In popular belief - a disease caused by witchcraft (reg.).
(Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov)

So the king went hunting. Meanwhile, a witch came and cast a spell on the queen: Alyonushka became sick, and so thin and pale. (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”).

4. BOILING, boiling, boiling; boiling, boiling, boiling. 1. Boiling, heated to a boil (reg.). 2. Boiling, foaming. A seething stream. 3. transfer Intensely active, stormy. He discovered his ebullient character here. Full of activity. “In... ... (Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary)

Alyonushka, my sister! Swim out, swim out to the shore. The fires are burning flammable, the cauldrons are boiling, the knives are sharpening damask knives, they want to stab me to death! (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”).

5. POMELO, a, plural. (region). pomelya, ev, cf.
A stick wrapped at the end with a rag for sweeping, sweeping; broom. Kitchen p. Drive him with a broom. (Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Ushakov).

Soon a terrible noise was heard in the forest: trees were cracking, dry leaves were crunching; Baba Yaga left the forest - she rides in a mortar, urges with a pestle, and covers her trail with a broom (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

6. UPPERSONA, upper rooms, women. 1. Room, original. room on the top floor (outdated). 2. Clean half of the peasant hut (region). Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... (Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary).

You should follow the fire! - the girls shouted. - Go to Baba Yaga! And they pushed Vasilisa out of the upper room (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

7. Dashing, dashing, plural. no, cf. (regional, folk-poet.). Evil. “You can’t escape from the shame.” (last).
To remember someone dashingly (colloquial) - to remember someone badly.
II. LIKHO, adv. to dashing. (Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov)

The blacksmith lived happily, he knew no dashing (“The One-Eyed Dashing”).

8. CLOSER, bins, plural. bin, husband (region). A fenced-off area in barns for storing grain. “There’s not a grain in the bins.” A. Koltsov (Ushakov’s Explanatory Dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940).

Baba Yaga began to go to bed and said:
- When I leave tomorrow, look - clean the yard, sweep the hut, cook dinner, prepare the laundry, and go to the granary, take a quarter of the wheat and clear it of the chernushka (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).

Phonetic
1. APPLE TREE (abbreviation: Y.) - apple trees, w. (region). Same as apple tree. The apple tree brings apples; Hazel is nuts, but the best fruits come from good upbringing. K. Prutkov (Explanatory Dictionary of D.N. Ushakov).
There are apple trees.
- Apple tree, mother apple tree. Hide me! ("Swan geese").

Derivational
1. RAM
- Don’t drink, brother, otherwise you’ll become a little lamb (“Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”).
2. RINSE
- Tsar! Let me go to the sea, drink some water, rinse my intestines (“Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”).
3. NIECE
- There, niece, a birch tree will whip you in the eyes - you tie it with a ribbon (“Baba Yaga”).
4. FROM HERE
- Is there any way to get away from here? (“Baba Yaga”).

Morphological
1. SWIM OUT
Alyonushka, my sister! Swim out, swim out to the shore (“Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”).
2. KILLED
The fires are flammable, the cauldrons are boiling, the damask knives are sharpening, they want to stab me to death. (“Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka”).
The gerund is often used as a predicate. This is a syntactic feature. Participles are formed using suffixes.
3. Happily Ever After The blacksmith lived happily, he knew no dashing (“The One-Eyed Dashing”).
4. DON'T STAY
She locked herself in her room and got to work; She sewed tirelessly, and soon a dozen shirts were ready (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).
5. FLAX
Go buy me the best flax, at least I’ll spin (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”).
Adjectives often have contracted forms.
6. ABOUT CHEESE
The king of the sea galloped to the lake and immediately guessed who the duck and the drake were; hit the damp ground and turned into an eagle (“The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise”).
7. AFTER
- Why didn’t you destroy the church and capture the priest? After all, it was them! - the sea king shouted and he himself galloped after Ivan Tsarevich and Vasilisa the Wise (“The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise”).
8. ASSISTANCE - ASSISTANCE, blue, I mean; Sov., to whom what (simple and regional). Help, assist. P. mow. Help my grief (help in trouble). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary.
- Help, grandma! After all, the archer returned and brought a deer - golden antlers (“Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what”).

This is truly a piece of jewelry, but almost unexplored by stylists and lexicologists. It remains to add that the language of fairy tales is an unplowed field where everyone who values ​​the richest Russian speech can find their own corner.

Conclusion

During the study, we came to the following conclusions:

1. in Russian fairy tales, dialectisms reflect the worldview of the people, their national and cultural specifics;
2. analysis of dialects of the Russian language can be focused on reconstructing the process of interaction between different ethnic cultures;
3. ethnographic analysis showed how language in different forms of its existence, at different stages of its history reflected and reflects the history of the people;
4. language at all its levels should be considered as an ethnocultural phenomenon.

List of used literature.

1. Avanesov R.I. Dialectological dictionary of the Russian language.
2. Avanesov R.I. Essays on Russian dialectology. - M., 1949.
3. Blinova O.I. The language of literary works as a source of dialect lexicography. – Tyumen, 1985.
4. Kasatkin L.L. Russian dialectology. – M.: Academy, 2005.
5. Kogotkova T.S. Letters about words. – M.: Nauka, 1984.
6. Nazarenko E. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology (names). – Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2003.
7. Prokhorova V.N. Dialectisms in the language of fiction. – Moscow, 1957.
8. Russian language. Textbook for pedagogical students institutions. In 2 hours Part 1. Introduction to the science of language.
9. Russian language. General information. Lexicology of the modern Russian literary language.
10. Phonetics. Graphics and spelling / L.L. Kasatkin, L.P. Krysin, M.R. Lvov, T.G. Terekhova; Under
11. ed. L.Yu.Maksimova. – M.: Education, 1989.
12. Modern Russian language. Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. – M.: 2002.
13. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 4 volumes / Ed. D.N. Ushakova. - M.: State. Institute "Sov.encyclical."; OGIZ; State Publishing House of Foreign and National Slovakia, 1935-1940.
14. Wonderful miracle, wondrous wonder: fairy tales / Hood. S.R. Kovalev. – M.: Eskimo, 2011.
15. The language of works of art. Sat. articles. – Omsk, 1966.
16. Yartseva V.N. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. – M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990.

Internet sites.
1. dic.academic.ru
2.slovopedia.com
3.classes.ru
4. slovari.yandex.ru
5. TolkSlovar.Ru
6. DICTIONARIES.299.RU

Introduction

Any person for whom Russian is a native language knows what the words money, eat, cranberry, meadow, tractor mean, but not everyone is familiar with words such as finaga (money), beryal (eat, eat), pozhanka (meadow ), cranebird (cranberry).

The words money, eat, cranberry, meadow, tractor belong to the public vocabulary (the term “national vocabulary” is to a certain extent arbitrary, since most people do not use non-literary words in their speech. On the other hand, many literary and book words are unknown to people with little culture). Its understanding and use do not depend either on the place or on the professional affiliation of a person. It is the national vocabulary that forms the basis of the national Russian language. The popular vocabulary includes literary words: trees, think, tiny, liar, etc., non-literary vocabulary, which is common among people of various professions and ages: fool, brainy, stupid, will do, etc.

Non-popular vocabulary is vocabulary, the understanding and use of which is related to a person’s profession, place of residence, occupation, etc. Non-popular vocabulary includes dialect, special and slang words.

1 Dialectal (regional) vocabulary

Dialectal (otherwise regional) vocabulary is that part of non-national vocabulary that is a characteristic feature of the speech of the population of which
- or locality, region, district. There are words used only by residents of the northern regions: roe deer (plow), lava (bridge), teplina (fire), etc.

There are words characteristic of southern cities: order (forest), kozyulya (earth), ploshcha (bushes), etc.

Dialectal words that are used in fiction are called dialectisms. The term “dialectism” includes not only what refers to the peculiarities of the vocabulary of a particular dialect or dialect, but also what constitutes its phonetic, word-formation or grammatical feature. For example: floppy
(cheerful), rokh (tog), damno (long ago), entot (this) - phonetic dialectisms; tying hay (fresh hay), u me (me), stepya (steppe), scold (scolds) - grammatical dialectisms; odnova (once), face to face
(layer), along (along) – word-formation dialectisms.

Among lexical dialectisms they distinguish: lexical dialectisms themselves - words that have synonyms in the literary language with a different root: basque (beautiful), vir
(whirlpool), cats (boots), chapura (heron) and other semantic dialectisms are words that in a given dialect (spoken) have a meaning unusual for general popular use. For example: envious, in some dialects it means (zealous), cloud (thunderstorm), lips (mushrooms), order (forest), arrogant (sudden) and other ethnographic dialectisms - words naming objects and phenomena characteristic of the life of the population of only a given localities and unknown in other areas or differing from them in some specific way: duleyka (wadding jacket), plakhta (skirt made of a piece of fabric), tonets ( thin pancake from unleavened dough), etc. In other words, ethnographic dialectism, or ethnographism, is the local name for a special, local thing. Ethnographisms do not have a national synonym, so their meaning can only be conveyed descriptively.

Phraseological dialectisms are stable phrases known in given value only in some locality: to fall into boredom (get bored), as if one sat down in salt (withered away), death without death (something difficult, heavy), etc.

2 Use of dialect vocabulary in speech

Since dialect vocabulary is one of the words that is not generally known, not popular, the natural question is how and to what extent it can be used for artistic purposes. The degree and nature of the use of dialect words are determined by the theme of the work, the object of the image, the goals that the author sets for himself, his aesthetic ideal, skill, etc. For example, in L. N. Tolstoy, dialectisms are found not only when conveying the speech of peasants, but sometimes in the author’s language, where they are given without any explanation. In I. S. Turgenev, such words have the nature of quotations, inclusions, alien to the general verbal context. At the same time, they are provided with notes that reveal their meaning, scope of use, and these graphic means in the text emphasize their difference from the general literary context.

The dialect words used by the authors can denote some objects, realities that are not known to popular use, and then the function of dialectisms is primarily denominative. The same function is often played by those actual lexical dialectisms that do not have a single-word equivalent in the literary language: Sitting down on the lawn under the oak tree, I decided to cook plum porridge.

Dialectisms can be a fresh, expressive means. It was the expressiveness of the word crawl (an old skin shed by some animals when molting) that delighted A. S. Pushkin, who heard it from the expert on folk speech V. I. Dahl.

Dialectisms of all types serve as a means of character individualization:
“It’s not for nothing that the frog screams,” explained the grandfather, slightly worried by our gloomy silence. “The frog, my dear, is always worried before a thunderstorm and jumps wherever he goes.” Nadysya I spent the night with an assistant, we cooked fish soup in a cauldron by the fire, and the frog—it weighed a kilo, no less—jumped straight into the cauldron and was boiled...” - “And nothing? – I asked. - Can I eat? ” - “Tasty food,” answered the grandfather (Paust); with their help it is possible to achieve ethnographic authenticity and artistic persuasiveness in reproducing everyday life, furnishings, etc.

It is unusual for modern writers writing about the village and widely using dialect words to provide a special explanation of these words, even those that may clearly be unknown to the reader.

Dialect means are also used in the newspaper, most often in an essay, where they characterize both a given hero, his speech, and individual features of life, the language of the area in which the hero lives.

Speaking about the use of dialect words in a newspaper, it is necessary to emphasize that the requirement for the motivated use of dialectisms acquires here special meaning. And, first of all, because the newspaper must convey educated, literary speech to the reader. This means that the use of non-literary means in newspaper texts should be as justified as possible. For example: It was not for nothing that I placed Vasily Mikhailovich a little apart from other Bryansk taiga residents. And in this case, the use of a dialect word does not seem motivated either from an artistic or from any other point of view.

It should also be remembered that the dialect word used in the newspaper must be understandable to the reader, and therefore explained if it requires it by its nature. After all, the newspaper is read quickly and the reader does not have time to look for an incomprehensible word in dictionaries.

3 Special (professional terminological) vocabulary

Special vocabulary is words and combinations of words used and understood primarily by representatives of a certain branch of knowledge or profession: mathematics. logarithm, normal; nerd. pollen, inflorescence, etc. Among the special words, terms and professionalisms stand out first of all.

A term is a word (or a combination of words) that is the officially accepted and legalized name of a concept in science, technology, art, etc. As a rule, a term is unambiguous in the system of this terminology, which distinguishes it from non-terminological words: chemistry. methyl, oxide, base; honey. hematoma, contraindications, hepatitis, etc.

Terms can be highly specialized and generally understandable, understood and used not only by specialists in this field of knowledge.

The boundaries between highly specialized and generally understood terms are fluid.
There is a movement of part of highly specialized vocabulary into generally used vocabulary, which is often no longer recognized as terminological. This movement is facilitated by a number of reasons, among which an important role is played by the increase in the general educational level of the population, as well as the importance of this or that science, branch of the economy at the moment, which is associated with widespread propaganda of the achievements of this science, branch of the economy by the media.

Understanding the meaning of a term and the transition of a term to the category of generally understandable words are also related to its structure: words consisting of elements whose meaning is quite clear are usually easily acquired: seamless, adhesive concrete, rocket launcher, etc. Terms that arose as a result of rethinking are easily understood and assimilated words An example is the names of many parts of mechanisms, according to appearance, functions, etc. similar to household items: fork, wiper, sled, etc.

Fiction and fiction also play an important role in popularizing the term. Thus, the romanticization of maritime professions in the stories of A. Green and other writers contributed to the acquaintance of a wide readership with many maritime terms: emergency, brig, wheelhouse, etc.

The origins of the terms are heterogeneous. Among them there are those borrowed entirely from other languages ​​(dugout, breeze, vacuum, etc.) and formed on the basis of the international general educational fund, primarily Greek and Latin roots. A significant part of the terms is formed from Russian word-formation material: striker, ground, rootstock, etc., as well as from Russian and borrowed morphemes: biocurrents, foam concrete, glass wool, etc. Many terms arose as a result of rethinking words, most often based on metaphorization: shoe ( support), root (the main part of the word), etc.

In addition to terms, special vocabulary also includes professionalisms - words and phrases of a semi-official nature, denoting some special concept for which there is not yet an officially accepted designation in a given science, branch of technology, etc. Such, for example, are printing professionalisms: hanging line (an incomplete line with which a page begins or ends), etc. Professionalisms also refer to the names of special concepts and objects in various kinds of trades and crafts.

Adjacent to the terms and professionalisms are professional jargons - informal designations of concepts of a special and non-special nature that exist in the colloquial speech of representatives of a profession or a professional group. There are specific jargons in any profession. Usually such professional slang names are expressively colored.

4 Use of special vocabulary in speech

In addition to specialized literature, special vocabulary, mainly terms, are used along with other lexical means in non-industry newspapers and magazines, in fiction, etc. to convey scientific and technical information, indications of the production conditions in which the hero lives and acts, to create his speech characteristics, etc.

Special vocabulary is widely used to create words of a non-specialized nature, i.e. metaphors: and creativity, a chain reaction will never allow us to grow old in our souls.

Metaphorization of terms is one of the characteristic features of modern newspaper journalism. Words from military, theatrical, musical and sports terminology are most actively involved in the sphere of figurative use: labor landing, hockey trio, sprinter’s ampoule, start a career, etc.

Vocabulary is also used as a means of creating comedy. The comic effect is often achieved by the fact that the term finds itself in a context unusual for it, contradicting not so much the surrounding vocabulary as the situation itself - purely everyday, intimate, etc.: On the way, he solved in his mind a complex problem, how to more skillfully communicate to Raisa Pavlovna and Tanechka about the decision made, without causing an uncontrollable thermonuclear reaction.

In other cases, the comic effect is achieved by the fact that the term is used incorrectly in relation to a completely unusual class of objects or in a meaning misunderstood by the character: And in the kitchen their little dog, a poodle, attacks visitors and tears their legs.

When using special vocabulary for one purpose or another, it is necessary to present it in such a way that the reader understands the need for a special word, understands its meaning, or imagines, at least in general terms, the special subject and concept in question.

Basically, entering special words is the same as the methods for entering dialectisms. These are page-by-page footnotes or references to the dictionary located at the end of the book, or explanations in the text itself, inclusion in a context in which the meaning of a special word becomes sufficiently clear without any explanation. The newspaper's capabilities in this regard are more limited. In a newspaper, you can give a special word in such a context that the reader can guess its meaning, or resort to an explanation, brief or detailed, exact or approximate: Just a few years ago, all jets, or, more simply, metering devices for carburetors, were made at the factory by hand.

Cases when a special word is given without any explanation, and its meaning remains unclear, must be considered unsuccessful.

5 Slang vocabulary

Jargon is a set of features of colloquial speech that arises among people in similar professional and everyday conditions, united by common interests, spending time together, etc.
Thus, in the speech of students, slang terms for academic disciplines are common: litera, physical education; ratings: three, goose; actions, abilities of students: fuck (teach), knock (pass an exam or test), flog
(understand, understand), etc.

The lexicon has a lot of jargon that denote an assessment of something or someone, expressing an attitude towards something or someone: hammer (a positive assessment of a person’s actions), lazhovo (about something negative) completely
(indifferent), etc.

Fans of various games have their own jargon: kill a goat (play dominoes), drive, knock (skipping a move in the same game), color (suit of reds), half-color (suit of diamonds), etc.

The vocabulary of some slang words is very variable; Some slang words quickly cease to be used, being replaced by others. First of all, this concerns youth slang or student slang in particular. There are several reasons for the appearance of jargon in the speech of young people. One of them is a protest against standardization, clichéd language means, and against increased idle talk. But this protest in practice often leads to the emergence of a set of “walking” slang words and expressions that become a kind of “stamps inside out” and therefore unite speech.

A type of jargon is argot. Argo arises among people who want to make their speech incomprehensible to others. There was an argot of itinerant traders, wool beaters, card sharpers, thieves, beggars, etc.

It can be noted that some of the slang vocabulary over time passes into general popular use, into the category of expressive colloquial words. So, former jargons are: work hard (work hard), dust-free
(light), hokhma (humor), blatnoy (relating to the criminal world), etc.

6 Using jargon in speech

Writers and journalists sometimes use slang and argot vocabulary as one of the means of speech characterization of the hero, to show the characteristics and morals of a particular environment. Thus, the use of N. G. Pomyalovsky in
“Essays on Bursa” Bursat jargon, often explained in detail, helped the writer convey the gloomy flavor of the Bursat situation. Game of tricks, hit the lean ones, pfmfa.

Professional jargon, along with terms and professionalisms, can participate in the reproduction of a certain professional environment, introducing the special realities of this environment and at the same time with the colloquial designations of special explanations common in it.
For example, in the story “In August '44,” the writer V. Bogomolov introduced readers to some military jargon: props
(depict something for some purpose), parsh (paratrooper agent), etc.

Professional jargon also serves this function in the newspaper.
(introduced, as a rule, into the speech of the heroes, in the speech of the journalist they are highlighted graphically): Then someone shouted: “Did you forget the pistols?” This surprised me.
What “pistols” are we talking about? It turns out that this is the name of the tackle for catching gobies in the sea; I press the brake pedal and take the levers. Too sharply - the car “bites”.

As for the use of other types of jargon, they are usually used as a means of speech characterization.

In the author's speech (except for those cases when they are necessary for a realistic reflection of any environment), jargon can be used as a means of ridicule, ionization, etc.: He needs a manuscript, just as an experienced schnifer needs an autogenous apparatus to open fireproof cash registers;
Unfortunately for us, there was a benefactor nearby who needed to drive the shaft according to his talents. And my friend and I fell into the category of young talents. Or saying modern language, into the vein.

7 Computer jargon

Computer technologies, which have been rapidly developing since the second half of this century, and especially the massive invasion of our personal computer market in the mid-80s, have introduced into the language a huge number of special words and expressions, a rich branched terminology, for example: network card, microprocessor, operating system, formatting, installation, hard drive, pixels, dialog box, object (Delphi3.0 object for example), etc. Many of these terms are Anglicisms, but there are also a considerable number of words of “domestic” origin.

Along with computer-related science and production, virtual entertainment has also entered the market: computer games. A well-made game is a complex organism that requires a certain level of professionalism from the player. Games are divided into types that receive specific names, often requiring many special terms and rules to indicate different game processes(especially those with network capabilities, that is, several people participating in the game at the same time): Quest,
Strategy game, Flight simulator, multiplayer, deathmatch, frag, etc.

As in any professional “language” among people who are in one way or another connected with computers, there are also unofficial designations for certain concepts, what can be called professional “argot” (or jargon).

Ways to form jargon:

A very common method (inherent in all jargon that stands next to certain terminology) is the transformation of a term, usually large in volume or difficult to pronounce. Here we can highlight
1) abbreviation: computer - computer, hard drive - screw, mac - poppy.

2) Univerbation: motherboard - mother, strategic game - strategy, role-playing game– roller, inkjet printer – inkjet,

Zd studio max – max (the word is the name of the most popular program, not yet grammatically formed).

As in the professional language of computer scientists, there are many English borrowings in the jargon. These are often borrowings from English computer jargon:

The word Gamer is from English. Jargon Gamer (Professional computer game player). Smiley is a funny face that is a sequence of punctuation marks (: - |). From eng. slang smiley.

Doomer – Doomer (fan of the game Doom).

Professional terms can also be the “fathers” of jargon. English origin, which already have an equivalent in Russian: hard drive, hard disk, heavy drive - hard drive (hard drive), connect - to connect (join), programmer - programmer (programmer), user - user (user) to click - click
(click. Although now “click” is starting to compete with “click”).
The grammatical mastery of some borrowings by the Russian language is accompanied by their word-formation Russification. Zip (zip) - zip, zipped, zipovsky, User (user) - user.

Interestingly, there is also the opposite phenomenon here. A jargon synonymous with the term appears, derived from a word that has long been established in the Russian language: Vents - a contemptuous name for the Windows operating system.

Borrowing, however, is by no means the only source of replenishment of the lexicon of a given lexical system. Some words come from the jargon of other professional groups, for example, motorists: kettle (novice user), engine (kernel, “engine”, programs. This word is also semantically equivalent to the English analogue engine). Sometimes the computer processor is called the motor, and the computer itself is called the machine. The word glitch and the word-formation series from it, widely used in youth slang, here takes on the meaning of “unforeseen errors in the program or incorrect operation of the equipment.” Wed. “My printer is buggy,” or “Windows98 is a pretty buggy product.”

The method of metaphorization is very productive (which is widely used in all slang systems). With its help, words such as:

Damn - CD disc (already outdated).

The Rat is a Soviet-made mouse.

Resuscitator - a specialist or a set of special programs for “calling a computer out of a coma”, software which is seriously damaged and is unable to function normally.

There are numerous verbal metaphors: slow down - extremely slow operation of a program or computer, demolish or kill - delete information from the disk.

An interesting number of synonyms is associated with the process of disrupting the normal operation of a computer, when it does not respond to any commands other than the reset button. They say about such a computer that it hangs, freezes, stands up, falls, collapses.
Although the word freeze (a freeze occurred, in the case of a freeze) can now be excluded from jargon - it is officially used as a term.
This is not the only example of the presence of synonyms in the jargon vocabulary; it is also worth noting: computer - wheelbarrow - device - computer - machine, screw - hard drive - hard disk - heavy drive.

You can also find the method of metonymy in the formation of jargon using the example of the word iron - in the meaning of “computer, components of a computer.” Buttons – in the meaning of “keyboard”.

You can find examples of phraseological units in which the motivation behind the meaning is clear only to the initiate: blue screen of death (error message text
Windows on a blue background before freezing), a combination of three fingers or send to three fingers (Ctrl-alt-delete - emergency deletion of any running program), stomp on loaves (work on the keyboard button).

A special place in computer jargon is occupied by words that do not have semantic motivation. They are in a relationship of partial homonymy with some common words (morphophonetic coincidences).

Lazarus – Laser Printer(Lazarus and Laser)

Vaxa is the VAX operating system.

Pentyukh – Pentium.

Quack – Quake game

Many words in computer jargon are formed according to word-formation models adopted in the Russian language. The suffix k is a very common affix method.

Shooter adventure

(Subsequently, these words were replaced by the terms simulator, quest, 3D action).

In the words “sidyuk” (compact disk or compact disc reader) or pisyuk - (PC) there is a suffix -yuk, characteristic of the vernacular.

The peculiar folklore of computer scientists is interesting, in which terminological vocabulary is used in a broad figurative sense.
(data from 1992).

Cant’ open – refusal to fulfill any request. (Computer message that a file cannot be retrieved.)

Here is an example of an arrangement of a famous work:

...How the Old Woman saw the Old Man -

I quarreled worse system massage:

“You fool, you simpleton!

I begged for OS, you fool,

I don't want to be a systems programmer

I want to do whatever my heart desires

So as not to mess around with the assembler,

And write in pure Pascal

Various beautiful things...

You can often come across jokes, anecdotes, and puns specific to computer scientists: here are examples from the famous game
GEG: Macrohard Corporation (pomerphemic antonym of Microsoft), Gell Bates
- (inversion of the first and last name of the head of Microprose, Bill Gates), “Harry was sleeping, but he knew that at the first click of the mouse he would wake up.”

Computer jargon is an actively developing dynamic system (due to the unusually rapid progress of computer technologies). This is one of the ways of penetration of Anglicisms into the Russian language (sometimes completely unjustified). Many words from computer jargon become official terminology. Jargon exists not only in oral speech, not only in numerous electronic documents letters and virtual conferences, they can also be found in print, they are often found in reputable computer publications: “...There are monitors with a diagonal of at least 17 inches, with a “motor” no weaker than a pentium120... PC World (A. Orlov, December 1997). And you can find them in abundance in magazines dedicated to computer games, for example: “And the monsters there strafe no worse than any doomer.” (italics are mine. Game world navigator March 1998, article - Underlight). A significant component of the vocabulary, distinguished by a colloquial, crudely colloquial coloring, expressiveness characteristic of youth slang, indicates that among computer scientists there are a lot of young people.

8 Archaisms

The lexical composition of the Russian language reflects the history of the people. Words are living witnesses of historical events, the development of science, technology, culture, and changes in everyday life.

With the disappearance of the corresponding concepts, many words cease to be used in speech. They are called archaisms, i.e. outdated words.
These include, for example, words denoting parts of the country's territory
(province, district, volost, etc.), names of institutions (department, zemstvo, etc.), names of Positions (deacon, governor, solicitor, etc.), etc.

In the Old Russian language there were words such as kuna (monetary unit), smerd (peasant), lyudin (person), beef (cattle), etc., which can now be found in historical dictionaries, and some - in the roots of modern words: beef, commoner

Not many people know that the word yara in the ancient Russian language was the name for spring.
The word itself has disappeared from Russian vocabulary, but the root and its meaning are preserved in the words yarka (a young lamb born in the spring), spring bread (spring crops are sown in the spring) and vernalization (pre-sowing seed treatment for spring sowing). In the fairy tale “The Snow Maiden” the sun is called yarilo, as was customary in Ancient Rus'.

Often old words are revived in the language, but filled with new content.

So, the word squad is ancient. It was used in Old Russian.
One of its meanings was “army of the prince.” Listen to it, and you will hear the ringing of chain mail, the thunder of battle. Think about it, and it will become clear: this word comes from the family of such courageous good brothers as friend, friendship, community...
In the meaning of “army of the prince,” A. S. Pushkin uses the word squad in “Song of prophetic Oleg”: With his retinue, in Tsaregrad armor, the prince rides across the field on a faithful horse.

In modern Russian, the word squad is used to denote a voluntary association of people created for one purpose or another (fire squad, etc.).

9 Neologisms

The vocabulary of a language is closely related to the life of society. The historical development of society, the development of science and technology, literature and art, changes in everyday life cause the emergence of new words, which are called neologisms.

In the 70s, words such as felt-tip pen (a rod for writing and drawing), simulator (a training device for practicing any skills), florist (an artist who creates compositions from dried flowers and leaves), etc., as well as complex words like photo club, television club, photo frame (individual photograph), television show.

In colloquial speech, the words velik, kopeck piece, two-story, chatter (playful chatter), Czechs (light sports shoes), etc. are widely used.

Neologisms include not only completely new, but also previously known words that have acquired new meanings. So, for example, in last years The words détente became widespread - in the sense of “detente of international tension”, scenario - in the sense of “a plan, scheme for holding an event, exhibition, etc.” The words mercy, charity, etc. have returned to our lexicon (the vocabulary of the language).

10 Loanwords

The main part of the vocabulary of the Russian language consists of words already known in the Old Russian language. These include many common words. Every language has words borrowed from other languages. They also exist in Russian.

The Russian people have long entered into political, trade, scientific and cultural relations with other peoples. At the same time, the Russian language was enriched with words from other languages. These words named things, customs, concepts, etc. that were new to the Russian people. The vocabulary of the Russian language contains about 10% of borrowed words, the bulk of which are nouns. Among them there are words from Greek (bed, ship, sail), Latin (exam, student, excursion), English (sports, football, tram), German (master, assault), French (suit, broth, compote) and other languages .

Many borrowed words change their sound composition (for example, Osip from the Greek Joseph), obey the laws of Russian declension, etc., so that they are not always easy to distinguish from original Russian ones.

According to the laws of the Russian language, new words can be formed from a borrowed word, for example: sport - sportive - unsportsmanlike, highway - highway.

Some borrowed nouns do not change in case and number, for example: coat, cinema, depot, radio, cafe, coffee, cocoa.

Pay attention to the pronunciation of the words: kaf [e], but kof [e], incorrectly kof [e); shin"[e]el, but not shin[e]el; parterre, but not parterre; driver, but not driver.

11 Phraseologisms

Phraseologisms are stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word. Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one word, less expressive. Compare: at the edge of the world (earth) - far away; lather the neck - teach a lesson, punish; walks under the table - small; the tooth does not touch the tooth - it is frozen; hack on the nose - remember; how to look into the water - to foresee, etc.

Like a word, a phraseological unit can have synonyms and antonyms. Phraseologisms are synonyms: two pairs of boots, two birds of a feather (one is no better than the other); beat swords into plowshares, sheathe a sword (end a war, strife), etc.

Phraseologisms-antonyms: roll up your sleeves - carelessly, brew porridge - disentangle the porridge, heavy to lift - easy to lift, etc.

The phraseological unit the cat cried has a synonym little and an antonym a lot.

Most of the phraseological units reflect the deeply folk, original character of the Russian language. The direct (original) meaning of many phraseological units is connected with the history of our Motherland, with some customs of our ancestors, their work, etc. Thus, the expression to kick the bucket (do nothing) arose on the basis direct meaning“to split a block of wood into logs (chocks) to make spoons, ladle, etc. from them,” that is, to do a very simple, easy task.

Phraseologisms are bright and expressive means of language. They are often found in speech. For example: - Once you pass the exams, you will be a free Cossack (free). (A. Kuprin.) Egor may be a debater, but he’s a wet chicken
(slut). He's afraid of cart squeaks. (M. Alekseev.)

Phraseologism plays the role of one member of a sentence:

The decoration and cleanliness of the casket caught the eye (it stood out, it was different). (AND.
Krylov.) The guys worked with their sleeves rolled up (okay, diligently).

The meaning of proverbs and sayings is acquired by quotes from literary works: Happy hours are not observed. (A. Griboyedov.) Sow what is reasonable, good, eternal... (N. Nekrasov.)

Conclusion

By studying the vocabulary of the Russian language, we enrich our lexicon, raise speech culture, expanding our knowledge of the surrounding reality.

In this regard, Russian language dictionaries provide us with invaluable help.

Linguistic scientists carefully collected and are collecting words and phraseological units and published and are publishing them in special dictionary books. Back in the 19th century. Russian language dictionaries were compiled: “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” and
“Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl.

In 1935-1940 Four volumes of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” were published, edited by D. N. Ushakov. Based on the card index of the Russian language dictionary, numbering over 6 million quote cards from the works of classics of Russian literature and Soviet writers, in the creation of which many scientists took part, the Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences compiled the most complete “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language”. Its publication lasted from 1948 to 1965. The dictionary consists of 17 volumes and contains 120,480 words.

The “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects” is being compiled (currently published
13 issues), regional dialect dictionaries. The “Dictionary of the Russian language of the 11th-17th centuries” is being created. (4 issues published), dictionaries of professional words, etc. were published. There is still a lot to be done to record our vocabulary wealth, “this treasure, this property passed on to us by our predecessors” (I. S. Turgenev), which we must protect and which must be mastered to the best of our ability and ability.

The Russian language is one of the richest and most developed languages ​​in the world.

Currently, the Russian language, due to its wealth and social significance, has become one of the leading international languages. Many words of the Russian language are included in the vocabulary of foreign languages.

Literature:

1. Vvedenskaya L.A.

2. Anikina “Modern Russian language”.

3. Game world navigator.

Sometimes, reading works of Russian literature of the 17th-19th centuries, many people are faced with such a problem as misunderstanding of individual words or even entire phrases. Why is this happening? It turns out that it’s all about special dialect words that intersect with the concept of lexical geography. What is dialectism? What words are called dialectisms?

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The concept of “Dialectism”

Dialect is a word, which is used in a certain area, understandable to the residents of a certain territory. Most often, dialectisms are used by residents of small villages or hamlets. Interest in such words arose among linguists back in the 18th century. Shakhmatov, Dal, and Vygotsky made a great contribution to the study of the lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Examples of dialectisms indicate that they can be varied in appearance.

The following types of dialectisms are distinguished:

• Phonetic. For example, only one letter or sound in a word is replaced. “myashki” instead of “bags” or “Khvyodor” instead of “Fedor”;
• Morphological. For example, there is confusion of cases, numerical substitution. “Sister came”, “At my place”;
• Word-forming. The population changes suffixes or prefixes in words when speaking. For example, guska - goose, pokeda - bye;
• Ethnographic. These words are used only in a certain area. They appeared based on natural or geographical features. There are no more analogues in the language. For example, shanezhka - cheesecake with potatoes or "poneva" - skirt;
• Lexical. This group is divided into subsections. She is the most numerous. For example, onions in the southern regions are called tsybul. And needlewort in northern dialects is needles.

Also, dialects are usually divided into 2 dialects: southern and northern. Each of them separately transmits all the flavor of local speech. Central Russian dialects stand apart, since they are close to literary standards language.

Sometimes such words help to understand the order and life of people. Let's look at the word "House". In the north, it is customary to call each part of the house differently. The canopy and porch are a bridge, the rest rooms are a hut, the attic is a ceiling, the hayloft is a story, and the zhirka is a room for pets.

Dialectisms exist at the syntactic and phraseological levels, but are not studied separately by scientists.

Examples of “local” words in literature

It happens that previously the word was not used at all, only sometimes it could be heard dialectisms in artistic speech, but over time they become commonly used and are included in the Russian language dictionary. Example, verb “rustle”. It was originally used in the work of fiction “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev. It meant “onomatopoeia.” Another word is “tyrant.” This was the name of the man in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky. Thanks to him, this word is firmly entrenched in our everyday speech. Previously, such nouns as tues, ukhvat and owl were dialectal. Now they have quite confidently occupied their niche in explanatory dictionaries of the modern language.

Conveying the rural life of the Ryazan peasants, S. Yesenin in each of his poems uses any dialectisms. Examples of such words include the following:

• in a dilapidated shushun - a type of women's outerwear;
• kvass in a container - in a wooden barrel;
• Dracheny - food made from eggs, milk and flour;
• popelitsa - ash;
• damper - the lid of a Russian stove.

A lot of “local” words can be found in the works of V. Rasputin. Every sentence from his story is replete with dialectisms. But they are all used skillfully, as they convey the character of the heroes and the assessment of their actions.

• to become cold - to freeze, to become cold;
• pokul - bye, goodbye:
• to party - to rage, to rage.

Mikhail Sholokhov in " Quiet Don“was able to convey all the beauty of Cossack speech through dialect.

• base - peasant yard;
• Gaydamak - robber;
• kryga - ice floe;
• plow - virgin soil;
• zaimishche - water meadow.

In the author's speech of "The Quiet Don" there are whole phrases that show us the way of life of families. The formation of dialectisms in speech occurs in various ways. For example, the prefix “for” says that an object or action should become the same as the original object. For example, twisted, baited.

Also in “Quiet Don” there are many possessive pronouns that are formed using the suffixes -in, -ov. Natalya's wipe, Christon's back.

But there are especially many ethnographic dialects in the work: savory, Siberian, chiriki, zapashnik.

Sometimes, when reading a work of literature, it is impossible to understand the meaning of a word without context, which is why it is so important to read the texts thoughtfully and completely. What words are called dialectisms, you can find out by looking at the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”. You can also find such words in a regular explanatory dictionary. Next to them there will be a mark obl., which means “regional”.

The role of dialects in modern language

The role of such words can hardly be overestimated. They are designed to perform important functions:

The dialect is currently mainly spoken only by the older generation. In order not to lose the national identity and value of such words, literary scholars and linguists should do a lot of work; they should look for speakers of dialects and enter the found dialectisms into a special dictionary. Thanks to this, we will preserve the memory of our ancestors and restore the connection between generations.

The significance of works with dialectal usage is very great. Indeed, despite the great difference from the literary language, they, although slowly, but they expand their vocabulary Russian vocabulary fund.